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2004 - 20094
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End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Multi-trait selection indices for improving egg mass in egg type chicken
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Santhosh, M.; Bais, R.K.S.
    The poultry industry is the fastest growing sector among Indian agriculture sectors and today India occupies 4th and 6th place in the world for egg and broiler production, producing 41 billion eggs and 1000 million broilers every year. The impact of such a massive growth of the poultry production has not been felt by masses because of the population explosion. The per capita availability of 40 eggs and 1 kg meat is far behind the ICMR recommendations and the gap can be bridged by developing superior layers following appropriate breeding strategies. In view of the above, the present study was undertaken to construct and evaluate the multi-trait selection indices for improving egg mass in a pure strain (N) of White Leghorn maintained by a commercial poultry heeding organization. The phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated in the flock under study. The heritability estimates were found to be low for EM40, EP40, EW40 and ASM, whereas the moderate heritability estimates were reported for BW20 and BW40. The egg mass was having a high positive correlation with egg production while egg weight had lower positive association with egg mass. Thus, selection for egg mass seems to be appropriate for improving both egg number and weight. A total of fifty seven multi-trait selection indices were constructed in different combinations incorporating six, five, four, three and two traits as the selection criteria with the selection objective in all the cases being improvement of egg mass only which comprises the aggregate genotype. The multi-trait selection index (IMT1) including all the six traits was found to be the most desirable with the gain in all the individual traits in favourable direction. Based on the estimates of genetic cost of restriction of different traits, the egg mass was found to the have the highest contribution followed by EW40, EP40, BW20, BW40 and ASM. The direct and correlated responses in performance traits from individual selection of pullets were estimated and on comparing with the best index (IMT1), the selection for 20 week body weight was found to be the most desirable with respect to relative accuracy/ efficiency and gain in individual traits particularly the egg number and egg weight for the population under study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Harvest losses and value addition of vegetables in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Sharma, Gaurav; Singh, S.P.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Manufacturing of Angora-Lyocell blended fabric and use of CAD for preparation of eco-fashion apparels
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-08) Goel, Bhawana; Goel, Alka
    Textiles are rapidly and constantly changing with the introduction of new fibers and new technologies for processing and finishing of familiar fibers. One such process in textile is blending, which is done to improve spinning, weaving and finishing efficiency and to gain the uniformity in products. Use of expensive/rare fibers can be extended by blending them with more cheaper/plentiful fibers with desirable positive attributes, essential to make quality products. Today synthetic fibers are commonly used throughout the world. Most of them are non-biodegradable and are used to such an extent that their disposal has become increasingly difficult. Textile consumers all over the world perpetually looking for biodegradable and eco-friendly textiles to preserve the environment thus use of eco-friendly fibers and fabrics are gradually gaining importance throughout the world. Thus in view of the above stated importance of blending technology and taking the major environmental pollution issue into consideration, it was thought worthwhile to use blending technology for the enrichment of angora hair fiber, obtained from angora rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), with a regenerated cellulosic fiber lyocell, obtained from wood pulp through an eco-friendly processing technology and sold under the brand name Tencel. Angora wool has special characteristics like excellent whiteness, superb softness, lightness and warmth it can play an important role in the livelihood security of a large population of small farmers and landless laborers in the temperate and sub temperate climatic conditions on Himalayan region of our country. But for the reason of rare availability and high cost, it cannot fulfil the massive demand of the textile industry sector. Along with this, angora hairs cannot process alone because of its smooth surface structure, lack of crimp and prominent medulla, which resulted in disturbance during mechanical processing of pure angora. Low moisture absorbency resulted in generation of high level of static charge. Thus in the present research attempt has been made to blend the angora with lyocell fiber. Modern technology of blending, spinning was used to overcome its processing difficulties. CAD was used to make value added eco-fashion apparels, which were found helpful in saving time, money, energy consumption and bring down the cost which in turn ensured the availability of angora to more people at affordable rates. It will also help to generate additional income and employment for the farmers living in Himalayan region of India and dealing with angora wool and their products. Animal hair fibers need to pass through various stages of processing and cleaning. Five kinds of ring spun yarn samples on cotton spinning system were developed. Fiber properties were evaluated on the basis of the end use of fibers Five kind of pure and blended yarns were tested for estimating the quality of raw material and for controlling the quality of fabric produced. It was found that it is possible to produce good quality strong fine even yarn with less hairiness through blending of angora with lyocell. The effect of two synthetic dyes i.e., acid, reactive and one natural dye henna (lowsonia inermis) were studied on pure and blended angora-lyocell yarns. Out of these, reactive dye showed good result on both fibers. In order to ensure that the product being manufactured will meet the desired quality level and confirm to any laid down specifications for their intended purpose, woven fabric samples of pure and different ratios of angora and lyocell blends were tested for various structural, mechanical, aesthetic and comfort properties. All the pure and blended fabrics were found suitable for preparation of different types of luxury women eco-fashion apparels for different occasions. The blending of angora with lyocell fibers bring down favourable improvement in economy, performance, comfort and aesthetic appeal of garments. Garment designing with CAD was also attempted for value addition of the pure and blended garments. This advanced software’s programme was found very effective to save time, money and energy