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ThesisItem Open Access Study for the effect of pressure, size and shape of nanomaterials(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Mehra, Laxmi; Munish KumarNanomaterials at high pressure are one of the major areas of interest due to its immense potential of applications. Due to a small size nanomaterials shows novel properties. Nanoparticles are used in a variety of application, such as sensors, LEDs, drug delivery, medical diagnostics, catalyst and gene therapy. Their unique range of properties and enormous application led to the development of the nanotechnology. In the present thesis we used the Murnaghan EOS for various nanomaterials. We have computed the pressure dependence of V/V0 for different sizes and shapes viz. Film, dodecahedral, icosahedral, wire, spherical, octahedral and tetrahedral. The materials which we included in the present study are viz. MgO (20nm), MgO (11nm), ZnO2 (3.1nm), WC (25nm), n-ReB2 (40nm), n-Re0.52W0.48B2 (30nm), TiN (18nm), TiN (34nm), TiN (80nm), α-Ga2O3 (14nm), β- Ga2O3 (14nm), Ho2O3 (14nm) because of the experimental data are available on these materials so the comparison is also possible. We studied the nanomaterials for the different sizes and shapes in room temperature. A shift in isotherm is observed with the increase in size. We studied the compression behaviour of nanoparticles for different shapes and observed that there is a shift in isotherm curve and found larger for the film indicated that they are most compressible and smaller for the tetrahedral indicated that they are least compressible. This is due to the different surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles for different shapes. Our results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Hence it proves the validity of the theory of EOS used in the present thesis.ThesisItem Open Access Study on phytochemical composition and biological activities of Ocimum gratissimum (clove basil, shrubby basil) and Ocimum sanctum (holy basil, tulsi)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Tomar, Himanshi; Om PrakashThe objectives of the present research work were to investigate the phytochemical analysis and biological activites of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum sanctum essential oils. The plants were collected from different regions of Kumaon (Pantnagar, Jawaharnagar), Uttarakhand in the month of August and September, 2019. The essential oils of fresh aerial part of the collected plant materials were extracted by using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oils of O. Gratissimum (OGEO) and O. sanctum (OSEO) were analysed by GC and GC-MS method. The phytochemical analysis of OGEO revealed the occurrence of over 28 compounds out of which 26 constituents were identified which contributed 96.5% of the total essential oil. The major components of OGEO were eugenol (74.8%), cis-caryophyllene (8.0%), γ-muurolene (3.0%), γ-cadinene (2.0%), β- caryophyllene oxide (2.0%). Similarly, in OSEO 25 constituents were identified which contributed 96.4% of the total essential oil. The major components of OSEO were eugenol (54.0%), cis- caryophyllene (15.1%), β-elemene (12.0%), germacrene-A (6.5%), β-caryophyllene oxide (2.4%), neo-intermedol (2.1%), α-humulene (1.4%) besides other minor cconstituents. Both OGEO and OSEO exhibited dose dependent in-vitro anti-oxidant activity, evaluated by reducing power, DPPH scavenging and metal chelating assay, as indicated by different IC50 values ranging from RP50 =36.59±0.14μl/mL to RP50=46.24±1.49 μl/mL for reducing power activity, IC50 =95.69±0.99μl/mL to IC50= 115.30±0.29μl/mL for radical scavenging activity and IC50= 17.83±0.17μl/mL to IC50= 82.54±0.36μl/mL for metal chelating activity, with respect to various standards like ascorbic acid, BHT, EDTA, respectively. For anti-fungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, both OGEO and OSEO exhibited strong anti-fungal activity by inhibiting the mycelial growth up to 100% as a function of concentration. Both the oils were observed to exhibit strong anti-feedant activity (90%) against Spilosoma obliqua, the major pest of soya bean (Glycine max) and broad leaf crops. With respect to diclofenac sodium, the standard anti-inflammatory drug both OGEO and OSEO exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity with IB50= 52.10±0.14μl/mL and IB50= 39.83±0.32μl/mL, respectively. Similarly, good anti-diabetic activity was observed in both OGEO and OSEO with IB50= 98.54±0.04μl/mL and IB50= 96.14±0.57μl/mL, respectively compared to acarbose (IB50= 86±0μl/mL). Based on these observations, it can be inferred that OGEO and OSEO can be a good natural resource of eugenol and various biological activities after proper clinical trials.ThesisItem Open Access Variability studies on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm under Tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Mohanty, Atri Tapaswini; Verma, AlkaThe present investigation entitled “Variability studies on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Germplasm