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Open Access
Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic studies on propofol anaesthesia in sheep
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-06) Raj Kumari; Das, Arup Kumar
In this study electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic changes during surgical interventions {viz., placement of central venous catheters (Group-B), docking/ tail amputation (Group-C), bilateral orchiectomy (Group-D) and no surgical stimuli as control (Group-A)} with propofol anaesthesia were assessed in twenty-four (n=24) apparently healthy male sheep. For surgical operations each sheep of this study was premedicated with glycopyrrolate (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight, IM) and, five minutes after, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (@ 4.00 mg/kg body weight, IV). The parameters in this study included clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters. Similarly, qualitative electroencephalographic evaluation was done through spectral analysis to generate total power, SEF-90, MF and PPF over 0-30 frequency band width while relative power of different bandwidths viz., , , and was assessed. Rectal temperature and respiration rate has not shown any significant variability in any of the groups during the entire course of experiment. Haemoglobin concentration reduced and this extent was higher in control group than central venous catheterization, docking and castration groups. PCV reduced in all the groups. TEC depicted reduction in control group; however, this fall was not apparent in other groups. Blood glucose decreased initially followed by an increase in three groups after propofol induction while the castration group exhibited a non-significant increase from very beginning. Total serum protein declined in all the groups. A sudden increase in serum triglyceride (TG) was observed at one minute post-propofol induction in all the groups, which later on declined. Propofol has not been able to induce any significant changes in P-wave, QRS wave and T-wave amplitude as exhibited in control group. However, P-wave amplitude increased significantly in animals performed with central venous catheterization. The T-wave amplitude increased nonsignificantly in CVC group while decrease in docking and castration groups. P-wave and T-wave duration has not exhibited any significant difference throughout the course of experiment. However, QRS wave duration decreased in control group and no significant changes were observed in surgical groups. PR segment length reduced in castration group only and none of the other groups exhibited any significant changes. ST segment length exhibited significant increase in control group, non-significant increase in CVC while exhibiting significant fall in castration and docking groups. RR interval exhibited reduction in all the four groups, non-significantly in control while significantly in the three surgical groups. Heart Rate increased in all the four groups. EEG analysis showed an increase in total power, median frequency, theta frequency, peak power in all group, and after a transient increase reduction in spectral edge frequency and alpha frequency. However delta frequency showed an increase after a transient decrease and a marked decrease in beta frequency after propofol injection. It was concluded that propofol to some extent possess analgesic effect and may be useful in husbandry practices/ day case surgery. However, evaluation of analgesic effects of propofol needs further investigation.
Open Access
Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Lavlesh; Manoj Raghav
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the “Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments replicated thrice. During the study, observations on per cent emergence, plant height, number of haulms per hill, fresh and dry weight of weeds, number of monocot, dicot and total number of weeds at 30, 45, 60 days after planting (DAP) and at de-haulming stage, fresh and dry weight of plants at de-haulming stage were recorded. In addition, grade wise number and weight of tubers per plot and per hectare, total number of tubers and total tuber yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, harvest index, dry matter content, protein content and specific gravity of tubers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake by haulm, tuber, plant and weeds were also recorded. Besides this, to assess the profitability of treatments, cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit: cost ratio were also worked out. The findings of present investigation revealed that performance of potato crop was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. Among all treatments, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence (T6) was found best with respect to overall plant growth, yield and quality parameters with a total yield (305.43 q/ha), net return (`147497.36) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93). Based on overall performance, it could be concluded that under prevalent climatic conditions of Uttarakhand tarai region, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence is the best in terms of higher and economic yield of potato. Hence, recommended for commercial cultivation, provided all other scientific management practices are followed.
