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ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of resistance spot welding process parameters for cold rolled mild steel lap joint based on tensile shear strength(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Pankaj Kumar; Bisht, NeerajOwing to its numerous applications weld characteristics of cold rolled mild steel grade IS 513 CR 1 was investigated. Resistance spot welding, one of the most versatile welding technology was used for the purpose. The three most important parameters of the RSW namely welding current, welding time and electrode pressure were varied and the influence on the Tensile Shear Strength (TSS) was evaluated. The experiments were carried out according to Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array and Taguchi analysis was used in optimization. A lap joint of dimensions 120mm x 30 mm x 1.5mm was welded using a 100 kVA timer, current-controlled CSP-100PR Spot Welder, to create an overlap of 3 mm thickness. According to Taguchi’s L9 OA welding current cycles of 5, 10 and 15 were selected. During the welding process, the welding current was changed by adding 2 kA from 10 to 14 kA and the electrode pressure were taken to be 4, 5 and 6 bar. The Main effects plots revealed the optimal setting for the process parameters as welding current of 14 kA (Level 3), welding time of 15 cycles (Level 3), and electrode pressure of 4 bar (Level 1). The optimized process parameters showed the maximum TSS of the spot weld joint. ANOVA was carried out to identify the significant process parameters affecting the weld strength. Furthermore, the contribution of welding current was found to be 67.38% which had the maximum influence on the TSS of the welded joint. The contour plots showed that on increasing welding current and welding time with decreasing electrode pressure the Tensile Shear Strength of lap joint was increased by 55.78%, 26.27% and 33.65% respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with wintergreen biofuel and diesel with diethyl ether as an additive(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Pankaj Kumar; Tewari, P.C.Energy is a fundamental component of social and economic development. A nation's energy strategy aims for productivity and security, as well as providing environmentally friendly access and achievement of primary resources for energy generation. Petroleum fuels will continue to play a dominant role in our country's energy sector in the coming decades. However, conventional fuel resources are limited, non-renewable, and polluting, and should thus be used with caution, whereas renewable energy sources are indigenous, non-polluting, and abundant. As a result, their use should be encouraged in any way possible. The aim of this present work is to blend wintergreen biofuel with diesel and diethyl ether in the proposed percentage and to test performance parameters such as brake power, fuel consumption, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and emission characteristics (exhaust temperature, smoke density, exhaust gas emissions) experimentally on 3.7 kW rated power, single cylinder four stroke compressed ignition engine. The current study led to the conclusion that wintergreen oil blending in diesel is restricted to 30% for comparable performance and emission characteristics with diesel fuel. Increasing wintergreen biofuel proportion led to increased performance characteristics such as BTE, BSFC and reduced CO emissions and decreased smoke density. It is concluded that wintergreen oil blended 20% in diesel gives best performance and emission characteristics at all loads.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Mimosa pudica (Lajvanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) on clinical cases of gastric ulcers in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Pankaj Kumar; Sharma, V.K.In the present study therapeutic efficacy of Mimosa pudica (Lajwanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) alone and in combination was evaluated in sixteen confirmed clinical cases of canine gastric ulcer. The efficacy of treatment was judged on the basis of clinical symptoms, haematological, biochemical and radiological examinations. Excessive salivation, inappetance, dullness, depression, and pain on palpation in left epigastric region were observed as major clinical symptoms of gastric ulceration in these dogs. The animals with gastric ulcer passed black/chocolate coloured faeces of soft consistency. The mucous membrane of all animals was observed pale. The extremities were cold. In most of the cases, owners complained that bouts of vomition were observed soon after feeding. In most of the cases vomitus was of brownish in colour. All the clinical symptoms observed in the patients revealed mild to moderate clinical recovery within 10-12, 3-7, 5-7 and 3-5 days following treatment in group A, B, C and D respectively. Delayed reaction of skin tenting, decreased haemoglobin, lower PCV, higher TLC level, initial neutrophilia, lymphopenia and presence of occult blood in faeces were the constant feature of every animal under this experiment. On biochemical examination hyponatremia and hyperkalemia was the prominent feature. Mucosal damage and gastric hemorrhage were detected through the pH of gastric content and colouration of the vomitus. An increased level of gastric pH with pinkish to brownish colour was observed in all groups of animals on day 0. On contrast radiographic examination retention or adherence of contrast material with gastric mucosa and delayed gastric emptying were the constant features. Thus, on the basis of comparative evaluation of clinical, haematological, biochemical and radiological parameters of Group B and C, it can be concluded that Mimosa pudica is a marginally better drug than Melia azedarach in gastric ulcer healing in dogs. However, as per the present day information, possible mechanism of action of these herbal drugs may be due to their ability to be a coating agent, motility modifiers, antimuscarinic effect, H2-receptor antagonist and prostaglandin analogue or proton pump inhibitor. Their definite mode of action in these lines is to be investigated further.