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ThesisItem Open Access Optimal reservoir operation for hydropower generation considering turbine characteristics(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-10) Purohit, Chetna; Mahar, P.S.In today's world distribution and use of water being a major issue of concern, optimal reservoir operation has become necessary to accommodate water according to various needs. In reservoir operation, optimal release is determined with time period. Hydropower generation is one of the major activity for which the releases from a reservoir are used. Reservoir operation can be achieved in two ways, standard operating policy and optimal operating policy. In this study, a mathematical model has been developed using nonlinear programming for determining optimal reservoir release with maximizing the generated hydropower. Equations representing the continuity, release, storage, head, water elevation and the turbine characteristics have been imposed as constraints in the optimization model. The solution of the developed model provides generated hydropower and optimal reservoir releases. Applicability of the developed optimization model has been illustrated for the reservoir created by Tehri dam in Uttarakhand. The effect of the turbine characteristics has been investigated in the optimal generation of hydropower. The optimal reservoir release and generated hydropower were obtained for ten years as the desired output. From the results, it is inferred that the generated hydropower is more for the same value of release when turbine characteristics are considered.ThesisItem Open Access An ensemble based classification approach for credibility analysis of online news by detecting clickbait news headlines(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Agarwal, Parul; Samantaray, S.D.The present work proposes a methodology for detecting clickbait news headlines in online news media using Ensemble based classification Technique. In this era of Digitization, presenting news now became online. Everyone is accessing online news by one or other medium. When online news is so popular and easily accessible, it also makes online news vulnerable too. Anyone can write anything in the name of news and it becomes viral whether it is informative or not. Due to the high competition and thrust of clicks, clickbait headlines are manufactured just to attract readers to click. These headlines generate enough curiosity by using some tactics so that readers compelled to click on the link to fill the knowledge gap. Clickbait headlines are compromising the meaning of true journalism. The present work is aimed to develop a clickbait detection system for analyzing the credibility of online news. So that the readers become aware and do not click on these links. News headlines are a piece of text, hence the proposed task is divided into two subtasks; Text analysis and classification. Text analysis is done for the transformation of text into numerical features usable for machine learning. These numerical features are then used for training the ensemble based classifier. The training dataset contains 10000 clickbait and 10000 non-clickbait headlines. Python 2.7 is used for the programming and system is tested for 10600 news headlines which are in an even distribution of 5800 clickbait and nonclickbait headlines and gained 93.13% accuracy. This system is also validated using k-fold cross validation technique.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of RCC buildings on hill slopes under seismic loads(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-05) Rawat, Sunil Singh; Sunil KumarMost of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. A building on hill slope differs in different way from other buildings. Buildings situated in hilly areas are much more vulnerable to seismic environment. The various floors of such building steps back towards the hill slope and at the same time buildings may have setbacks also. Analysis of hill buildings is somewhat different than the buildings on levelled ground, since the column of such building rests at different levels on the slope. In present study, the analysis of G+3 and G+4 buildings on varying slope angles i.e. 00, 7.50, 150, 22.50 and 300 has been conducted. Both type of building configurations (step back and step back setback) has been considered. The seismic forces are considered as per IS: 1893‐2002. The buildings are considered in seismic zone IV and damping ratio 5%. Seismic analysis has been done using Linear Static, Linear Dynamic method. 3D analytical model of buildings have been generated and analyzed using structural analysis tool “STAAD.Pro 2007” to study the effect of varying height of columns in ground storey due to sloping ground. The response parameters base shear, top storey displacement, shear in bottom storey column, time period are critically analyzed to quantify the effects of various sloping ground. It is found that column on the higher side of slope i.e. short columns are subjected to large shear force than longer columns on lower side. The step back setback buildings performed better than step back buildings under earthquake forces. The base shear and top storey displacement in step back setback buildings is much lower than the setback buildings on the sloping ground.ThesisItem Open Access Groundwater studies in lower part of Ganga-Ramganga interbasin using co-active neuro fuzzy inference system and fuzzy logic(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Pradhan, Sucharita; Shiv KumarThe present study was undertaken in lower part of Ganga-Ramganga interbasin to investigate groundwater behavior, to prepare groundwater inventory for the assessment of groundwater utilization development stage and to study the comparative performance of Co-active Neuro Fuzzy Inference System and Fuzzy Logic rule based model to predict the