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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design, development and performance evaluation of a subsoiler-cum-fertilizer applicator
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Shinde, Anil Tukaram; Thakur, T.C.
    A subsoiler-cum-fertilizer applicator was designed and developed by selecting the best parameters of winged subsoiler with shallow leading tines from previous studies. The equipment consisted of a rectangular frame, a main winged tine, two shallow leading winged tines, two depth control wheels, a fertilizer box of 50 kg capacity equipped with three fixed hole type metering devices, fertilizer conveying system and a ground driven wheel with sprocket and chain arrangement for transmitting power to fertilizer metering rollers. The equipment was evaluated in laboratory for studying the aspects related to fertilizer distribution with different angles of deflector plates and in terms of soil and machine parameters in field. Two shallow leading winged tines were mounted on the rectangular frame longitudinally at 400 mm ahead of the main tine (X-plane), laterally at 850 mm in (Y-plane) and 0.5 times the working depth of main tine in vertical direction (Z-plane). Prior to laboratory testing of the machine, the physical properties of different fertilizers viz. DAP, SSP, MOP and NPK complex were determined and two fertilizers i.e. NPK complex in granular form and MOP in powder form were selected for further investigations. Different deflector plates with included angles of 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 were tested in laboratory for uniform and continuous band placement of two selected fertilizers at 90 rpm speed of metering roller. The deflector plates with 450 included angle was found best for NPK complex whereas for MOP 600 angle gave best results followed by 450 angle. The minimum Coefficient of Variations of 10.40% and 12.22% with Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity of 95.44% and 94.39% were observed with NPK complex and MOP, for 450 and 600 angles of deflector plates, respectively. The field testing of machine was carried out in sandy loam soil (33.72% sand, 40.25% silt and 26.03% clay) at an average moisture content of 12.69% (d. b.) to evaluate its performance on the basis of changes in soil dry bulk density, specific draft and wheel slippage at 200, 300 and 400 mm depths of operation, respectively. The results revealed that the bulk density was uniform throughout the soil profile after subsoiling at 400 mm depth. The soil bulk density was reduced to a maximum of 16.55% . The specific draft for 300 mm and 400 mm depths of operation was found lower by 19.42% and 31.50% than those of earlier studies with conventional leading tines under similar soil type and conditions studied at Pantnagar. However, the wheel slippage was as high as 24.11% at a draft of 14.63 kN for 400 mm depth which was well beyond the pulling capacity of a 45 hp tractor. The discharge rate of NPK complex and MOP fertilizers in the field were obtained as 59.50 and 56.70 kg/ha with 11 mm diameter opening of metering plate.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimal land use model for an Himalayan watershed based on economic and erosive considerations
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Thakur, Amresh Kumar; Singh, J.K.
    In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop the optimal land use planning model with the basic objective to minimize the soil loss from the Chorgaliya watershed based on resource constraints such as land availability, water availability, labour opportunities and net return. The model was develop by using the linear programming technique. All the relevant data and information to develop the model were collected and were synthesized as per the requirement of the model. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to determine the soil loss. 1-laying determined the soil loss coefficients, the other coefficients such as labour coefficient, water availability coefficient and net return coefficient were also estimated and were incorporated to develop the model. In order to make the model socially and economically acceptable to the inhabitants of the watershed, three alternative plans, viz. Plan I: Existing cropping pattern with restriction on crops preferred by farmers, Plan II. Existing cropping pattern with restriction on orchard trees and Plan III: Erusting cropping pattern with the restriction on the food grains were developed. All these alternative plants were compared with the crusting land use pattern in the Chorgaliya watershed. Among all the alternative plants, the Plan II was found to generated maximum net return to the farmers of the study, while in terms of the soil loss, Plan III was found to yield the least amount of soil loss.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of temperature on decomposition of wheat straw and nutrient release in mollisols
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Joshi, Ganga; Mishra, B.