Open Access
Systematic sampling for milk yield data
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pandey, Tanuj Kumar; Vinod Kumar
The present study uses systematic sampling procedures for milk yield data exhibiting some non-linear trends. The data relate to milk yields of four breeds of cows (two brands S16 and S19 of Sahiwal cows and two brands X124 and X205 of crossbred cows) and one breed (Murrah brand no. M125) of buffaloes over one lactation period during 2011-2013. The best fitted mathematical forms of non-linear trend present in the milk yield data are obtained and the expressions of average variances of the estimators of population mean under simple random, usual systematic and modified systematic sampling procedures by taking into account the trend present in the data have been derived from the formulae already derived by Ashutosh (1995) for populations showing general trend. A comparative study is made among these three sampling procedures for five data sets by calculating average variances using best fitted trend equations. Usual systematic sampling is found more precise than simple random and modified systematic sampling procedures for four data sets whereas modified systematic sampling is found better than the other two procedures for one data set. Stratification of milk yield data has resulted in the significant reduction of average variances under all the three sampling schemes. The distribution of milk yield is found to vary from one data set to another. Dagum (4P) distribution is found the best fitted distribution for milk yield of Sahiwal cows, whereas for crossbred cows with brand numbers X124 and X205, it is Gumble Min. and Lognormal respectively. Moreover, the distribution of milk yield of Murrah buffaloes brand number M125 is general extreme values.
Open Access
Crop diversification in Uttarakhand an economic analysis
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Goswami, Swati; Srivastava, S.K.
Crop diversification is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate growth rates of different crops, to examine the socio-economic status, to analyze the nature and extent and to identify the factors affecting crop diversification. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data, secondary data was collected for the period of 11 years (2000-01 to 2010-11). For primary data, multistage stratified random sampling technique was followed to select 45 farmers from hill region and 30 farmers from plain region. Exponential growth function was used to estimate the growth rate of different crops, to examine socio economic, simple statistical tools were used, Simpson diversification index had been used to analyze the nature and extent of crop diversification. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the factor affecting crop diversification. Growth rate estimated to know the change in area, production and productivity showed that, paddy recorded a significant decline in area and production except Uttarkashi which rise at the rate of 1.16 (area) and 3.01 (production) per cent per annum, wheat show a significant decline in area, while in production recorded a significant increase. Pulses also shows a significant rise in their area, production and productivity as whole, except in U S Nagar where all the above three, declined very sharply at the rate of 27.59, 27.73 and 3.22 per cent per annum. Oilseeds crops and other crops also show the significant change in their area, production and productivity over the study period. The average operational holding of plain region was more than five times high as compared to hilly region, number of male members has been found slightly higher than the female members, and the family size is comparatively large. More than 40 per cent area to total cropped area was devoted to subsistence foodgrains. Share of cows was highest in total livestock population in both areas. Crop enterprise was the main source of income in plains while service sectors dominates in the hill region. The diversification indices constructed for all the crops groups at districts, divisions and state level showed that the diversification has been found more in hill districts as compared to plain districts. State as a whole registered a significant rise in all the crop groups. Pulses also show the significant high level of diversification, while oilseed show the moderate level of diversification. At farm household level, about 62 per cent farmers comes in the category of very high level of diversification in hill region while in plains same per cent belongs to high level of diversification. Hill region show the higher level of diversification in all the crop groups and also in the varieties, as compared to plain region.The major factors responsible for the change in crop diversification were fertilizer consumption, gross irrigated area, road length, mechanization and certified seeds, at districts, divisions and state level. In case of farm households age of household head, size of farm households, distance to market,off- farm/non- farm income and fertilizer which effects the crop diversification. The creation of basic infrastructural facilities is an essential prerequisite for crop diversification and fostering the process of agricultural development.