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Mimosa pudica (Lajvanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) on clinical cases of gastric ulcers in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Pankaj Kumar; Sharma, V.K.ThesisItem Open Access Data driven runoff modelling of a mid-himalayan watershed(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-01) Pankaj Kumar; Devendra KumarThesisItem Open Access Integrated pest management of various insect-pests infesting Capsicum under protected cultivation and chilli in open condition(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Pankaj Kumar; Srivastava, R.M.During present investigation different acaricide formulation, botanicals, and insecticides were evaluated against mites and sucking pest, infesting capsicum and chilli crops grown under polyhouse condition and open field condition respectively. Present study was a documentation of insect fauna associated with capsicum crop grown under polyhouse condition and chilli crop grown under agro-climatic condition of tarai region of Uttarakhand. Evaluation of biopesticide, botanicals and newer pesticides against insect pests in capsicum grown under protected condition indicated that incidence of aphid, thrips, mites, whitefly and bihar hairy caterpillar commenced on crop around 25-30 days after transplanting. It then gradually increased attaining peak during the period of December and January. Mealy bug incidence which was seen in low levels initially but attained peak during February month and then declined. It was noticed with reference to crop damage and significantly higher fruit yield was recorded in Chemical intensive which was superior to biopesticide and botanicals proved to be the best treatment as realized by the highest net returns as against biopesticide and botanicals. Maximum yield of 21433.3kg/ha was obtained in capsicum crop grown under protected condition treated with Thiamethoxam25%WG and minimum 13382.0kg/ha in neem oil. In chilli crop grown in open field condition observation of various insect pests indicated that whitefly, mite, thrips, pod borer (helicoverpa armigera), red cotton bug, cut worm and lady bird beetle occurred on crop during the April to June month and attaining peak with varied densities. In chilly crop grown in open condition significantly higher fruit yield were recorded in newer systemic insecticide/ acaricide provided considerable pest management and marketable yield. Maximum yield of 527.75 kg/ha was obtained in chilli crop grown in open condition treated with Propargite 57%EC and minimum 238kg/ha in NC-512 dose-150ml/ha in single picking of fruits.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of kharif rice cultivation in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pankaj Kumar; Singhal, A.K.An attempt has been made in the study to examine the economics of Kharif rice cultivation in Udham singh nagar district of Uttarakhand. The primary data required for the study obtained from a total of 60 sample farmers drawn through simple random sampling which comprised of 29 marginal farmers, 17 small farmers and 14 large farmers. Cost of cultivation was computed using CACP cost concept and the resource use efficiency in rice cultivation was examined through Cobb-Douglass production function and MVP analysis. The per hectare total cost of cultivation for overall farms (cost C3) was found to be Rs. 39841.27 and total cost were highest on marginal farms i.e. Rs.43327.56 followed by small farms Rs.41608.17 and large farms Rs.38594.01 respectively. Average rice yield per hectare for overall farms was noticed at 46.98 qt/ha in case of large farmers 47.62 qt/ha which was followed by small farmers (46.02 qt/ha) and marginal farmers (44.83 qt/ha). The gross return per hectare for overall per hectare farm basis was Rs. 101059.20 and for marginal, small, land large were Rs. 35305.53, Rs.91055.52 and Rs.248152.40 respectively. The MVP analysis had shown that the resources such as fertilizers human labour and machine labour were exerted significant effect on kharif rice yield and also plant protection chemicals were found to be significant influence on rice yield. It was found that the marginal value products (MVPs) of the aforementioned resources exceeded their marginal input costs (MICs) indicating underutilization of resources. Hence, the rice yield could be increased by increasing the level of these resources. Major production constraints encountered in crop management practices, lack of skilled labourers, labour shortage, occurrence of weeds, pest and disease incidence and non-availability of credit. Some other constraints related to production aspects were low price for output and the crop failure also noticed.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on soil and foliar application of macro and micronutrients on yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-05) Pankaj KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Pattharchatta, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, district- Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand during the year 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in RBD (Randomized Block Design) with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the foliar application of macro and micronutrients exhibited improvement in fruit set, fruit yield, quality and nutrient status of soil and leaf. The investigation has shown that the application of RDF (1000 g N : 750 g P : 1000 g K) + NPK: 20:20:20 @ 1% (2 spray: first-15 days and second- 45 days after fruit set) + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.4% + Boric acid @ 0.2% + CuSO4 @ 0.2% (2 spray at just before flowering and marble stage) was found very effective for increasing the number of fruit set per panicle at marble stage (3.29), yield plant-1 890(228.24 kg), yield ha-1 (22.82 tonnes), per cent increase in yield (197.41 %), fruit weight (254.60 g), fruit length (10.86 cm) and fruit width (5.65 cm). The content of TSS (19.18 0B), total sugar (15.38 %), reducing sugar (3.94 %), non-reducing sugar (11.47 %), total carotenoids (12.08 mg 100 g-1 pulp) and ascorbic acid (48.47 mg 100 g-1 pulp) were also increased with this treatment. The results have shown that there was no consistency with respect to the effect of macro and micronutrients on soil and leaf nutrient status. Thus, it is concluded that the foliar application of NPK (20:20:20) @ 1 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.4 % + Boric acid @ 0.2 % + CuSO4 @ 0.2 % along with RDF (1000 g N : 750 g P : 1000 g K) may be adopted for improving fruit set, yield and quality of mango cv. Dashehari.