    A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the influence of temperature on decomposition of wheat straw and nutrient release in Mollisols. For this study representative samples of three soils viz. Phoolbagh clay loam, Haldi loam and Patherchatta sandy loam were taken and wheat straw was applied @ 4.544 g/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 15, 25 and 35°C for 90 days. The evolution of carbon dioxide from soils was measured quantitatively following the alkali trap method. The soils differed significantly with regard to CO2 evolution. Haldi loam showed the highest CO2 evolution while Patherchatta sandy loam recorded the lowest, irrespective of temperature. The rate of CO2 evolution from all the soils was highest during the first six days of incubation and lowest at the end of incubation period. The CO2 evolution at 35°C was significantly greater than at 25 and 15°C at all dates of observation. At the end of incubation period in Phoolbagh clay loam 24.6, 38.4 and 59.6 percent carbon from added wheat straw was lost at 15, 25 and 35°C, respectively. In Haldi loam the corresponding values of wheat straw carbon loss was 22.4, 37.9 and 52.7 percent and in Patherchatta sandy loam 21.1, 31.8 and 45.3 percent, respectively. Out of two mathematical models viz. power function model and first order kinetic model the power function model showed better fitness with wheat straw carbon loss data with lower RMSE and higher R2 values than first order kinetic model. The half life of wheat straw in Mollisols varied from 371 to 426 days at 15°C, 130 to 238 days at 25°C and 50 to 95 days at 35°C. After decomposition of wheat straw in soils available P and K content increased moderately whereas, the available N level decreased over initial level. The increase in available P and K of the soils due to wheat straw was more at 35°C than at 25 and15°C. It was concluded that decomposition of wheat straw in the soils was slow and temperature dependent. The rate of decomposition followed power function model. Available P and K status of the soils were moderately increased by wheat straw incorporation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nutritional evaluation of some medicinal plants
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Joshi, Mahima; Awasthi, Pratima
    Medicinal plants are known for millennia and highly esteemed all over the world. Now a days herbal medicines have been widely used due to their low cost effectiveness, low side effects, eco-friendly and potent nature as compared to synthetic or allopathic medicines. The medicinal value of the drug plant is due to the presence of some of the important chemical compounds, which produces a definite physiological action on the human body. Along with these chemical compounds some nutrients may also be present in these medicinal plants. So, this study was planned to study the proximate principles, mineral and vitamin content of nine medicinal plants. The plants selected were Brahmi, Mandukaparni, Ashwagandha, Krishnasariva, Mudgaparni, Bari Dudhi, Choti Dudhi, Safed musli and Gethi. The plants were collected, dried, grinded and stored and then the nutritional composition of these plants was studied. The results showed that brahmi panchang contained low fat, high energy and sodium contents. Mandukaparni contained high total ash, iron (151.67 mg/100g), sodium and zinc contents. Ashwagandha contained high carbohydrate, energy (309 Kcal/100g) and ascorbic acid contents. Krishnasariva contained low fat, high iron (145.05 mg/100g) and ascorbic acid (6.50 mg/100g) contents. Mudgaparni panchang and seeds contained high magnesium content and seeds contained high energy (370 Kcal/100g) content. Bari dudhi contained high fiber, calcium (729.07 mg/100g), copper and β-carotene (1011 μg/100g) contents. Choti dudhi contained high total ash, fiber, calcium (734.74 mg/100g), iron (169.20 mg/100g), zinc (12.47 mg/100g) and β-carotene (1900.67 μg/100g) contents. Safed musli contained low fat, high carbohydrate and energy (332 Kcal/100g) contents. Gethi contained low fat, high carbohydrate and energy (346 Kcal/100g) contents. Gethi and mudgaparni seeds are also used for eating purposes. From the results it is very much obvious that these medicinal plants are not only providing their medicinal values but also some of the nutrients which are of nutritional significance for the humans. So, these medicinal plants can also be used as therapeutic agents for eradicating the degenerative diseases and deficiency disorders.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of laser irradiation on seed germination parameters and phosphorus uptake in maize (Zea mays L.) plants
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Singh, Mahendra; Singh, K.P.
    The effect of laser irradiation on seed germination, plant parameters (shoot, root lengths, plants heights, vigour indices and leaves' sizes) and phosphorus uptake has been studied in two varieties (Surya and Pragati) of maize (Zea mays L.). The seeds were irradiated for different period of times i.e. 0s (control), 60s, 120s, 180s and 240s by 632.8 nm He-Ne Laser beam. Seeds were grown in petridishes and pots. Results suggested that the 60s irradiated seeds showed the best germination percentage, plant parameter and phosphorus uptake. The higher irradiation caused negative effects on these parameters. These results also suggested that the effect of irradiation was greater in the Pragati variety (V2). The results have been understood in terms of the changes in two morphological forms of phytochromes and the phytohormones as a results of laser irradiation of the seeds.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietary supplementation of herbal liver stimulant on the performance of commercial broilers
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Bisht, Kavita; Singh, S.K.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different plant density on the vegetative growth, flower yield and pyrethrin content in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Mehta, Karan Singh; Bisht, P.S.
