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End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Eeffect of supplementation of yeast as nucleotide source on the performance of Japanese quail
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Prakash, S.; Palod, Jyoti
    In the present investigation, two experimental trials were conducted on 120, three day old Japanese quails (red plumaged) for a period of 6 weeks each, to study the effect of nucleotide supplementation as yeast extract on the growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass traits, meat composition, haematological, certain serum biochemical and health status related parameters, intestinal morphology and immunological status. In both of the experiments, experimental Japanese quails were randomly divided into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4), each group having three replications consisting of ten Japanese quails each. The different groups were supplemented with nucleotides @ 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent and 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 per cent in experiment I and experiment II, respectively. Growth parameters were studied at weekly intervals as well as for starter (I-II week), finisher (III -VI week) and overall periods (I-VI). Delayed type of hypersensitivity test was conducted on the 21st day of experiment I, by randomly selecting six Japanese quails from each group for the sensitization test. A metabolic trial of 7 days duration was conducted from 36th – 42nd days of both the experiments to determine the effect of nucleotide supplementation on nutrient utilization. At the end of experiment I on 42nd day, two Japanese quails from each replicate (six Japanese quails/treatment) were randomly slaughtered for carcass yield, processing losses, yield of cut up parts, organ weights and carcass composition. Representative blood samples were also collected for study of haemato-biochemical parameters and humoral immune response. After evisceration the intestine of the birds were carefully separated and the length of the intestine from duodenum to end of the rectum was measured using a measuring tape to study the effect of supplement on the intestinal gross morphology. A sample of two cm from proximal jejunum was collected and preserved in 10 per cent formalin to study the histological changes on the villous height, crypt depth and villous height-crypt depth ratio of the intestine. The results of the both experiments indicated that dietary inclusion of nucleotides in Japanese quails increased body weight gain, reduced feed intake, improved feed conversion ratio and performance index significantly (P<0.01), with best performance during all the periods was noted in group supplemented with 0.5 per cent of nucleotides. The nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were significantly (P<0.05) improved in Japanese quails of nucleotide supplemented groups in both the experiments. Utilization of crude fat content was significantly (P<0.05) improved in experiment I with all levels of nucleotide supplementation while utilization was not affected in experiment II. The dressed yield with and without giblet were not affected by nucleotide supplementation. Thigh, breast, drumstick and neck muscles weight were not affected by supplementation of nucleotides. Weight of back muscles were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in supplemented groups. However, wing muscles weight were significantly (P<0.05) improved in Japanese quails supplemented with 1.0 per cent level of nucleotide. Nucleotide supplementation significantly improved the liver and gizzard weight. Heart weight and processing losses were not affected by nucleotide supplementation. Fat content of the thigh and breast muscles were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by nucleotide supplementation. However, moisture, crude protein and total ash content of thigh and breast muscles were not affected. Haematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, PCV, Hb and MCHC values showed significant impact of nucleotide supplementation. Decreased concentration of serum glucose, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and increased concentration of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were noticed in nucleotide supplemented groups especially at higher levels. Protein profile showed significant improvement in total protein, albumin and globulin with higher levels of nucleotide. Serum creatinine and SGPT contents showed nonsignificant impact whereas, serum uric acid and SGOT contents were significantly reduced in nucleotide supplemented quails. Nucleotide supplementation significantly (P<0.01) improved both humoral and cell mediated immune response. Relative intestinal length, duodenal villous height and V/C ratio were significantly increased while duodenal crypt depth was decreased with all levels of nucleotide supplementation with best results at 0.5 per cent level of nucleotide supplementation. From the results of present study it can be concluded that, dietary nucleotide supplementation at 0.5 per cent level may be advised to improve growth performance, nutrient retention, lean meat production, intestinal morphology and immune status of Japanese quails.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and comparative sequence analysis of carboxylesterase gene
