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Author: Deepak Kumar × End date: 2017 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on efficacy of different additives in enhancing biogas production in low temperature regime
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Deepak Kumar; Bhattacharya, T.K.
    The energy generation system in rural sector of India largely depend upon local renewable biomass sources such as animal wastes, crop residues, fire wood etc. The overall rate of waste utilization and methane production mainly depends on the certain process parameters like temperature, pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio, total alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, total solids, and volatile solids. Biogas production is satisfactory in tropical regions since ambient temperature always remains in mesophilic range. In low temperature regime where the process temperature never reaches the optimum requirement for maximum yield of biogas production, the biogas production can be enhanced by using certain additives like urea, cattle urine, ferric chloride and biogas spent slurry. To assess the efficacy of these additives, an experiment was conducted in actual field conditions on 0.5 m3 capacity insulated and uninsulated Pant Tarai biogas plants. The level of selected additives daily added with inlet slurry was 10 g urea d-1 m-3 digester volume, 440 ml urine d-1 m-3 digester volume, 0.5 g ferric chloride d-1 m-3 digester volume and biogas spent slurry at the rate of 10 percent of inlet slurry. The results reveal that in low temperature range of 5.7-18.80C, the cumulative biogas production was highest (61.3 %) where combination of urea and biogas spent slurry was added in substrate. In the temperature range of 9.7-21.60C, the cumulative biogas production was 48.6 % higher on substrate having urea as additive in cattle manure compared with untreated substrate. The total solids reduction during the entire course of experiment was found highest in the substrate where combination of urea and biogas spent slurry was used as additive. The volatile solids reduction in the same temperature range was higher when urea, cattle urine and combination of urea and biogas spent slurry were added in cattle manure. During the entire course of experiment the Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen content was highest in the substrate containing combination of urea and biogas spent slurry. In the ambient temperature range of 5.7-33.40 C, the phosphorous and potassium content was observed highest when cattle urine was added with cattle manure. The cumulative biogas production during 92 days of experiment was higher in the substrates containing urea, cattle urine and biogas spent slurry than the substrate having no additive. The addition of additives thus, enhanced the reduction of total solids, volatile solids and biogas production as well as the Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in outlet slurry. The use of biogas spent slurry to enhance the gas production at low ambient temperature require is therefore, recommended.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Improvement in the supply chain efficiency of tomato cultivation in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Deepak Kumar; Pandey, Mukesh
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Reliability of systems under different fuzzy environments
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Deepak Kumar; Singh, S.B.
    The present work consists of five chapters. A brief summary of these chapters is given below. The chapter one of the theses is purely introductory in nature and contains history related to reliability theory with several definitions of different reliability tools which are often used in the study of reliability theory. This chapter also discusses the fundamental concepts of fuzzy set theory and the need of fuzzy set theory in reliability evaluation. The chapter two contains review of literature which is a detailed survey of previous work done by different researchers and recent research papers related to reliability theory, fuzzy theory and fuzzy reliability theory. In the chapter three, different methods of reliability evaluation of the different systems using rough fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set, interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy set, trapezoidal fuzzy number and hexagonal fuzzy number have been developed. Some concepts about bifuzzy set and soft fuzzy set also introduced in this chapter. In the chapter four some numerical examples are presented to illustrate how to calculate the fuzzy reliability using different methods under different fuzzy environments. The results obtained from the examples illustrated in this research also support the traditional facts of the system reliability. Some new concepts about characterisations of α-cut in conflicting bifuzzy set theory and some new operations in soft intuitionistic fuzzy sets are also developed. In the final chapter, conclusions and future works are summarized. We can conclude from the present study that the proposed methods have no restrictions and it is applicable in situations where there are subjectivity, imprecision, uncertainty, ambiguity and hesitancy.