Under Tarai region of Uttarakhand " was conducted at Vegetable Research Centre G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar ( Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Augmented Block Design II consisting of fifty four genotypes including three checks viz., Pant Uphar, PSM-3 and PSM-6. During the study, observations are recorded for twelve growth, yield and two quality characters viz., days to 50% germination, days to 1st picking, numbers of pods per plant, avg. Pod weight, pod diameter, pod length, numbers of seeds per pod, weight of green seed per pod, shelling percentage, plant height, yield per hectare, TSS (total soluble solids), foliage color, pod color, pod curvature, mature seed shape. The study on variability, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance as percentage of mean, correlation and path coefficient analysis were carried out. Analysis of variance revealed that all the characters under study showed highly significant differences. High heritability in broad sense along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for the traits viz., yield per hectare, plant height and shelling percentage. Based on results, it was found that the characters like pod length, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, weight of green seeds per pod, shelling percentage were found to be highly significantly associated with pod yield per hectare at both genotypic and phenotypic level. The higher magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic positive direct effect on pod yield per hectare was observed for weight of green seed per pod followed by pod diameter, number of seed per pod, shelling percentage, plant height. Among the check varieties, PSM-6 gave higher yield than Pant Uphar followed by PSM-3. Based on the present investigation, the early maturing and high yielding genotypes viz., PM-98, PM-204 were promising and can be recommended for direct commercial cultivation in the tarai area of Uttarakhand.ThesisItem Open Access Removal of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) from waste water solution using Bauhinia variegata l. (Kachnar) leaves biomass(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Bisht, Saurabh; Kasana, VirendraIndustrialization and urbanization has caused various threats to environment and heavy metal pollution is one of them. In recent times Cd and Cu pollution has drawn great attention towards itself due to their availability and toxicity in water. The aim of present study is to determine bioadsorption capacity of leaves of Bauhinia variegata collected from plains of Uttarakhand. Today many industries face the problem of removal of heavy metals. Plant leaves waste can be used abundantly as adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Leaves contain chlorophyll, anthocyanin, tannin and other compounds which are responsible for the metal biosorption. The leaves of Bauhinia variegata contains alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars, steroids and saponins which act as binding sites for the metal adsorption. The bioadsorbent prepared from the leaves were used for removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) metal ions from waste water. AAS results showed that the best adsorption for Cd(II) took place under acidic condition at temperature 40+2oC with contact time of 120 min while the best adsorption for Cu was recorded at acidic pH under hot temperature with contact time of 90 min. The maximum removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) at 25±2ºC and 40±2ºC temperature by Bauhinia variegata leaves was 82% and 86.6%, 38.6% and 76.3% respectively. Cd(II) ion have more affinity towards leaves of Bauhinia variegata than Cu(II) ions. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were used to explain adsorption phenomenon of Cd (II) and Cu (II). The powder was regenerated and found to exhibit binding capacity upto four cycles as indicated by AAS. Adsorption kinetics data were modeled using the first order, pseudofirst order, second order, pseudo-second order and Elovich equations models. The results indicate that the pseudo second-order model best describes adsorption kinetic data. The FT-IR analysis revealed that hydroxyl, amines, nitrile, ester and nitro are the main functional groups involved in biosorption of metals. Thus, it can be concluded that dried powder of Bauhinia variegata leaves which is waste can be used as an effective bioadsorbent to remove metals Cd(II) and Cu(II) and therefore can be used in the treatment of waste water for removal of heavy metals.ThesisItem Open Access Genotypic variability and stability analysis in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L., Gaertn.