seasonal depth to water table. Four groundwater models were developed using net groundwater recharge, net groundwater discharge and previous water table depth as input parameters in which model 1 andmodel 2 were developed using seasonal data and model 3 and model 4 were developed using annual data as input for both pre-monsoon as well as post-monsoon seasons. Neuro Solution 5.0 software with 71 % of total data having two to four Gaussian membership function was used for identification of most efficient network among 5 different CANFIS structure whereas Fuzzy Logic Toolbox with MATLAB R2010a was used to develop Fuzzy Logic rule based models. During the study period of 23 years, two hydrograph stations were on rising water table trend; eight hydrograph stations were neither on rising nor falling water table trend and nineteen hydrograph stations were found to be on falling water table trend during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The water table trend for rest hydrograph stations was not same during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Numbers of minor irrigation structures like private tube wells and pump sets on bore wells along with area irrigated by different minor irrigation structures were increasing at an alarming rate. The cropping pattern revealed an increasing trend of area under high water demanding crops like rice and wheat while area under all minor crops except vegetables were found to be decreasing. The groundwater inventory indicated that during the study period, out of 25 blocks of study area, 22 blocks transformed from lower category to higher category of groundwater utilization development stage. The values of performance indicator such as R2, MAD, RMSE, CVRE, CE, r, APE and PI were calculated to evaluate the performance of CANFIS and Fuzzy Logic rule based models. Based on the values of performance indicator for CANFIS models, model 3 with CANFIS-2 structure and model 4 with CANFIS-1 structure were selected for prediction of depth to water table of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons respectively. Further on the basis of values of performance indicator for Fuzzy Logic rule based models, model 3 and model 4 were selected for prediction of depth to water table of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons respectively. By comparing CANFIS and Fuzzy Logic models on qualitative and quantitative basis, Fuzzy Logic rule based models were found to be better than CANFIS models. It was also concluded that, even though the results of CANFIS models were not as accurate as that of Fuzzy Logic rule base models, still CANFIS models confirmed its potential to recognize the trend of depth to water table during the period of study.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of shape and size of end sill on hydraulic energy dissipation behaviour in inclined spillway(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Jaiswal, Shatruhan; Akhilesh KumarIn this study laboratory experiments were conducted to observe hydraulic energy dissipation behaviour through the formation of hydraulic jump in an inclined spillway with SAF stilling basin using different shapes and sizes of end sill for varying discharge conditions. In all cases the total drop was kept constant. The observation were recorded using different combinations of height and shapes of end sill such as rectangular end sill (RES), triangular end sill (TES), semi-circular end sill (SCES), diagonal vertical upstream end sill (DVUES) and diagonal vertical downstream end sill (DVDES). These end sills were used for three heights of 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm at selected discharges of 1.65 lit/sec, 4.4 lit/sec, 4.9 lit/sec and 5.5 lit/sec respectively. Required flow parameters like pre and post jump depth of flow, height of jump were experimentally observed for 60 different combinations of end sill shape, discharge and height of end sill. Based on these observations, pre and post jump flow energy was determined and accordingly amount of relative loss of energy, hydraulic jump efficiency were calculated and compared. It was observed that in case of triangular shaped end sill, the maximum relative loss of energy occurred in 07 combinations of end sill height and discharge out of total 12 combinations tried and in no case it provided the minimum energy loss. Similarly, semi- circular, rectangular and diagonal vertical downstream shaped end sill provided minimum energy loss in 4 cases out of 12 combinations tried for each while each of them provided maximum energy loss only in one case. The diagonal vertical upstream shaped end sill provided maximum and minimum relative energy loss in only one case each. It was also found that the triangular shaped end sill resulted in minimum height of jump, in general, for different combinations of height and discharge.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biomethanation of pine needles(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-08) Dwivedi, Rajnish Kumar; Singh, Ravi PratapThe energy requirement in rural sector of India is largely met through locally available biomass i.e. renewable source of energy such as burning of cattle dung cakes, crop residues, forest biomass such as leaves litter, twigs, fire wood etc. though, it has lower calorific value and produces unhealthy smokes. Uttarakhand is blessed with a dense natural forest with a variety of flora and fauna. Though it also have about 3.43 lakh ha of pine forest which produces about 20.58 lakh tonnes of dry pine needles (deciduous leaves of Pinus roxburghii) which is prone to wild forest fire if not judiciously managed. It can be used in gasifier for electricity generation, briquetting and biomethanation. Among which Biomethanation of biomass represents a better option for its efficient utilization and environmental protection. Anaerobic fermentation for