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on heterosis and molecular diversity in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Pankaj Kumar; Shrotria, P.K.The present investigation was carried out during Kharif seasons of year 2012-13 and 2013-14 at the Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental material was developed by mating five pollinator parents of forage sorghum with ten cytoplasmic male sterile lines (CMS) in line x tester mating design. The field experiment with 68 treatments including 50 F1s, ten CMS lines, five pollinators and three standard checks was planted in randomized block design with three replications during both 2012-13 and 2013-14 kharif seasons. The observations were recorded during both the years, as per appropriate procedure, on shoot fly infestation, protein per cent, HCN content, foliar disease index per cent, regenerability score, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, stem diameter, total soluble solids, number of tillers per plant, IVDMD per cent, leaf:stem ratio, green fodder yield and dry fodder yield. Besides field experiment, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to detect protein profile variation and microsatellite (SSR) marker analysis for molecular characterization, of twenty five parental (A, B and R lines) genotypes were also done. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic differences for all the characters studied which clearly indicated presence of sufficient variability for each trait in the experimental material. Significance of line vs. tester mean square revealed that testers were highly divergent from lines. Significance of parent vs. crosses and line x tester interaction mean squares for most of the characters including yield, suggested existence of considerable amount of average heterosis and predicted significance sca values among the crosses. Sufficient inherent genetic variability for two major foliar diseases viz. zonate leaf spot and anthracnose was observed in the experimental material. The parental genotypes SP 55609 A, ICSA 293 and PC 5 for zonate leaf spot and 11 A2, SP 55609 A, ICSA 702 and HC 260 showed low disease index per cent for anthracnose. Variable magnitude of three types of heterosis (heterobeltiosis, mid-parent heterosis and standard heterosis) exhibited for various characters by different cross combinations indicated sufficient divergence in parental material for these traits. Three crosses viz. 32 A2 x PC 6, ICSA 469 x PC 6 and MR 750 A2 x PC 8 showed significant and positive estimates of all three types of heterosis during both 2012-13 and 2013-14 as well as pooled over years, for green fodder yield. Whereas, three crosses viz. 32 A2 x PC 6, ICSA 293 x HC 260 and MR 750 A2 x HC 260 showed significant and positive estimates of three types of heterosis for dry fodder yield. Significant gca and sca values were observed for most of the characters. The variance ratio (σ2 gca / σ2 sca) of less than unity revealed preponderance of non-additive gene action for most of the traits, except plant height, total soluble solids per cent and green fodder yield. Near unity variance ratio for yield indicate importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions for inheritance of forage yield, thereby suggesting for scope of selection as well hybrid breeding for improvement of yield and its component in forage sorghum. The male sterile lines, 32 A2 and MR 750 A2 had significant gca effects with substantially good per se performance for fodder yield (green fodder yield and dry fodder yield), its components traits, forage nutritional quality and resistance to shoot fly infestation. Therefore, these lines may contribute to increase in yield besides improvement in nutritional quality and resistance of the crosses, if used as parents. Amongst testers PC 6 was one of the best combiner with significant high positive gca effects for green and dry fodder yield coupled with high mean performance. Based on significance of sca effects, higher per se performance and heterotic response for green and dry fodder yield, the best crosses identified were 32 A2 x PC 6 and ICSA 293 x HC 260. SDS-PAGE analysis of seed protein manifested that the 25 sorghum genotypes (10 male sterile, 10 maintainer and 5 restorer) differed from each other with respect to total number of protein bands, their thickness and intensity. Most of the CMS lines and restorer lines showed differentiation in protein profiles. CMS lines and the corresponding maintainer lines in general showed similarity in banding pattern however, some of the male sterile and maintainer lines viz. ICSA 469, ICSB 469, ICSA 702, ICSB 702, ICSA 276, ICSB 276, ICSA 264 and ICSB 264 showed variation in respect of number and intensity of protein bands. This variation may be due to difference in molecular weight of proteins, their polypeptide bands composition and disturbed protein metabolism. Diversity analyses of twenty five parental genotypes performed through twenty five SSR molecular markers analysis revealed that the genotypes could be grouped prepared into two major and several different minor clusters. The genotypes HC 260 and CSV 15 were found most diverse with 53.00 similarity coefficient. While the genotypes 2219 A and 2219 B, 11 A2 and 11 B2, ICSB 264 and ICSB 293 and MR 750 A2 and MR 750 B2 least similarity coefficient of (100.00). Twenty two primers were able to detect high level of polymorphism among the parental genotypes.