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Kirti Rahul; Bandyopadhyay, B.Eleusine coracana L. Garten commonly known as finger millet also called Ragi. It is an annual herbaceous and self-pollinated crop. It appears as an indispensable crop to Indian agriculture as a major source of grain and straw. Finger millet is one of the most nutritious cereal crops and shows a lot of medicinal importance. It exhibits wide adaptability to diverse environmental and cultural conditions. The physiological production capacity (i.e, yield) of a plant has always been considered as one of the important topic in plant breeding but will be more concerned about the stability in yield performance by the continued variation in climatic conditions. In the present study “genotypic variability and stability analysis in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Garten)” at three locations with an object to evaluate variability, inter character association of component trait with yield and to identify high yielding finger millet genotypes stable in performance across the environments. In this investigation genotypic and phenotypic variability, genetic parameters, correlations coefficient, path coefficient and stability analysis were evaluated in a set of 11 finger millet genotypes over three different environments viz. low altitude(CRC farm Pantnagar), mid and high altitude (Paharpani, Nainital). The experiment was led out in randomized block design with replications at each location The entries considered for the experiment were PFM-1(check), PFM-2, PFM-3, PFM-4, PFM-5, PFM-6, PFM-7, PFM-8, PFM-9(check), PFM-10 and PFM-11. The experiment was conducted during June 2019.Observation was recorded on 15 characters viz. Days to 50% flowering, Plant height, The number of leaves per plant, Leaf length, Leaf breadth, Leaf area, Number of productive tillers, Days to harvest, Number of head, Average weight of the head, Number of fingers, Number of spike per finger, Number of seed per spike, Number of seed per cm², Grain yield. Experimental result revealed that significant genotypic difference appeared for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to harvest, number of head, average head weight, spike per finger seeds per spike, seed per cm square and grain yield in all three locations. Predominance role of additive gene effect was observed for days to harvest, number of head per plot and grain yield. Non additive gene effects were registered for days to 50% flowering and plant height. Correlation studies over three environment showed that selection of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of productive tiller, days to harvest, number of heads, average weight of heads, number of spike per finger, number of seeds per spike and seed volume(number of seeds per cm² area) exerted greater influence on genotypic improvement of grain yield among finger millet crops. A perusal of path coefficient analysis over three environment revealed that average weight of the heads emerged as major contributing traits for grain yield and consideration of 15 characters could explain the variability of grain yield among finger finger millet genotype satisfactorily. Stability parameter revealed that the performance of PFM-4 was most suitable in all three location than other genotypes as indicated by non significant deviation from regression( S2di),regression coefficient(bi) values, and average mean performance.ThesisItem Open Access Mineralization of dichlorvos pesticide by copper nanoparticles: optical absorption and energy band gap analysis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Chauhan, Deepak; Goel, PujaNanoparticles are getting great attention globally due to their unique physical and chemical properties, high surface area and nanoscale size etc. In the present work, the suspension of copper nanoparticles was prepared and studied the application of Cu NP’s in the degradation of dichlorvos pesticide. To obtain stable suspension of Cu NP’s, a specific amount of isopropanol solvent and surfactant i.e. oleic acid were chosen. XRD technique was used to estimate particle size and phase analysis of Cu nanopowder. UVVIS and FTIR spectroscopy were used for characterization of prepared Cu nanosuspension. It inferred that the oleic acid efficiently stabilized the nanosuspension but it was not sufficient to prevent the oxidation of Cu NP’s. To study the application of Cu NP’s in pesticide degradation, solution of different concentrations of dichlorvos pesticide were prepared. A specific amount of Cu nanosuspension was added to prepared pesticide solutions and observed with time. The effect of Cu NP’s on dichlorvos pesticide was observed by observing the change in colour of samples with time. UV-VIS and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the reaction products. The UV-VIS plasmon of nanosuspension showed a red shift. The FTIR spectra confirmed the degradation of organic bonds of the dichlorvos. As a result of the interaction between dichlorvos and Cu NP’s, the pesticides have been successfully degraded.ThesisItem Open Access A green approach for the removal of green approach for the removal of heavy metals Cadmium and Copper from synthetic waste water using Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. & C.H.Eberm.