Open Access
Studies on comparative efficacy of some synthetic insecticides, phytoproduct and biopesticides against brinal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. and hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. in brinjal at Pantnagar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Bahuguna, Swati; Srivastava, Poonam
Twenty-eight species of insects belonging 10 different orders and 20 families were encountered to know the diversity of insect fauna associated with brinjal crop. Among the various insect pest of brinjal, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) and hadda beetle (E. vigintioctopunctata), have been recorded as the most prevalent species as evidenced by their activity period at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar The relative efficacy of each treatment was assessed on the basis of per cent pest reduction over control where the per cent reduction of larval population over control was recorded and observed to be highest in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt with 54.50 percent which is highest percent in reduction of larval population after 3rd application followed by the lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 1.38, 0.69 and 0.81 ml/lt with 53.10, 52.00, 50.90 and 48.86 per cent over B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft) and neem at 2ml/l with 39.00, 35.80 and 34.70 per cent respectively. The percent reduction of hadda beetle population was recorded highest in chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl at 2ml/lt, lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69 and 0.56 ml/lt range from 78.33-53.33 per cent. However, the lowest percent of reduction was recorded in the treatment B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft), neem and malathion at 2ml/l, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.81 and 4ml/lt 51.66-31.66 per cent. The safety of the treatments for the natural enemies viz., Coccinella septumpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, spider and Eucanthecona bug were observed and the results revealed that the highest population of natural enemies was found in untreated check (T13), as it was the complete safest treatment for all natural enemies followed by neem, B. t. (Halt) and B. b.(Biosoft) at 2ml/lt indicating partial safety of the treatment whereas, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 0.69, 0.81, 1.38 and 4ml/lt, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl and malathion were recorded with lowest number of natural enemies indicating no safety of the treatments. The highest yield of brinjal was recorded in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt (204.16 kg/ha) with per cent damage of (28.00) followed by lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69, 0.81 and 0.56 ml/lt with 197.22, 190.27 and 170.83 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (32.51, 35.30 and 38.70) respectively. Whereas, B. b. (Biosoft) at 2ml/lt was recorded with lowest yield100.38 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (87.00).
Open Access
Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Suresh Kumar; Singh, Dhirendra Kumar
The investigation entitled “Response of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching” was carried out to study the response of genotype and mulch on growth and yield attributes of French bean. The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India during autumn-winter season of 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized block Design with three replication consisting of twelve treatments. The observations of growth character were recorded at various stages (30 and 60 DAS) of crop growth while yield attribute were recoded at harvest stage of the crop. The data were analyzed for standard error of mean and critical differences at 5% level of significance. The response of French to various treatments were measured in terms of plant growth attributes i.e., germination per cent, days taken to first germination, days to 50% germination, days taken to first flowering, days taken to 50% flowering, plant height at 30 DAS, plant height at 60 DAS, number of primary branches per plant, numbers of leaves, pod length, pod thickness and maturity and yield attributes like no. of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod weight, pod yield per plant, pod yield/ plot, pod yield q/ha and total soluble solids. On the basis of the present investigation of the experiment result, it can be concluded that treatment combination V1M3 produced maximum yield as well as more suitable for other growth character than other treatment combination.
Open Access
Standardization of leaf sampling technique in Sapota (Achras sapota L.) cv. Cricket Ball under Tarai condition
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Joshi, Soni; Rai, Ratna
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year April 2013 to April 2014. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and three factor randomized block design. The three factors consisted of leaf age, position of leaves and sample size having 54 treatments and four replications. The main aim of the study was to investigate the suitable leaf age, position of leaves and sample size of Sapota for diagnose the nutrient status. The results showed that leaf age and position of leaves had significant influence on leaf mineral composition in Sapota, whereas, the sample size could not exert any significant influence on leaf mineral composition except for iron, manganese and copper content. Interaction between leaf age and position of leaf was found to be significant for copper content whereas, the interaction between position of leaf and sample size was observed to be significant for iron, manganese and copper. In general stability of N and Mn was found in 8-10 month old leaves, P and Ca was stabilized in 6-8 month old leaves. K stabilized in 10 -12 month old leaves. For Mg, Zn and Cu stability of nutrients was observed in 4-6 month old leaves while Fe stabilized in 2-4 month old leaves.