    The present investigation was carried out during Feb. 2003 to June 2004 at the experimental block of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants section, Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, GBPUA&T, Hill Campus, Ranchauri, Tehri Garhwal, to study the effect of plant density on vegetative growth, flower yield and pyrethrin content in pyrethrum. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments and three replications. The range of plant densities was taken from 27778/ha to 1,11,111/ha with the plant spacing from 30 cm to 60 cm. During the course of investigation, plant height, plant diameter, number of tillers per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per tiller, flower diameter, capitulum diameter, fresh weight of 100-flower, dry weight of 100-flower, yield of fresh flower per plot, yield of dry flower per plot, yield of dry stem-leaf matter per plot, harvest index, pyrethrin content in percent and pyrethrin yield per plot were observed. Observations of these parameters were found to be significantly influenced by different plant densities except the plant height. A significant affect on pyrethrin yield was found in different plant densities during the present investigation. It was also found that the pyrethrin yield is significantly and positively correlated with the yield of fresh flower (r=0.88*), yield of dry flower (r=0.91**) and number of tillers per plant (r=0.76*). The pyrethrin yield per plot was also good in closer spacing (30cm x 30cm) due to more number of plants per unit area and thereby, increasing the yield of fresh and dry flower. On the basis of the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the plant density of 55556/ha with the spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm seems to be the most suitable for obtaining yield of a remunerative crop of pyrethrum under the agro-climatic conditions of Garhwal Himalayas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Extraction of natural dyes from chilmora flowers (Rumex hastatus) and kamala leaves (Mallotus Philippensis): process development for dyeing of silk and quantitative estimation of crude dye extract
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Sati, Hema; Shahnaz Jahan
    Dyes are colourant that penetrate the actual fibre and appear to become a part of it. They are broadly classified as natural and synthetic dyes. In recent years, the thrust has been shifted to the research and development of natural dyes, as these are more ecofirendly in comparison to carcinogenic and non-ecofriendly synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are also known for their long endurance and soft lustrous colours. The international market for natural dyed textile products is very large and export of natural dyed products can earn extra revenue for the country. The present study was done on the process development for dyeing of silk with flowers of Chilmora (Rumex hastatus) and leaves of Kamala (Mallotus philippensis) and quantitative estimation of crude dried dye extract. These sources were found to produce different shades of Pink, Yellowish green, Green, Brown and Khaki. A series of experiments were conducted to optimize different dyeing variables viz. concentration of dye, extraction time, dyeing time, mordant concentration and method of mordanting. The medium of extraction was selected as acidic for Chilmora flower dye and alkaline for Kamala leaf dye. In case of Chilmora flower dye, 5% dye concentration, 75 minutes extraction time and 45 minutes dyeing time was found as optimum, whereas, 4% dye concentration, 60 minutes extraction time and 60 minutes dyeing time was found to be optimum in case of Kamala leaf dye. In case of Chilmora flower dye, .04% of Chrome and Stannous chloride and 4% of Pomegranate rind with post mordanting 4% of Tea leaves, 5% of Amaltas bark and .03% of Copper sulphate with simultaneous mordanting and dyeing gave best shades on silk. In case of Kamala leaf dye, it was observed that 1% Walnut bark with post mordanting, 4% Bahera, .03% of Copper sulphate and .05% of Stannous chloride with simultaneous mordanting and dyeing, 4% Pomegranate rind and .02% of Chrome with premordanting produced best shades on silk. It was also concluded that the colour fastness to light, washing, perspiration and crocking of both the dyes was improved with the use of mordants. However, the darkening of colour during light and wash fastness test and a change in colour during alkaline perspiration test was observed in case of Chilmora flower dye. Tensile strength of blank samples of both the dyes was found to be significantly different from both undyed silk and their respective mordanted samples. Percent elongation at break of undyed fabric was found to have no significant difference with blank samples of both the dyes where as it differs significantly with mordanted samples in case of both the dyes. On quantitative estimation, the yield of crude dye powder from Kamala leaf was found to be double in amount of the yield of Chilmora flower dye powder. The powder produced lighter shade of same hue in case of Kamala leaf and a different shade on silk in case of Chilmora flower dye was found. The colour fastness to light and wash of the dye powder
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative performance of different varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under poplar based agroforestry system
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Joshi, Harshita; Rajput, P.R.
    An experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2003 at Agroforestry Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of growth conditions on productivity and quality of different varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two growth conditions (under poplar and sole soybean) as main plots and 12 verities of soybean (PK 262, PK 327, PK 416, PK 472, PK 1029, PK 564, PS 1024, PS 1042, PS 1092, PS 1241, Shilajeet and JS 335) as sub plots with three replications. Germination count, root length, root dry weight, plant dry weight, chlorophyll content and leaf area index were found to be higher in open system (sole soybean) as compared to agroforestry system at all the growth stages. Whereas plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, number of root nodules and nodules dry weight was found to be higher under poplar plantation as compared to open system at all the growth stages. Variety PS 1241 showed maximum germination and plant dry weight (above ground portion) at harvest. Whereas, variety PS 1042 showed maximum plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, root length, number of root nodules and root dry weight nodules dry weight at all the growth stages. Variety PK 472 showed highest chlorophyll content and leaf area index. Significantly higher values of yield and yield attributes were recorded in open systems as compared to under poplar plantation. Higher values of yield attributes were obtained by variety PS 1241. Maximum grain yield was produced by variety PS 1241 and Variety PS 1092 yielded maximum biological and straw yield. Higher values of nitrogen content in grain and straw, protein content and oil content in grain were obtained under poplar plantation as compared to open. Protein content in grain was significant higher in PK 1029, oil content in grain was maximum in PK 472 and nitrogen content in grain and straw was obtained maximum in variety PK1029.