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Author: Neha × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Use of drone in disease identification from leaves by deep learning through YOLO v3 and CNN architecture
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Neha; Singh, Rajeev
    In recent years Machine Learning and Deep Learning have played a crucial role in the field of agriculture. There are many methods that are adopted in farming so that the yield and production increases. Smart agriculture is itself growing and developing. In automated farming, smart agriculture helps to collect data from the field and then analyze it so that the farmer can make precise decisions to grow high-quality crops. For better agricultural productivity and food management, an agriculture monitoring system is needed. Precision agriculture is also used as new technology for the decision making process. In this work, we have used drone for collecting data in real time from the field. ML algorithm are then used to take optimal decisions which helps in cutting the cost of procedure. Drone systems are also used reliably for operations like UREA spraying wherein involvement of the sensors enables a reliable safe operation with good satisfaction of customer. However, this field is open for improvements majorly in decision support system which helps in converting large amount of data into useful recommendations. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning. It can be used for precision farming, identification of diseases, classification of images etc. This research deals with identification of wheat plant leaf diseases by accessing the leaf morphology of crops by means of drone photography and further analysis of captured images by computer means using YOLO V3 and CNN architecture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of Rhizobium and PGPR inoculation in mungbean on productivity and soil properties in mungbean-wheat sequence
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-08) Neha; Ramesh Chandra
    A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of Rhizobium and PGPR inoculation in mungbean on productivity and soil properties in mungbean-wheat sequence during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Laboratory study was carried out in the Department of Soil Science and the field experiment at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar. The five treatments in mungbean consisting of inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR, alone and in combination, N as RDF and an uninoculated control were randomized in main plots and three N levels (50, 75 and 100% of RDF) in succeeding wheat in sub plots in three replications. The soil was Sandy loam of neutral pH and low in available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The test crop variety of mungbean was Pant mung-5 and wheat PBW-550. Inoculation of different biofertilizer treatments in mungbean and N as RDF increased the mean nodule number, nodule dry weight and plant dry weight of both the years significantly over the uninoculated control. These treatments also significantly increased the leaf chlorophyll content of mungbean ranging from 1.9 to 11.3% at 60 DAS over the uninoculated control during 2018-19. Different treatments in mungbean recorded significantly higher mean grain yield from 2.5 to 11.7% and numerically more straw yield from 3.7 to 12.1% over the uninoculated control. Inoculation also increased the N and P content and its uptake by grain and straw in comparison to the uninoculated control. Mineral N and available N, P, K in soil at harvesting due to different treatments was 3.5 to 25.8%, 3.5 to 18.8%, 9.4 to 57.2% and 2.9 to 18.7% significantly more over the uninoculated control. Different treatments in mungbean also significantly increased the organic C, microbial biomass C, activities of enzymes dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases and respiration rate in soil. Irrespective of N levels, the different treatments in preceding mungbean significantly increased the mean plant dry weight and plant height of wheat of both the years over the uninoculated control at different intervals. The effect of different treatments in preceding mungbean showed the numerical increases in mean grain of 3.1 to 9.7% and straw yield of 2.2 to 9.4% of succeeding wheat over the uninoculated control. Different inoculation treatments also influenced the various yield attributes of wheat viz. effective tillers, mean spike length, grain weight per spike significantly and total tillers, number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight numerically. These treatments also significantly increased N, P and K uptake by wheat grain and straw. The treatments in mungbean significantly affected the mineral, ammonical and nitrate N in soil at different intervals. All the inoculation treatments applied in mungbean also recorded higher organic C and available N, P and K in soil at different intervals. A significant variation in mean microbial biomass C and activities of dehydrogenase and acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases in soil were also noticed at different intervals suggesting their residual impact on soil health. Increasing levels of N significantly increased the wheat grain and straw yields, mineral, ammonical and nitrate N, available N, P and K, microbial biomass C and activities of dehydrogenase and acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases in soil at different intervals. The maximum net returns of Rs.1,46,071 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.74 were noted with combined inoculation of Rhizobium + PGPR. However, among the N levels, the highest net returns of Rs.1,48,603 ha-1 and the B:C ratio of 2.75 was obtained with 100% fertilizer N under mungbean-wheat sequence.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathological studies on nanosilica administered Wistar rats
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Neha; Batra, Munish
    The present study investigated the toxicopathological effects of nanosilica at NOAEL dose in Wistar rats for a period of 90 days. A total of 35 rats of 6 weeks age were divided randomly into group I (control) and group II (treatment). Group II rats were administered nanosilica orally at NOAEL dose (2000mg/kg). A significant time dependent decrease in body weight, relative weight of liver and growth rate were observed in group II rats as compared to group I rats. There were non- significant variations in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and erythrocytic indices between the groups. PCV and MCH varied significantly within the group. The total leucocyte (TLC) decreased significantly in group II rats as compared to group I rats. In differential leucocyte count, lymphocytes, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil did not vary significantly neither between the groups nor within the groups. In group II rats, serum total protein, serum albumin and globulin revealed no significant change when compared to group I rats. Within the group II rats, serum total protein, albumin and globulin varied significantly. Serum aspartate aminotransaminases (AST) and alanine aminotransaminases (ALT) increased significantly both between groups I & II and within the group II. Cholesterol increased significantly in group II. Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly increased in group II. Immunological studies revealed insignificant variations in humoral and cell mediated immunity (CMI) in group II. Grossly cysts were present on surface of liver of group II rats. Histopathologically, liver of group II rats exhibited vascular changes, mononuclear cells infiltration, dilated sinusoidal spaces, kupffer cells hyperplasia, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Lungs in group II revealed atelectasis, emphysema, congestion and infiltration of mononuclear cells and thickening of interalveolar septa. Kidneys in group II revealed mononuclear cell infiltration in interstitium, alterations in glomeruli, necrosis and sloughing of tubular epithelial cells and obliteration of tubular lumen. In group II, intestine revealed increased goblet cells, necrosis and desquamation of epithelium. Spleen in group II revealed decreased in white pulp and necrosis of lymphoid cells at few places leading to depletion of lymphoid tissue. Heart of group II rats revealed vascular changes and necrosis of cardiomyocytes was observed. In group II thymus vascular changes, mild necrosis and depletion of lymphoid tissue were observed. In brain of group II rats, degeneration, necrosis of neurons and neuronophagia was observed. Ultrastructural studies in liver and kidney revealed accumulation of nanosilica in lysosomes and mitochondria, apoptosis of hepatocytes and mitochondrial damage. Collectively, these observations indicated that nanosilica have toxic effects as hepatopathy, nephropathy and immunopathy at NOAEL dose.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Line × Tester analysis and identification of cold tolerant lines in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Neha; Arora, Anju
    The present investigation was taken up to identify promising parents and crosses through line x tester analysis involving six lines and three testers for grain yield and related traits. Heterosis was also estimated to identify superior combinations. Crosses made in first year, were planted in two replications in next year and were evaluated for ten different agronomic characters. In another experiment, cold tolerant lines were identified based on in vitro techniques. Thirty cultures of chickpea genotypes were incubated in growth chamber at three temperature levels ( 14, 11 and 8 degree Celsius) and data were recorded on four different parameters. In first experiment, analysis of variance was found significant for nine out of ten traits studied and that for combining ability indicated that both the additive and non-additive gene actions were important for expression of the traits. The estimates of σ2 sca were found to be higher than the σ2 gca for all the traits studied except for days to 50 percent flowering, canopy width (cm) and biological yield (g), indicating good prospects for exploitation of non - additive genetic variation for grain yield and components. ICC 26 was ranked as best tester as it had good general combining ability for seven yield attributes including grain yield per plant. Among lines, PG 5 was ranked best as it had good general combining ability for three yield and yield contributing characters. Based on significantly positive sca effects and heterosis over mid, better and check parent, cross combinations PG 5 × ICC 26, PG 186 × ICC 26, PG 3 × ICC 26 , PG 0104 × ICC 26 and PG 170 × ICC 26 were identified as potential crosses for grain yield. In second experiment, the results from analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes and temperature levels. Genotype M 34 appeared to be the best for germination percentage; M 46 for radical length, M 28 and M 30 for plumule length; and IPC-13-89 for fresh weight on the basis of general mean. Genotypes M 28, M 34, M 35, M 36, M 37, M 38, M 39, M 41, M 42 and M 45 were considered better over others for germination percentage with score ‘1’. Similarly, genotypes namely M 28, M 30, M 33, M 34, M 38, M 39, M 40, M 45, M 46, IPC-13-89 and IPC-15-17 for radical length; M 28, M 30, M 35, M 36, M 40, M 43, M 44 and IPC-13-74 for plumule length; and M 29, M 30, M 31, M 33, M 37, M 40, M 45, M 46, IPC-13-89 and IPC-15-17 for fresh weight. Based on non-parametric selection, the genotypes M 28, M 30 and M 40 were found to be cold tolerant with highest score with highest sum score of three.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative performance of rhizobial isolates from diverse soils of Uttarakhand on nodulation, growth and yield of urdbean and soil properties
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Neha; Ramesh Chandra
    Eighteen urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) rhizobia were isolated from Uttarakhand soils of varying altitude and soil properties. Out of these, nine isolates showed phosphate solubilization, seven produced IAA while eleven isolates indicated siderophore production in in vitro condition. All the isolates survived well at 28˚C while, only eleven and six isolates grew at 35 and 40˚C, respectively in in vitro condition. The performance of the isolates in urdbean was compared in field study during Kharif season of 2016 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the University, Pantnagar. Twenty treatments consisting of eighteen rhizobial isolates and one each of application of 20 kg N ha-1 and uninoculated control were tested in RBD in 3 replications. The test urdbean variety was Pant U-31. Inoculation of different rhizobial isolates increased the number and dry weight of root nodules numerically, by12.0 to 39.4 and 11.6 to 29.7 % at 30 DAS and significantly, by 18.1 to 45.2 % and 12.2 to 45.5 %, at 45 DAS, respectively. The inoculated rhizobial isolates gave significant increases in plant dry weight of 25.0 to 70.8 % and 24.8 to 71.4 % at 30 DAS and 45 DAS over the uninoculated control, respectively. Grain and straw yields due to different treatments showed non-significant increases of 10.2 to 28.2 and 0.6 to 15.2 %, respectively. These treatments also significantly favoured the N content in grain, by 5.4 to 45.9 %, straw N content by 10.3 to 79.4 %, grain N uptake by 16.5 to 86.9 % and straw N uptake by 13.5 to 108.7 % over the uninoculated control, respectively. Different inoculated treatments showed numerical increase in grain and straw P content ranging from 5.4 to 35.1 % and 6.9 to 55.8 % and P uptake ranging from 20.2 to 72.4 % and 15.0 to 87.2 % over the uninoculated control, respectively. Inoculation with different rhizobial isolates significantly improved the soil microbial biomass carbon from 32.5 to 255.3 %, Organic carbon 5.1 to 96.6 %, available N from 13.3 to 71.8 % and available P from 6.1 to 88.6 % over the uninoculated control after crop harvesting. Isolate A-7 was found most efficient. The other promising isolates were P-7, A-3 and C-1 for their performance on nodulation, growth and yield of urdbean and soil properties.