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Arun, A.; Vatsya, Stuti
    Two FAO recommended in vitro bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) were employed to detect deltamethrin resistance in the tropical cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from tarai and hill regions of Uttarakhand. The AIT revealed the lowest LC50 (0.00085% A. I.; RF= 1) for Reference Susceptible R. microplus tick population. The highest LC50 (0.03842%; RF= 45.17) was observed for Dehradun (Mussourie) population of ticks followed by Nainital I (0.03403%; RF= 40.1), Nainital II (0.00571%; RF= 6.70) and Uttarkashi (0.00114%; RF= 1.29) ticks. In ticks collected from tarai region, the highest LC50 was found for Pantnagar II (0.03361%; RF= 39.53) population followed by Sitarganj (0.00663%; RF= 7.7), Pantnagar I (0.00652%; RF= 7.64), Ramnagar (0.00335%; RF= 3.88) and Tanakpur (0.00252%; RF= 2.94). The LC99 of different populations ranged from 0.3262% to 0.0036%. The R2 values determined from AIT ranged from 0.998 (Susceptible) to 0.847 (Nainital I ticks). The slopes of egg mass of different tick populations were highly negative. The values ranged from -146.95±20.96 (Susceptible) to -40.19±6.86 (Dehradun). The slopes of reproductive indices of different populations of ticks were found to be negative indicating the reduction of fecundity with increased concentration of acaricide. The values of slopes of inhibition of oviposition were positive and the highest value (34.7) was exhibited by Susceptible and lowest (6.92) by Dehradun ticks. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00076% A. I. was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. Fom hills, Dehradun population exhibited the highest LC50 (0.03454%: RF= 45.39) followed by Nainital I (0.03113%: RF= 40.9), Nainital II (0.00421%; RF= 5.5) and Uttarkashi (0.00084%; RF= 1.1). From tarai region, the highest LC50 concentration was observed for Pantnagar II (0.03091%: RF= 40.65) population of ticks followed by Pantnagar I, Sitarganj, Ramnagar, and Tanakpur population of ticks (0.00493%; RF= 6.44), (0.00460%; RF= 6.05), (0.00250%; RF= 3.28) and (0.00164%; RF=2.10), respectively. The highest LC99 was found for Nainital I (1.8060%) population of ticks and the lowest for Susceptible population (0.0033%). Variations in LC50 values of different populations in AIT and LPT bioassays might be due to the difference in the stage of the tick being tested. The Chi square values ranged from 97.84 (Dehradun) to 18.298 (Nainital II). Six tick populations (Dehradun, Nainital I, Pantnagar II, Pantnagar I, Sitarganj and Nainital II) were found deltamethrin resistant (RF > 5), one tick population (Ramnagar) deltamethrin tolerant (RF 3-5) and two tick populations (Uttarkashi and Tanakpur) deltamethrin sensitive (RF< 3) in both in vitro bioassays. This implies that frequent monitoring of deltamethrin resistance in ticks is required so that timely measures could be taken before resistance to this acaricide becomes established. The Spearman Rank correlation coefficient (rS) was found to be 0.997 between AIT and LPT bioassays. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.998. AIT and LPT were found highly correlated. The LPT bioassay takes 6 weeks to give results of acaricide resistance whereas AIT 2 weeks. So, it is suggested that AIT can be used as an effective screening test to detect the acaricide resistance in field populations of ticks. The sequences of amplified partial carboxylesterase gene (372 bp) of R. microplus from tick populations matched 100% with the carboxylesterase gene sequence of R. microplus available in GenBank. The sequence analysis revealed that no population had a nucleotide polymorphism at the position 300. The sequencing of partial carboxylesterase gene revealed four nucleotide changes in Uttarkashi and one in Dehradun population of ticks. The mutations in the nucleotide sequence of Uttarkashi population resulted in two amino acid mutations (Val 66 Gly, Asp 120 Asn) in the translated amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of Dehradun population exhibited one (Glu 123 Arg) mutation. The mutations in Uttarkashi population had no effect in the resistance development as this population was phenotypically susceptible. Further investigations are required to identify role of mutation in resistance development in Dehradun population of ticks. Animal owners use different acaricides and adopt various application methods to control R. microplus. Thus frequent monitoring of acaricide resistance is very important to know the distribution and level of resistance to these acaricides. The baseline information thus generated will enable timely management of spread of acaricide resistance in ticks and hence enhance animal productivity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Awareness and adoption of scientific dairy husbandary practices: An analysis of dairy farmers in tarai region of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Tewari, Himani; Sanjay Kumar
