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Author: Joshi, Bhawana × End date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Cost of agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Joshi, Bhawana; Singh, Virendra
    The study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. It was based on survey of 80 small and marginal farmers (60 borrowers and 20 non borrowers). The study aimed at examining socio-economic characteristics of small and marginal farmers, lending procedure of commercial bank, PACS and RRB, source-wise and purpose-wise flow of agricultural credit, cost of agricultural credit incurred by farmers in borrowing production and investment credit from different agencies, the extent of non-participation of farmers in formal agricultural credit and reasons thereof. The primary and secondary data was collected for the agricultural year 2007-08. Simple descriptive analysis was performed to accomplish various objectives. The average farm size was found to be 1.27 ha. Average family size was 9.21. 58.33 per cent farmer-borrowers were APL. Rice and wheat were the important cereal crops grown on 33.55% and 33.93 % of total cropped area respectively. The intensity of cropping was more than 200%. On average annual income of households was Rs.83160 at overall situation. Major part of which was contributed by cropping and business activities. The lending procedure for production and investment loan of the commercial bank, PACS and RRB was found to be almost same. KCC was the main route through which production credit could be taken from institutional agencies. Commercial bank and cooperatives emerged as the dominant sources of production credit for small and marginal farmers. At aggregate level per farm credit borrowed from different agencies was Rs.33141. Share of production and investment credit in the total credit was 79.57% and 20.43% respectively. Overall real cost of borrowing per Rs.100 of production loan was estimated to be Rs.11.35 and Rs.23.16 in case of production loan and investment loan respectively. It was lowest in commercial bank (Rs.9.51) and PACS (Rs.22.36) for production loan and investment loan respectively. Non-interest cost was lowest for PACS and commercial bank in case of production loan and investment loan respectively. Extent of non-participation in credit programme in the study area was found to be 48.51 per cent. Lack of awareness, risk, informal sources, untimeliness, complex procedure and inflexibility of loan were the main reasons attributing to farmers being out of fold of institutional credit programme. The results suggest that step should be taken to enhance the credit absorption capacity of the farmers. At the same time banks have to make their credit delivery system more accessible and popular to farmers at lesser cost. Regional Rural Banks are needed to be revamped. Programmes concerning the awareness about institutional credit along with insurance are needed to be stepped up.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Allelopathic effect of four weed species and three varieties of paddy straw extracts on different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-07) Joshi, Bhawana; Rao, P.B.
    The term Allelopathy denotes that body of scientific knowledge which concerns the production of specific biomolecules by one plant, mostly secondary metabolites, that can induce sufferenig in, or give benefit to another plant. This concept suggests that allelochemicals produced by a plant escape into environment and subsequently influence the growth and development of other neighbouring plants. Weeds are the plants which grow where they are not wanted and interfere with germination, growth, productivity and yield of cultivated crops in addition compete with crop plants for nutrients, light and moisture. In the present study, the allelopathic effect of four dominant weed species i.e., Ageratum conyzoides (L.), Chenopodium album (L.), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) and three varieties of paddy straw, namely Basmati 386, Dubraj, Kalanamak on seed germination, seedling growth (length and dry weight), chlorophyll, proline and total protein contents in PBW-154, PBW-343, PBW-373, PBW-443, PBW-502, RR-21, UP-262, UP-1109, UP-2382 and UP-2425 varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to identify resistant and susceptibility to different weed species. The weed extracts showed both inhibitory as well as stimulatory influence on different parameters (seed germination, seedling growth both in terms of length and dry weight, chlorophyll, proline and total protein contents) in different varieties of wheat. The variety UP-262 was resistant and PBW-502 was susceptible on the basis of per cent reduction in seed germination. Similarly, the variety UP-2382 and PBW-343 in radicle length; UP-1109 and PBW-154 in plumule length; PBW-443 and UP-2425 in radicle dry weight; UP-2382 and PBW-373 in plumule dry weight; and PBW-154 and UP-2425 in total seedling dry weight were resistant and susceptible, respectively. On the basis of the chlorophyll contents (mg/g fresh weight) in different varieties, PBW-343 with C. dactylon (1.97) and UP-2382 with P. hysterophorus (97.16) in Chl-a content; PBW-502 with Kalanamak (4.88) and PBW-502 with P. hysterophorus (92.37) in Chl-b content; UP-2425 with Basmati 386 (0.80) and UP-2382 with P. hysterophorus (92.18) in total Chl (a+b) content and RR-21 with C. dactylon (5.20) was and PBW-154 with P. hysterophorus in chlorophyll ratio (a : b) were resistant and susceptible respectively.. On the basis of proline content (μ mol proline g-1 fresh weight) in different varieties, PBW-373 with C. dactylon (11.18) was resistant and UP-262 with Kalanamak (97.14) was susceptible. The total protein content in different varieties was increased, or remain same or decreased with different weed and paddy straw extracts as compared to control. The total protein content (mg/g fresh weight) was maximum in PBW-373 (7.9) with P. hysterophorus and minimum in UP-1109 with (2.4) with Dubraj. On the basis of total protein content in different varieties, UP-2382 with C. album was susceptible and PBW-502 with C. dactylon and UP-1109 with Basmati 386 were resistant. Thus, the above results indicated that the extract of P. hysterophorus showed maximum effect on all the varieties of wheat compared to others.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Statistical evaluation of body paramaters in adolescent girls
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Joshi, Bhawana; Shukla, A.K.
    Adolescence is a developing stage and the transition period of adolescence encompasses multiple significant changes like physical, psychological and social that takes place between childhood and adulthood. Body composition & anthropometric parameters are the surrogate measures of metabolic changes that occur in this period of growth and maturation. The assessment of these parameters provides key information to understand the current as well as future health of adolescents. In India, adolescent girls need special attention in view of their role in shaping the health and well being of the present and future generations. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the major objectives to find distribution pattern of several body parameters, study of inter-relationship between body composition and anthropometric parameters, comparison of body parameters in different age groups and development of prediction models for BF% using different body parameters of adolescent girls. Secondary data of adolescent girls related to Age, Height (H), Weight (W), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), Total Body Water Percentage (TBW%), Body Density (BD), and Body Fat Percentage (BF%) were used in this investigation. Data were analysed with help of various parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques using different software namely SAS, IBME SPSS Statistics 20, EasyFit 5.6 Professional and JMP. The following conclusions were drawn from this study. • None of the body parameters under study follow Normal Distribution in the Combined Age Group (13-17 years) as well as in different segments of age groups of adolescent girls which revealed that for statistical study of these parameters non-parametric test procedures should be preferably used by the researchers and nutritionist for more reliable results. • Best fitted distribution of BF% and BMI in different segments of age groups were found appropriate for the prediction of proportion of adolescent girls in different health status categories. Therefore, these distributions could be effectively used to examine the health status of adolescent girls in different populations. • Age, TBW% and BD showed significant negative correlation with BF% whereas W, BMI, WC, HC, WHR and WHR were significantly positively correlated with BF% in adolescent girls of Combined Age Group (13-17 years). • TBW% and BD showed a significant negative partial correlation with BF% when the effect of other body parameters were controlled together. • Significant difference were observed in different segments of age groups with respect to H,W ,BMI, HC,WHR, BF% and TBW% whereas no significant difference was observed with respect to WHtR & WC. • The best prediction model for BF% could be achieved using Multiple Linear Regression Models as compared to Linear Regression and Non Linear Regression Models. The findings of the present study are expected to provide a new direction to health planners and nutritionists for decision making in health related issues of adolescent girls.