Open Access
Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Shivashankara; Srivastava, R.M.
The studies on “Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production” was carried out during 2012-13 at G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production. The mean abundance of honeybees was highest with 3.1 bees/min/ m2 at 12 PM and followed by 2.36 bees/min/ m2 at 3 PM and least was 1.16 bees/min/m2 at 10 AM. Its population was highest in the variety COR 44 with 4.93 and least in the variety COR 36 with 0.53. In case of Syrphids, the mean abundance of syrphids is highest at 10 AM i.e. 5.22 syrphids/min/ m2 followed by 4.34 syrphids /min/m2 at 3 PM and least at 10 AM was 3.81 syrphids /min/ m2 . It was highest in the variety COR 38 with 12.07 and least was zero in two varieties. The pollinators of coriander belong mainly to four orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Important species visiting the coriander viz., Apis dorsata, A. cerana indica, Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax and, syrphus spp., Musca spp. and other Dipteran flies of which, A. cerana indica was more dominant followed by Apis dorsata but in Syrphids Episyrphus sp. was more dominant. The flowering period for the varieties COR 37 and COR 36 was 18 days; COR 55 was 28 days and 30 days for all other varieties. The foraging speed of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata and A. cerana are 11.22 seconds and 3.473 respectively. The foraging rate of Apis dorsata and A. cerana, are 13.53 and 23.43 umbels/ minute by Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The foraging mode observed in bee, which was carried both pollen load and nectar in their visit but syrphids were nectar feeder only. Syrphid started foraging (8.23 AM) much earlier than the honeybees i.e.10.13 AM and 10.14 AM for Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The bee, Tetragonula laeviceps was not involved in the pollination of the coriander. Pollen carrying capacity of the Apis dorsata was highest followed by A. cerana, the mean relative abundance of pollen is 2.43 ×104pollens/ml and 1.63×104pollens/ml for Apis dorsata and A. cerana, respectively. The cross pollination plots were showed higher yield than the caged plots, the 9 varieties which were pollinated by insects given tremendous increase in the yield. The mean % increase of yield in all varieties is 243.02%. The percent of yield increase was highest in COR 44 (308%) followed by COR 49 (303.81%) and least in COR 38 (177.5%).
Open Access
crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Sapkota, Sangeeta; Singh, Vijay P.
Crop regulation and high density planting is the need of present situation in commercial cultivation of guava fruits. The current experiment entitled “Response of crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting”, conducted during 2013-2014 in Horticulture Research Centre, Pattharchatta of Pantnagar was aimed at standardization of the best method of crop regulation in guava under high density planting in tarai conditions of Uttarakhand. Ten different treatments were used during the period of investigation viz. NAA spray @ (400, 600 and 800) ppm, Urea spray @ (10 and 15)% twice at fifteen days interval, Pruning (one leaf pair and two leaf pair), flower bud thinning by hand (without and with removal of terminal leaf) and control. The experiment was conducted in RBD (Randomized block design) with four replication of each treatment. The overall yield was high in control trees but the poor quality fruits and low price in rainy season decreased the net profit. NAA @ 800 ppm was found effective in reduction of rainy season crop and produced maximum yield in winter season after one leaf pair pruning but because of high cost of chemical the net profit was low. Better quality fruits were obtained in winter season compared to rainy season under different treatments in terms of both physical (fruit length, fruit breadth, fruit weight and fruit volume) and physico-chemical parameters (TSS, total titrable acidity, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and TSS: acid ratio). Plants with one leaf pair pruning recorded maximum TSS and ascorbic acid along with maximum yield and fruit weight in winter season, high net return (Rs.194133.07) and B: C ratio (2.20) followed by flower bud thinning by hand with removal of terminal leaf (Rs. 163708.96 and 1.95 respectively) during the experimental period. In this regard one leaf pair pruning was the best and most economic method of crop regulation followed by hand deblossoming with removal of terminal leaf in guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting.

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