production of biomethane is conventionally being performed at feed substrate -water ratio of 1:1 (by wt.).With this in view a study was initiated for biomethanation of reduced size and ground pine needles treated with NaOH, Lime, Urea, Trichodreama spp. and Psueudomonass spp. and their combinations from laboratory to field biogas plants. Studies were, therefor conducted to establish suitability of chopped pine needles in conventional cattle dung fed 0.5 m³ Pant Tarai and 2 m³ H.D.P.E floating drum biogas plant. The experiments reveal that 30 % of pine needle may be substituted for cattle dung without any adverse effect on process parameters such as pH, total alkalinity etc. Based upon the experimental results it was observed that a specific biogas yield of 0.630 m³/kg VS destroyed as compared to 0.634 m³/kg TS destroyed for conventional process during last fortnight of experiment. An increase in TS and VS reduction with 20.5 percent and 30.7 percent respectively was of observed for treated pine needles fed into biogas plant with average cumulative biogas yield of 27.6 m³/m³ dv till end of experiment. Further the reduction in C/N ratio and increase in N, P, K during course of digestion and feasibility to prepare handmade briquettes from outlet slurry can also promote its feasibility. Further studies on it conceded that it can save about 185 kg fire wood and 200 kg dry soil organic matter rich N, P, K if 50 % of digested slurry is utilized for briquettes and 50 % to replace FYM.ThesisItem Open Access Study of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames using steel bracing(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Tewari, Monika; Verma, V.K.ThesisItem Open Access Comparison of approximate methods of lateral load analysis for buildings(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-05) Varshney, Jay Kumar; Sunil KumarThe safety and serviceability of a structure depend on how accurately the forces and the response associated with it are determined. Various precise methods of analysis have been well documented in the literature for structural analysis. Computer programs provide results with good cost and time efficiency. The main problem is that structural engineers are using these softwares as black box and gross errors are left undetected. This problem can be overcome by using fast and efficient methods which yield results which are approximate and acceptable. These methods are called approximate methods and they have been used successfully for the analysis of the structures. In present study the analysis of G+2 and G+3 building frames with several geometric configuration has been conducted. These building frames have been analysed by Approximate methods, Exact methods and STAAD.Pro V8i software. The various approximate methods used in this study are Continuous portal frame method, Cantilever method, Kani’s method, and Factor’s method. The Exact method used is Stiffness matrix method. The problems have been deduced from symmetrical frame to unsymmetrical frame by removing some beams and columns from a given symmetric frame of G+2 and G+3. In this work five such frames have been analysed using these methods. The various response parameters such as shear forces, beam moments, column moments and axial shear on each storey of a particular frame has been analysed. These results of approximate methods have been compared with the exact method of structural analysis and STAAD.Pro V8i. It is found that the maximum error in the axial forces in beam is about 27.48% while the error in axial forces in column is 461.54%, maximum error in Beam moments is 140.19% while in Column moments 131.92%, and maximum error in Shear in beams is 38.36% while maximum error in Shear in columns is 168.31%.ThesisItem Open Access Optimal design of gravity-fed trunk sewer lines(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Singh, Deepak; Mahar, P.S.A sewerage system consists of a network of sewer pipes laid in order to carry the sewage from individual homes to the sewage treatment plant. The design of sewer system for disposing the domestic sewage should be such that the velocity remains within the permissible limits. The traditional method is a trial and error method which is time consuming and may not be economical. Many researchers addressed the problem of sewer line design on the basis of minimizing the cost. Most of methods developed by these investigators assumed a linear or nonlinear cost equation for the objective function that can be solved using standard available mathematical algorithms. The main objective of this study is to develop optimization models for designing trunk sewer lines. A linear programming model and a dynamic programming model has been developed for minimizing the total cost of the sewer system satisfying the requirements of discharge, minimum and maximum velocities, length between two successive manholes. The objective of the optimization models is to minimize the capital cost of the sewer system and select the optimal depth of laying the sewer system. The total costs involve the cost of pipe, cost of excavation for laying the pipe and cost of excavation at manholes. The cost per unit length of each link of sewer lines is taken as the input variable for this study. These models select that link which has the minimum cost per unit length. On the basis of minimum cost per unit length of links, the optimal pipes sizes are selected from the available diameters in the market. The developed optimization models have been applied to a design example. The performance of the developed linear programming based optimization model is evaluated for two other sets of slopes. The results obtained in this study shows that the optimal cost of the designed sewer network increases with the increase of slope of the pipes. The linear programming model resulting in more economical design than the dynamic programming model.