    Present study was carried on five centres involving 160 farmers from 87 villages in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand from August 1, 2012 to March 10, 2013 with the objective of studying socio-economic profile, awareness level, degree of adoption and the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of scientific dairy husbandry practices. About (66.25 %) of respondents were middle aged, (43.75 %) farmers had agriculture as main occupation, (40.00 %) respondents were educated up to graduation level, about (33.75 %) farmers were small farmers, (30.62 %) maintained large herd and (80.00 %) farmers had nuclear family. Most of the farmers (94.38 %) had access to various animal health services, (89.38 %) farmers were dependant on government hospitals for veterinary aid. The overall mean value for AP,AFS,AFCON,AFC,NSRC,LP,DP and MY in indigenous, crossbred and buffaloes were 780.85±5.44days,518±4.96 days,773.28±1.98 days,780.92±2.16days, 635.32±2.19days, 872.13±2.34 days,786.48±2.08 days, 647.08±2.35 days,876.66±2.37 days,1072.03 ±2.18 days, 932.53±2.35 days and 1184.47±2.45 days,3.88 ±0.19 times, 3.89±0.13 times, 3.43±0.12 times ,226.70±1.90 days, 288.77±0.75 days 293.33±0.76 days, 138.29±1.90 days, 76.32±0.73 days, 71.66±0.76 days, 3.60±0.24 liters, 16.23±0.36 liters and 15.07±0.21 liters, respectively. Out of all the diseases Fever, Mastitis, Surra, H.S and F.M.D in order of occurrence were found (96.25 %), (88.75 %), (85.00 %), (60.00 %) and (64.38%) respectively. All the farmers were aware about the importance of drainage, regular cleaning of shed, protecting animals against weather extremes, grazing, concentrate feeding during lean period, basis of concentrate feeding as per their milk yield and fat percentage, supplement of additional concentrate feeding to pregnant animals and heifers, adding salt in animal ration and the chaffing of fodder. About (96.25 %) were aware about the cutting of navel cord, navel cord disinfection and cleaning of teats and udder before nursing of calf. About (85.00 %) respondents were aware of ideal identification method used for calves. About (80.63 %) and (51.25 %) respondents were unaware of accurate time and repetition of de worming. All the farmers (100.00 %) of five centres were aware about the facilities like electricity, water, feeding mangers, assistance and frequency of offering water to pregnant animals, milking interval, practice of washing hands with antiseptic solution, clean clothes of milker’s, milker’s test for T.B and removal of mucous membrane immediately after birth. About (87.50 %) farmers considered body weight as the main criteria for first time mating. Majority of farmers (98.12 %) preferred A.I over natural service. Most of the farmers (88.13 %) preferred mating in their animals 8 to 12 hours after showing heat symptoms. All the farmers adopted the practice of maintenance of breeding records, followed the practice of washing of external genitalia and hind quarter of animal, offer ad-libitum feeding of water to pregnant animals. Majority of the farmers (65.62 %) practiced twice milking, about (53.75 %) farmers followed knuckling, and (60.00 %) farmers checked their animals for mastitis only when it was required. About (42.50 %),(52.50%),(31.25 %) and (56.25 %) farmers faced problems of lower socio-economic status, poor education, small farm size and less farm experience and lack of co-operation and co-ordination, respectively in adoption of scientific dairy husbandry practices. Most of the farmers (91.87 %) faced the problem of unavailability of high genetic merit bulls for semen donation and natural service, while none of the farmers faced the problem of poor conception rates through A.I. About (60.62 %), (53.75 %) and (65.62 %) of farmers were facing the problem of delayed heat occurrence, insemination at improper time and repeat breeding, respectively at various centres. None of the farmers faced the problem of unavailability of quality cattle feed and poor availability of concentrate and mineral mixture in the area. Most of the farmers (66.87 %) faced the problem of over-crowding in the animals while all the farmers faced the problem of short lactation length in animals. About (42.50 %) respondents reported the problem of delay in milk payment, whereas (38.12 %) respondents faced the problem of low price of milk offered. About (41.25 %) and (95.00 %) of the respondents were facing the problem of lack of knowledge about vaccination and de worming schedule in animals at all the five centers of study.