consumption. Total 20 designs were made for all pure and blended fabrics of angora and lyocell fabrics, with the help of adobe photoshopCS3 software and were evaluated by panel of 60 judges. Five highest ranked/selected designs were further used for construction of garments with selected fabrics. To assess the market potential opinion of the 15 traders dealing with the manufacturing and marketing of such products was sought. Traders appreciated the attempt and have shown favourable inclination for the value added eco-fashion apparels made from pure and blended angora and lyocell fabrics. Thus the findings of the present research study concluded that pure and blended angora and lyocell ecofashion apparels will have a great potential to finds its own place in today’s competitive global market and can fetch premium price in both domestic and global market as now a day’s customers are giving more importance to eco-friendly products. It would open avenues for trade and contributed to the livelihood security of the angora rearing community living in Himalayan region and deals with angora wool production and marketing of their products. This will also reduce the migration of youth from their places.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Extraction, processing and utilization of Rambans (Agave Spp.) and malu (Bauhinia vahlii) fibers for industrial uses
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Kholiya, Ruchi; Goel, Alka
    Plant fiber can be termed as god’s one of the most precious gift to mankind. Today fiber yielding plants are regarded as most important crop after cereals. In fact, plant fibers are the raw material for many industries sustaining the economy of our nation. Unconventional fibrous plants are one of the largely neglected resources of the Uttarakhand. There was no available record regarding the total number of NGOs working on unconventional fibers in Uttarakhand therefore in order to assess the work being carried out on unconventional fibers in Uttarakhand, all the Non Government Organizations (NGOs) working on unconventional fibers were visited and information was collected by the researcher. It was found that most of the NGOs used rambans fibers followed by wool fibers. During the course of study it was noticed that majority of NGOs faced several problems regarding availability of raw materials, extraction of fibers, cost of raw material, fiber processing, problems during production of articles, lack of workers, lack of infrastructure, marketing of products and unavailability of proper extraction and processing tools. So to overcome these problems, three commonly available species of Agave in Uttarakhand (Agave cantala, Agave sisalana and Agave americana) and a soft fiber from the bark of the plant i.e. malu (Bauhinia vahlii) were extracted from eleven different retting methods (decortications or scraping, water retting, fungal retting, acid and alkali retting with different concentrations and durations). A series of experiments were conducted to soften the rambans fibers and to optimize the procedure for extraction and application of natural dye obtained from French marigold flowers on rambans fibers. After opening and carding malu-viscose rayon and rambans-viscose rayon fibers were blended thoroughly in three different ratios i.e. 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. On the basis of satisfactory physical properties and aesthetic view, one woven sample of malu-viscose and one woven sample of rambans-viscose were prepared on Kumaoni handloom. These blended fabrics were than evaluated for different physical properties. The traditional technologies for harvesting and fiber processing were assessed by the investigator and intervention of improved technologies was done. Results of different extraction methods revealed that in case of malu fibers, alkali retted fibers had superior properties as compared to other methods. Results of different extraction methods on physical properties of three species of Agave indicates that Agave cantala fibers posses superior properties followed by Agave sisalana species. While Agave americana species posses inferior properties as compared to other two species. Out of these fibers, decorticated sisal (Agave sisalana) fibers were purposively taken for the present study due to easy availability. After visual evaluation of softened rambans fibers it was observed that fibers treated with 100% NaOH concentration were softer as compared to the rambans fibers obtained from other treatments. The optimum dyeing condition of rambans fibers were-aqueous extraction medium, 2 g concentration of dye, 75 minutes extraction time and 60 minutes of dyeing time. In case of mordants the selected concentrations were 3 g, 2 g, 0.05 g and 0.01 g of pomegranate rind, tea leaves, stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate respectively. After opening and carding malu-viscose rayon and rambans-viscose rayon fibers were blended thoroughly in three different ratios i.e. 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. Single ply yarns of these blends were prepared on Bageshwari Charkha and evaluated for different physical properties. Results of yarn testing indicated that as the content of viscose rayon increases, breaking strength, tenacity, elongation per cent and yarn evenness of the respective blends also increases. Whereas yarn count reduced as the viscose content was increased in blends. Results of fabric testing revealed that fabric count, weight per unit area, thickness, abrasion loss, crease recovery angle and elongation at break were maximum in malu-viscose blended fabric, while bending length, flexural rigidity, overall flexural rigidity, and pilling resistance was maximum in case of rambans-viscose blended fabric as they were stiffer than malu-viscose blended fabric. Beside these, rambans-viscose blended fabric also showed higher drape coefficient, thermal conductivity, and breaking strength. A rambans (sisal) fabric reinforced phenolic composite was prepared by compression molding method. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of the rambans phenolic composite was 24.61 MPa and 207.77 GPa respectively, while flexural strength and flexural modulus of the rambans phenolic composite was 31.1 MPa and 104.55 GPa respectively. On the basis of respondents’ requirement a leaf cutter and a decorticator machine was designed by the investigator. Results indicated that ergonomically designed leaf cutter caused minimum physiological cost of work as compared to the traditional heavy weight leaf cutter. The line diagram of the improved decorticator machine was showed to the owners of the NGOs and workers; who expressed satisfaction over the new design and are willing to develop the improved decorticator machine in near future for their use. In view of the large scale unemployment in Uttarakhand and a need for empowerment of backward and tribal areas, village industries focusing on extraction and processing of natural fibers can generate enormous employment without much input. Therefore utilization of plant fibers for employment generation in rural sector will prove to be cost-effective and ecologically sustainable.