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ThesisItem Open Access An energy efficient mechanism for data collection in wireless sensor network(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Tayal, Pranavi; Mandoria, H.L.A sensor network is composed of vast number of tiny sensor in a limited area. Each sensor is defined with some energy parameters and the energy based constraints. According to these constraints, as the communication is performed, each participating node loses some amount of energy. Multicast and Broadcast communication are the basic communication requirements of a sensor network. But such kind of communication increases the network traffic extensively as well as gives large amount of energy loss. Data collection provides the solution to this problem by combining the multiple communications in single communication path. Data collection is one of the major communication approach in which multiple sources are sending data to single sink. In this present work, an agent based approach is defined to generate the effective aggregative path so that the network life and communication will be improved. The presented approach is divided in two main stages and both stages are controlled by multiple agents distributed over the network. In the very first stage, the agent will perform the analysis over the network and assign the weightage to each node based under the different parameters. Once the weights are assigned to each node the next work of agent is to generate the aggregative path. This path generation is based on multiple parameters. The parameters considered in this work to generate the effective path are loss rate, response time and the communication delay. The presented research work is about to generate an effective communication path so that the effective communication will be performed. The path generation process is divided in two main stages, first phase is to identify frequency (load) of each node and second to generate path so that load balancing will be improved. Most frequent node here represents the heavy load node over the network. The next work is to calculate the path from source to destination by comparing loads of neighboring nodes and here the current node select that neighbor node which is having low load among list of neighboring nodes and then perform the communication over that node. The presented work is implemented in NS2 environment and obtained results shows that the presented work has improved the network throughput extensively and reduced the network delay and the data loss.ThesisItem Open Access Laboratory studies on soil scour downstream of chute and stepped spillways for varying conditions of flow energy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-01) Dheeraj Kumar; Akhilesh KumarThe study of scour downstream of hydraulic structures such as large dams, stilling basins, diversion works, underflow gates, and culverts constitutes an important field of research due to its frequent occurrence in engineering applications. The performance of a drop structure depends largely upon its capacity to dissipate the hydraulic energy of flowing water. The amount of energy dissipation is the difference between the incoming and outgoing energies and the performance of a stepped spillway is dependent on the size of its individual step at a particular drop and discharge In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to study energy dissipation and its effect on maximum depth of scour and the amount of soil scoured considering different soil materials using a chute spillway and stepped spillway with three selected step sizes for varying discharge conditions. In all cases the total drop was kept constant. Observations were recorded for amount of energy dissipation, outflow energy, maximum scour depth and amount of soil scoured for various combinations of step size and flow rate using different soil materials. To conduct experiments the developed models were installed in the Hydrologic Simulation and Sedimentation Laboratory which is near to Soil and Water Conservation Engineering department. The amount of energy dissipated was minimum for chute spillway while in case of stepped spillway the amount of energy dissipation was found to be the maximum for step size of 2.54 cm and then decreased gradually as the step size increased for a given discharge. The maximum scour depths were found to be increasing with the increase in outflow energy of flow. On the basis of above, the maximum weight of the scoured soil was found to be increasing with the increase in outflow energy of flow. The above findings clearly indicate that scour depth and scour weight of soil downstream of a drop structure are directly related with the energy dissipation. The use of stepped spillway result in better energy dissipation and thereby resulting in lesser scour depth and scour weight.ThesisItem Open Access Sediment outflow from mulch treatments at varying land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Singh, Sachin Kumar; Kashyap, P.S.The problem of soil erosion in India is very serious. About 18.5% of the world’s total soil erosion takes place in India, which is about16.4tons/ha/year.Organic mulches are very effective in preventing soil erosion,reduce sediment transport rate, runoff rate and increasing infiltration. The study was carried out with the objectives to observe the sediment outflow from various mulch treatments at selected land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions by using rainfall simulator of size 10 m × 1.2 m × 0.5 m with the locally available soil material collected from College