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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Lavlesh; Manoj RaghavThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the “Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments replicated thrice. During the study, observations on per cent emergence, plant height, number of haulms per hill, fresh and dry weight of weeds, number of monocot, dicot and total number of weeds at 30, 45, 60 days after planting (DAP) and at de-haulming stage, fresh and dry weight of plants at de-haulming stage were recorded. In addition, grade wise number and weight of tubers per plot and per hectare, total number of tubers and total tuber yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, harvest index, dry matter content, protein content and specific gravity of tubers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake by haulm, tuber, plant and weeds were also recorded. Besides this, to assess the profitability of treatments, cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit: cost ratio were also worked out. The findings of present investigation revealed that performance of potato crop was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. Among all treatments, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence (T6) was found best with respect to overall plant growth, yield and quality parameters with a total yield (305.43 q/ha), net return (`147497.36) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93). Based on overall performance, it could be concluded that under prevalent climatic conditions of Uttarakhand tarai region, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence is the best in terms of higher and economic yield of potato. Hence, recommended for commercial cultivation, provided all other scientific management practices are followed.ThesisItem Open Access Growth promotory effect of drought tolerant bacteria on wheat crop under drought stress(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Gouri, Vinita; Singh, Ajay VeerIn natural environmental condition plants continuously exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors. Drought is considered as major abiotic stress and adversely affects plant growth and productivity worldwide. Plants under drought stress conditions show reduced root length, shoot length, deficiency of nutrients and increases disease susceptibility and hence decreases economic yield of crop. In this context, present study was carried out with the application of drought tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in wheat to promote growth and productivity under drought stress conditions. During study, total sixty bacterial isolates were retrieved and revived from departmental culture collection. On the basis of growth present on tryptic soy broth medium supplemented with 6% poly ethylene glycol and 20% NaCl, fourteen bacterial isolates were selected as drought tolerant. These drought tolerant bacterial isolates were further checked for plant growth promoting activities such as siderophore production, zinc solubilization, phosphate solubilization and ACC deaminase activity and ten best potential bacterial isolates were screened for further study. Afterward, screened potential bacterial isolates were selected and characterized on the basis of cell and colony morphology, biochemical characteristics and carbohydrate utilization tests. Now these potential isolates were characterized functionally and tested for plant growth promoting traits such as exopolysaccaride production, ammonia production, indole acetic acid production and hydrogen cyanide production. Furthermore, potential bacterial isolates were evaluated for antibiosis activity against two pathogenic fungi of wheat, four isolates were able to suppress mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and three bacterial isolates were able to suppress mycelial growth of Alternaria spp. However, SRPII7 isolate was effective against both the fungi. Furthermore, an in situ greenhouse pot experiment was designed under drought stress with all ten drought tolerant plant growth promoting isolates with early variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum var. UP-2785). Results of green house pot experiment confirmed that all bacterial isolates were significantly able to improve plant growth and productivity in terms of agronomical parameters such as root length, shoot length, dry weight of plant, spike length, number of grains/spike, 1000 grains weight and % harvest index, while four bacterial isolates i.e. WRPA13, WRPA26, SRA1 and SRK14 prove more potential compare to all other isolates and helps wheat plant to cope up with drought stresses. In vitro and in situ studies depicted the potentiality of four bacterial isolates for their promising plant growth promoting activity under drought stress. In respect to said results, present study concluded that these four potential bacterial isolates i.e. WRPA13, WRPA26, SRA1 and SRK14 can be employed as bioinoculant/biofertilizer to improve drought tolerance and nutrient enhancement in wheat crop for sustainable agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Bayesian estimation in weighted x gamma distribution(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Agrawal, Priya; Vinod KumarIn the present study, a new lifetime distribution, named weighted xgamma distribution has been proposed and its distributional properties are investigated. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameter θ have been obtained by means of Newton-Raphson method. The expressions for various distributional properties of weighted xgamma distribution including its moment generating function (mgf), cumulant generating function (cgf), characteristic function, moments etc. have been derived. The Bayes estimators of its parameter (θ), reliability function R(t) and hazard rate function h(t) are obtained using Tierney and Kadane method of approximation under two priors namely uniform and gamma. The results obtained have been illustrated by means of several randomly generated data sets from the proposed model, each sample replicated 10,000 times The Bayes Risks have been evaluated by using Squared Error Loss Function (SELF). A real life data set has also been used to establish its utility. It is concluded that gamma prior is superior to uniform prior for finding Bayes estimates of the parameter θ, reliability function R(t) and hazard rate function h(t) of the proposed weighted xgamma distribution.ThesisItem Open Access Genotype × environment interaction for yield and related traits in some advance lines