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ThesisItem Open Access Food consumption pattern, nutritional status vis-à-vis nutrition knowledge of rural population of Champawat district(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Joshi, Deepa; Kulshrestha, KalpanaUttaranchal is newly formed state of India. Hilly area here imposes a heavy burden on the health of the people and aggravates the problem of malnutrition, especially among rural population. The present study was planned to assess the nutrition status, consumption pattern and nutrition knowledge of the people in Champawat district, which included 100 families from four villages of the district. Results revealed a higher percentage of nuclear families (63%) in the area with average family size of 6 ± 1.8. Women literacy rate was 78% but only 11% had good nutrition knowledge. Majority of people were engaged in farming and average per capita income was calculated as 1123 ± 838.Only 19% families were found with good housing and sanitary conditions. Most of the families (74%) were non-vegetarian. Majority of the children started to be weaned at 6 months. Mean dietary diversity score for the families was calculated as 7.2 ± 1. The percent RDA intake of most of the nutrients was deficit except for fat and calcium. Based on the MUAC measurements, 85.33% males and 56.85% females were identified as at risk of malnutrition. About 4.16% boys and 19.06% girls between 0-5 years were severely malnourished, whereas in the age group 5-18years 29.41% boys and 25.93% girls were both wasted and stunted. About 3.23% males and 2.54% females were in CED grade III category. Iron deficiency was found among 30.15% subjects and common cold, cough, diarrhea and fever were major infectious diseases in the area. Dietary diversity score, housing and sanitary conditions, per capita income, nutrition knowledge and formal education of housewives were significantly correlated with the nutrition status of the people at p=0.01. Therefore for improving the nutrition status of the people these factors need consideration.ThesisItem Open Access Development and effectiveness of IEC specific to nutritional anaemia in improving KAP among adolescent girls in U.S.Nagar, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Joshi, Deepa; Kushwaha, ArchanaAdolescence (10-19 years) is a bridge between childhood and adulthood. India is a home to 253 million adolescents, out of which, one-third of boys and half of girls are anaemic. Low intake and poor absorption of iron and increased iron requirements for growth, blood losses in menstruation along with multitude of social beliefs and customs are causes of anaemia among adolescent girls in India. It is important to understand the epidemiology in order to plan effective interventions. It will also be helpful in drawing recommendations and rendering suggestions to evaluate and enhance the existing Anemia Control Programmes. There is a lack of up-to-date information on prevalence, correlates of anaemia and effective nutrition education programmes in district U.S. Nagar. A cross sectional study was conducted between March 2017-June 2018 among 880 adolescent girls (10-19 years) in 88 anganwadi (AWC) centers covering three blocks one each from rural, urban and tribal blocks of district U.S. Nagar. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, dietary and menstrual health data on AGs along with their anthropometric and heamoglobin (Hb) measurements. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using R software between independent variables categorized under socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric, menstrual health and dietary characters versus presence of anaemia. Independent variables which were found to be significantly associated with presence of anaemia, in univariate analysis were further analysed through multiple regression analysis to find predictors of anaemia. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of adolescent girls subject and ICDS functionaries pertaining to anaemia was assessed through questionnaire. On the basis of identified predictors and KAP status of adolescent girls, an IEC module was developed for improving the KAP of adolescent girls and its effectiveness was assessed through nutrition education intervention to a group of 27 adolescent girls(experimental group) compared against control group (n=28). The mean age of study population was 15.4 years. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be 83.18% among adolescent girls with mean Hb value of 10.62±1.5g/dl. Prevalence of anaemia was highest in tribal block (87.43 per cent). In univariate analysis, consumption of iron folic acid supplement (IFA), age, current school status, exposure to nutrition education on anaemia, mother’s literacy status, number of children in the family, abdominal, behaviour of skipping meals, number of meals per day, duration of menstrual flow and type of menstrual flow were significantly associated with anaemia in adolescent girls. While multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of anaemia were non-exposure to nutrition education on anaemia OR (95%CI) 1.76 (1.36, 3.12); mother’s illiteracy OR (95%CI) 1.56(1.17,1.96) and long duration (>5 days) of menstrual flow OR (95%CI) 1.45(1.25, 1.65), and these were significantly associated with increased odds of nutritional anaemia while consumption of IFA OR(95%CI) 0.329(-0.04-0.71), scanty menstrual flow OR (95%CI) 0.692(-0.45,0.95) and late adolescent age OR (95%CI) 0.45(-0.03,0.94) showed a protective effect. About half of girls (52.04 per cent) were having low level of knowledge regarding anaemia, almost equal proportion of adolescent girls had negative (36.82 per cent), neutral (34.2 per cent) and positive (33.07 per cent) attitude towards anaemia, whereas 78.18 per cent of girls were following poor practices. Knowledge level on anaemia: definition, diagnosis, signs & symptom and preventive strategy at individual level, attitude of the adolescent girls towards perceived severity and susceptibility, preventive strategy, treatment of anaemia and dietary practices were found to be associated with presence of anaemia. About 39.7, 12.6 and 9.63 per cent increase in the knowledge, attitude and practices score, respectively was observed post nutrition education intervention in experimental group. Addressing the nutritional anaemia among adolescent girls will require attention to both nutrition education and iron supplementation programs targeting adolescent girls. Nutrition education as a long term strategy to bring desired behavioral changes among adolescents, recommended being a part of current education system and anaemia prophylaxis programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Study and applications of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy methods for multicriteria decision making problems(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Joshi, Deepa; Sanjay KumarMulti-criteria decision making (MCDM) has various applications in many real life problems of banking, data mining, human resource development, resource allocation and portfolio selection. The present research work mainly focus on development and implementation of MCDM models in the environment of uncertainty and hesitation. In this study, 5 different models of MCDM/MCGDM in fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy and hesitant fuzzy environment were developed. Model 1 is fuzzy ideal based computational method for group decision making problems. In this model different functions in form of computational algorithm are used along with fuzzy preference relations. Model 2 is intuitionistic fuzzy entropy and distance measure based TOPSIS method for MCDM and is used to rank different organizations on the basis of some predefined financial criteria. The performance of model 2 is verified by applying it on portfolio selection problem. Model 3 and model 4, are MCGDM methods with incomplete weight information. In model 3, conflicting bifuzzy preference relations and score functions are used for decision making while in model 4, new accuracy function for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy values is defined and used in MCDM problem. Both model 3 and model 4, use linear programming model to determine criteria weights. Model 5, is Choquet integral based TOPSIS method in interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy environment and deals with the situations where people have hesitation in providing their preferences over objects in decision making. All developed models (model 1 to model 5) are implemented on real life problems of human resource development, portfolio selection, teachers’ performance evaluation and ranking of the organizations. Sensitivity analysis of some models is also done to see the impact of change of criteria weights on final ranking. Also, to examine the validity of ranking results validity test of all models under certain test criteria are also done.