of Agriculture Business Management, Pantnagar. In the present study, paddy straw, hay and trash mulches were selected to observe the effect of mulching in soil loss reduction. The quantity of these three types of mulches were taken as, 6 ton/ha, 8 ton/ha and 10 ton/ha and for each mulch treatment, three rainfall intensities viz. 11cm/h, 13cm/h and 14.65cm/h at 0%, 2% and 4% land slopes were selected. The duration of rainfall was fixed (10 minutes) for every mulch treatment. The total runoff volume was found to be varying with different mulch rates for particular rainfall input and land slope. The runoff distribution pattern was observed to be increasing with the increase in land slope. The average sediment concentration and outflow was found to be increasing with the increasein land slope,but sediment concentration and outflow decreased with increasing mulch rate for particular land slope and rainfall intensity. The sediment outflow rate for no mulch treated land was higher as compared to trash mulch, hay mulch and paddy straw mulch treated lands. Mathematical relationships were developed for relating sediment outflow rate, sediment concentration,land slope and rainfall intensity for a particular mulch treatment. It was observed that values of sediment outflow rate and average sediment concentration had a good correlation with rainfall intensity and land slope for each mulch treatment. The correlation coefficients of developed models were found to be more than 90%.ThesisItem Open Access Drought analysis using different indices for Pantnagar and Dehradun areas of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Ram Kumar; Anil KumarIn this present study, the annual and seasonal rainfall series of Pantnagar and Dehradun areas were analyzed using India Meteorological Department (IMD) classification of drought as mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought as per percentage rainfall deviation. Based on the drought analysis using the SPI criteria, appropriate crop planning and design of rainwater harvesting and storage structures in the drought affected areas can be proposed in drought affected areas. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was calculated at different time scales (1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months). The SPI is a drought index based on the probability of an observed precipitation deficit occurring over a given prior time period. The assessment periods considered range from 1 to 36 months. The monthly data were converted into seasonal rainfall of four month period as pre-monsoon (February to May), monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon (October to January) and multi-temporal rainfall series with running sum for 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, 12-month and 24-month durations for both the locations. The SPI, calculated for a desired period at any location, are based on the long term precipitation record (30 years or more). The positive SPI values show greater than medium precipitation, while negative SPI values indicate less than medium precipitation. The results shows that the SPI can be used for better assessment of drought as it considers larger range of moving sums of rainfall data. Since SPI uses for the running sum of rainfall values at multi-time scales (1 to 24 months) and more variables depending on the statistical distributions used, it gives better assessment of meteorological drought at multitime scales. The 3-month SPI can be used for short term drought monitoring and agricultural crop planning and 12-month SPI can be used for long term drought monitoring and water resource planning.ThesisItem Open Access Stochastic modelling of monthly rainfall series at Pantnagar (Uttarakhand)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Navale, Manisha Madhav; Kashyap, P.S.The monthly rainfall data of 1981 to 2010 of Pantnagar were used for development of stochastic models. While the data for the year 2011 and 2012 were used for forcasting. To bring stationarity in the historical data series square root transformation was used. Fourier analysis was performed for determination of periodic component. The base period and number of significant harmonics was determined by autocorrelogram analysis and analysis of variance test respectively. Periodic component was removed by deducting from trend free series to obtain stochastic series. Stochastic series was standardised and normalised. The stochastic series was modeled by autoregressive (AR) family of Models. The Box-Pierce Portmanteau level was used to fit the test. The performance of model in regeneration and prediction of monthly rainfall value were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by comparison of historical and selected model correlograms and goodness of fit test such as mean forecast test, mean absolute error, root means square error. Results showed that properties propagated in the regenerated and predicted data series are similar to those of the historical series. In general, there is a good agreement between autocorrelation functions of historical and regenerated time series.