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Nisha; Kasana, VirendraDue to non biodegradability, contamination by heavy metals generally Cd (II) and Cu (II) has become a very serious issue since they cause toxic health effects in human and other life forms on earth, even at trace level. Therefore, it is crucial to treat contaminated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. This present study focuses on the use of Cinnamomum tamala as a leaves-based biosorbent, collected from Medicinal plants Research and Development Centre (MRDC), Pantnagar to sequestrate heavy metals Cd (II) and Cu (II) from synthetic wastewater. AAS results showed that the best adsorption for Cd (II) and Cu (II) was obtained in contact time of 120 minutes, at acidic pH 4.1 and 45±2ºC temperature. The maximum removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) at 25±2ºC and 45±2ºC temperature was recorded to be 33% and 70%, 51% and 74% respectively. Cu (II) was found to have more affinity. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models, were applied to explain adsorption phenomenon. Regenerated biosorbent was found to exhibit binding capacity upto four cycles as indicated by AAS. First order, Second order, Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetics models were used. Pseudo secondorder model best describes adsorption kinetic data. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the main functional groups involved in biosorption were alcohols, nitriles, carboxylic acids, amides, nitro. Hence, this easy and simple methodology for the remediation of wastewater by removal of toxic metals Cd (II) and Cu (II) may contribute to the sustainability of a clean environment by avoiding the accumulation of excessive waste, that takes considerable time for degradation.ThesisItem Open Access Biosorption studies of heavy metals Cadmium and Copper from waste water solution using Ficus religiosa L. leaves as bioadsorbent(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Singh, Ruchita; Viveka NandIndustrial waste constitutes the major source of various kinds of metal pollution in natural water. There are at least 20 metals which cannot be degraded or destroyed. In recent times heavy metals, generally Cd (II) and Cu (II) have received a great deal of attention because of its high toxicity. The aim of present study was to examine the biosorptive capability of leaves of Ficus religiosa, collected from plains of Uttarakhand. The effective removal of heavy metals from aqueous wastes is among the most important issues for many industries. Plant leaves waste is abundantly used as adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions as leaves have chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanin and tannin which contribute to metal biosorption. Plant leaves biosorbents are characterized for their low cost, less expensive and high bioremoval capacity. Peepal tree leaves were used to remove Cd (II) and Cu (II) from synthetic wastewater. AAS results showed that the best adsorption for Cd (II) was obtained in contact time of 90 minutes and Cu (II) in 120 minutes at acidic pH and 45±2ºC temperature. The maximum removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) at 25±2ºC and 45±2ºC temperature by F. religiosa was recorded to be 36% and 72.4%, 40% and 60% respectively. Cd (II) was found to have more affinity to peepal leaves. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were used to explain adsorption phenomenon of Cd (II) and Cu (II). The powder was regenerated and found to exhibit binding capacity upto four cycles as indicated by AAS. The results indicate that the pseudo second-order model best describes adsorption kinetic data. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the main functional groups involved in biosorption were carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, alcoholic and nitro. Thus, it can be concluded that dried powder of peepal leaves, a waste material, possess good potential as an adsorbent to remove toxic metal ions like Cd (II) and Cu (II) and therefore can be used in the treatment of wastewater for removal of toxic metals.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole derived composites(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Chandra, Prabhat; Zaidi, M.G.H.A series of PBCs was successfully synthesized through FeCl3 initiated chemical oxidative polymerization at different concentrations (M) of PY ranging 0.5 to 2.0 in presence of OBC. Formation of OBC, PPY and PBCs was ascertained through FT-IR spectra. SEM revels show porous morphology of PBCs. TG reveals multistep decomposition of OBC, whereas, PPY and [III] were decomposed in a single step. OBC, PPY and [III] has shown common TG onset at 200 oC with decreasing order of % Wr ranging 93.58 to 86.7. Moisture content of [III] (1.8%) was significantly controlled due to modification of PPY (4.75%) with OBC. The rate of expulsion of moisture by [III] (15.3 μg/min) was also controlled over PPY (7.5 μg/min). Maximum degradation of OBC was appeared @ 17.8 μg/min at 518 oC that was relatively low for PPY (@ 64μg/min). Modification of PPY with OBC has liberated [III] with maximum decomposition @ 47.6 μg/ min. This indicates the significance of OBC towards modification in thermal stability of PPY