of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Pal, Deepak; Verma, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nano-sized gypsum on growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Rawat, Anupama; Singh, Vijay PalA field experiment entitled “Effect of nano-sized gypsum on growth and productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)” was conducted at the Norman E Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U.S Nagar) From November 2016 to April 2017. Surface Soil (0-15 cm) of the experiment field was silty clay loam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.72%), low in available N (218.59 kg/ha), medium in available P (12.53 kg/ha) and medium in available K (149.56 kg/ha) with neutral soil reaction (pH 7.3). In addition to the field experiment two laboratory experiment entitled “Effect of nano-sized gypsum on germination of wheat” and “Effect of nano-sized gypsum blended MS media solution on seedling growth of wheat” was conducted simultaneously to investigate the effect of nano-sized gypsum on emergence and initial seedling growth more precisely. The field experiment was conducted in randomized block design with 3 replications while both the laboratory experiment was conducted in CRD each with 3 replications. For the experiment variety DPW 621-50 was used. The laboratory studies suggest that seed treatment with 100ppm nano-sized gypsum enhances germination and further seedling growth of wheat. In the field experiment it was found that 75% of RDF along with nano-sized gypsum and clay based nano-sized gypsum produced yield at par with 100 % RDF, thus saving 25 % of the RDF. Similarly among plant based nano-sized gypsum, Parthenium based nano-sized gypsum along with 75% of RDF gives promising results. High yield in nano-sized gypsum (4 t/ha), Parthenium based (3.73 t/ha) and clay based nano-sized gypsum (4.07 t/ha) was due to high photosynthetic surface i.e. leaf area index and high yield attributing characters. Hence, 75% of RDF along with nano-sized gypsum or clay based nano-sized gypsum can be recommended to the farmer.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of silicon solubilizers on physiological and biochemical attributes in rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Joshi, Neeraj; Shankhdhar, S.C.Rice is a global grain for more than 60% of the world’s population. As the population continues to expand, the demand for food crops also continues to increase. Susceptibility to pest and disease infestation along with environmental stress leads to yield loss. Silicon being, second most abundant element in the earth provides resistance to disease, pest infestation and also alleviates water stress thereby improving resistance of plants against lodging. To study the influence of silicon solubilizers on physiological and biochemical attributes in rice genotypes, a field experiment was conducted in Norman E. Bourlog Crop Research Center, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif season 2016 with different rice genotypes namely, PA-6129, PA-6201, PA 6444, PHB-71, US-312 and BPT-5204. The field experiment was carried out in three separate blocks i.e. control, soil (imidazole) and foliar (silixol) application with randomized block design. All genotypes were transplanted in these blocks with three replications each. The plots were separated from each other with proper spacing (20×10 cm) and the experimental field was bordered by proper bunds. Soil and foliar application of silicon solubilizers was done at tillering, panicle initiation and flowering. Both the form of silicon solubilizer applications showed increase in morphological, agronomical and biochemical parameters except amylose content. Pest and diseases infestation was reduced significantly more in foliar than soil application. Maximum increase in plant height at flowering was recorded for PA-6444 (11.87%) by foliar application. Maximum increase in total dry matter was observed in PA-6444 (49.59%) by foliar application. Foliar application showed maximum increase (19.40%) in panicle weight (g m-2) at flowering. Harvest index showed maximum increase by foliar application 12.39% in PHB-71 compared to control. In foliar application, PHB-71 (94.04%) showed maximum increase in protein content. The maximum decrease in dead heart infestation was observed in foliar application 82.35% as compared to control. From the experiment performed, it was found that PHB-71 and PA-6444 were most efficient in utilizing both the forms of silicon solubilizers as they showed maximum harvest index and reduced disease and pest infestation. BPT-5204 and US-312 were found to be more susceptible as the grain yield was found minimum and maximum disease and pest infestation as compared to other varieties, under soil and foliar application of silicon solubilizers.ThesisItem Open Access Systematic sampling for milk yield data(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pandey, Tanuj Kumar; Vinod KumarThe present study uses systematic sampling procedures for milk yield data exhibiting some non-linear trends. The data relate to milk yields of four breeds of cows (two brands S16 and S19 of Sahiwal cows and two brands X124 and X205 of crossbred cows) and one breed (Murrah brand no. M125) of buffaloes over one lactation period during 2011-2013. The best fitted mathematical forms of non-linear trend present in the milk yield data are obtained and the expressions of average variances of the estimators of population mean under simple random, usual systematic and modified systematic sampling procedures by taking into account the trend present in the data have been derived from the formulae already derived by Ashutosh (1995) for populations showing general trend. A comparative study is made among these three sampling procedures for five data sets by calculating average variances using best fitted trend equations. Usual systematic sampling is found more precise than simple random and modified systematic sampling procedures for four data sets whereas modified systematic sampling is found better than the other two procedures for one data set. Stratification of milk yield data has resulted in the significant reduction of average variances under all the three sampling schemes. The distribution of milk yield is found to vary from one data set to another. Dagum (4P) distribution is found the best fitted distribution for milk yield of Sahiwal cows, whereas for crossbred cows with brand numbers X124 and X205, it is Gumble Min. and Lognormal respectively. Moreover, the distribution of milk yield of Murrah buffaloes brand number M125 is general extreme values.ThesisItem Open Access Crop diversification in Uttarakhand an economic analysis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Goswami, Swati; Srivastava, S.K.Crop diversification is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate growth rates of different crops, to examine the socio-economic status, to analyze the nature and extent and to identify the factors affecting crop diversification. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data, secondary data was collected for the period of 11 years (2000-01 to 2010-11). For primary data, multistage stratified random sampling technique was followed to select 45 farmers from hill region and 30 farmers from plain region. Exponential growth function was used to estimate the growth rate of different crops, to examine socio economic, simple statistical tools were used, Simpson diversification index had been used to analyze the nature and extent of crop diversification. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the factor affecting crop diversification. Growth rate estimated to know the change in area, production and productivity showed that, paddy recorded a significant decline in area and production except Uttarkashi which rise at the rate of 1.16 (area) and 3.01 (production) per cent per annum, wheat show a significant decline in area, while in production recorded a significant increase. Pulses also shows a significant rise in their area, production and productivity as whole, except in U S Nagar where all the above three, declined very sharply at the rate of 27.59, 27.73 and 3.22 per cent per annum. Oilseeds crops and other crops also show the significant change in their area, production and productivity over the study period. The average operational holding of plain region was more than five times high as compared to hilly region, number of male members has been found slightly higher than the female members, and the family size is comparatively large. More than 40 per cent area to total cropped area was devoted to subsistence foodgrains. Share of cows was highest in total livestock population in both areas. Crop enterprise was the main source of income in plains while service sectors dominates in the hill region. The diversification indices constructed for all the crops groups at districts, divisions and state level showed that the diversification has been found more in hill districts as compared to plain districts. State as a whole registered a significant rise in all the crop groups. Pulses also show the significant high level of diversification, while oilseed show the moderate level of diversification. At farm household level, about 62 per cent farmers comes in the category of very high level of diversification in hill region while in plains same per cent belongs to high level of diversification. Hill region show the higher level of diversification in all the crop groups and also in the varieties, as compared to plain region.The major factors responsible for the change in crop diversification were fertilizer consumption, gross irrigated area, road length, mechanization and certified seeds, at districts, divisions and state level. In case of farm households age of household head, size of farm households, distance to market,off- farm/non- farm income and fertilizer which effects the crop diversification. The creation of basic infrastructural facilities is an essential prerequisite for crop diversification and fostering the process of agricultural development.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on comparative efficacy of some synthetic insecticides, phytoproduct and biopesticides against brinal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. and hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. in brinjal at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Bahuguna, Swati; Srivastava, PoonamTwenty-eight species of insects belonging 10 different orders and 20 families were encountered to know the diversity of insect fauna associated with brinjal crop. Among the various insect pest of brinjal, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) and hadda beetle (E. vigintioctopunctata), have been recorded as the most prevalent species as evidenced by their activity period at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar The relative efficacy of each treatment was assessed on the basis of per cent pest reduction over control where the per cent reduction of larval population over control was recorded and observed to be highest in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt with 54.50 percent which is highest percent in reduction of larval population after 3rd application followed by the lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 1.38, 0.69 and 0.81 ml/lt with 53.10, 52.00, 50.90 and 48.86 per cent over B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft) and neem at 2ml/l with 39.00, 35.80 and 34.70 per cent respectively. The percent reduction of hadda beetle population was recorded highest in chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl at 2ml/lt, lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69 and 0.56 ml/lt range from 78.33-53.33 per cent. However, the lowest percent of reduction was recorded in the treatment B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft), neem and malathion at 2ml/l, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.81 and 4ml/lt 51.66-31.66 per cent. The safety of the treatments for the natural enemies viz., Coccinella septumpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, spider and Eucanthecona bug were observed and the results revealed that the highest population of natural enemies was found in untreated check (T13), as it was the complete safest treatment for all natural enemies followed by neem, B. t. (Halt) and B. b.(Biosoft) at 2ml/lt indicating partial safety of the treatment whereas, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 0.69, 0.81, 1.38 and 4ml/lt, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl and malathion were recorded with lowest number of natural enemies indicating no safety of the treatments. The highest yield of brinjal was recorded in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt (204.16 kg/ha) with per cent damage of (28.00) followed by lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69, 0.81 and 0.56 ml/lt with 197.22, 190.27 and 170.83 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (32.51, 35.30 and 38.70) respectively. Whereas, B. b. (Biosoft) at 2ml/lt was recorded with lowest yield100.38 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (87.00).