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation of failure load and fracture pattern of single and double U-notched beam under three point bending(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Bisht, Deepak Singh; Singh, V.K.ThesisItem Open Access Conversion of squirrel cage induction motor into permanent magnet generator and its finite element analysis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Sandhu, Harpal; Singh, RajivThe global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is steady increase of the demand on power generation. So in addition to conventional power generation units, a large number of renewable energy units are being integrated into the power system. A wind electrical generation system is the most cost competitive of all the environmentally clean and safe renewable energy sources in world. A relatively simple and low cost method for making permanent magnet wind turbine electric generators from burnt out squirrel cage induction motor, has been described in this thesis. Different types of generators used in wind turbines and general properties sought in a wind turbine generator are discussed first, and then the procedure of how to make a workable, multi-magnets poles, permanent magnet generator, from burnt out ordinary squirrel cage induction motors easily available at through away prices in the junk markets, is described. Finally, the test results of a 746 W generator are developed using single magnet and double magnet. The cost and performance analyses are studied. The Finite Element Method is used to study the flux density and magnetic flux path, followed by the energy density of Neodymium Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets. Different designs are used to analyze the results using QUICK FIELD software.ThesisItem Open Access Laboratory studies on soil scour downstream of chute and stepped spillways for varying conditions of flow energy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-01) Dheeraj Kumar; Akhilesh KumarThe study of scour downstream of hydraulic structures such as large dams, stilling basins, diversion works, underflow gates, and culverts constitutes an important field of research due to its frequent occurrence in engineering applications. The performance of a drop structure depends largely upon its capacity to dissipate the hydraulic energy of flowing water. The amount of energy dissipation is the difference between the incoming and outgoing energies and the performance of a stepped spillway is dependent on the size of its individual step at a particular drop and discharge In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to study energy dissipation and its effect on maximum depth of scour and the amount of soil scoured considering different soil materials using a chute spillway and stepped spillway with three selected step sizes for varying discharge conditions. In all cases the total drop was kept constant. Observations were recorded for amount of energy dissipation, outflow energy, maximum scour depth and amount of soil scoured for various combinations of step size and flow rate using different soil materials. To conduct experiments the developed models were installed in the Hydrologic Simulation and Sedimentation Laboratory which is near to Soil and Water Conservation Engineering department. The amount of energy dissipated was minimum for chute spillway while in case of stepped spillway the amount of energy dissipation was found to be the maximum for step size of 2.54 cm and then decreased gradually as the step size increased for a given discharge. The maximum scour depths were found to be increasing with the increase in outflow energy of flow. On the basis of above, the maximum weight of the scoured soil was found to be increasing with the increase in outflow energy of flow. The above findings clearly indicate that scour depth and scour weight of soil downstream of a drop structure are directly related with the energy dissipation. The use of stepped spillway result in better energy dissipation and thereby resulting in lesser scour depth and scour weight.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on probability analysis and future forecast for monthly arrivals and prices of selected fruits and vegetables in Dehradun Mandi(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Negi, Kriti; Pandey, R.K.In this thesis work, an attempt has been made to carry out the probability analysis of monthly arrival and price data of five fruits and vegetables collected from Dehradun mandi for a period of 10 years(2003-2012) ,based on which future forecast for their arrival and price values has been made for a period of 2 years. The data was subjected to frequency analysis using four distribution functions, viz. Normal, Log Normal, Pearson type-III and Log Pearson type-III distributions. Then the average percentage deviation between observed and expected values was found out to test their goodness of fit to the analysed data. The future forecast values were obtained for next two years using past 8 years data. The forecast was made using Log normal distribution at 50% probability level. Fruit/vegetable-wise and probability –wise average percentage deviation was calculated to obtain the best fit distribution to the data. It was observed from the study that Normal distribution gave a good fit to the analysed data and best fit was given by all distributions at 50% probability level. It was observed that the future forecast of arrival for next two years was generally higher from the 8 years data due to an increase in production and demand pattern of these commodities. The price forecast also showed an increase for next two years which is due to the increase in demand as compared to the arrival of these commodities and some technological factors. The future forecasted arrival and price values of some commodities showed an uncertain trend which may be due to some techno-economic factors. With this, the conclusion was made for my research topic on probability analysis of the arrival and price data of some agricultural commodities of Dehradun mandi.