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Open Access
Assessment of genetic variability in exotic germplasm of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Amit Kumar; Indra Deo
The present investigation entitled Assessment of Genetic Variability in Exotic Germplasm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was undertaken to: (i) evaluate the rice germplasm lines for yield and yield components, (ii) estimate correlation coefficients between different characters, (iii) study direct and indirect effects of yield components on grain yield by path coefficient analysis, and (iv) examine genetic divergence existing in the germplasm collections of the present study. In the present investigation, 299 genotypes of rice germplasm collections, including three checks, showing wide spectrum of variation for various characters, were evaluated in under timely sown and irrigated conditions during Kharif, 2019. The experiment was conducted in augmented design having two blocks at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, yield/plot, yield kg/h, Plant height (cm), number of tiller/plant, number of filled grain, number of unfilled grain, spikelet fertility (%), 1000 grains weight (g), seed length (mm), seed breadth (mm), L/B ratio. The mean, range, and least significant differences, correlations, path-coefficients and genetic divergence were all calculated using the data from these thirteen characters. The genotype, EC19-100 (8209.32 kg) produced highest grain yield per plant followed by EC19-50 (7403.76 kg), EC19-107 (5948.19 kg), EC19-102 (4987.07 kg) and EC19-19 (5014.85 kg). These five genotypes showed good mean performance for these genotypes. These genotypes could be utilised as parents in a rice hybridization effort aiming at creating high-yielding cultivars. Grain yield per hectare exhibited highly significant and positive correlations with yield per plot and 1000 grain weight and seed length. Path analysis identified Grain yield per plot, followed by spikelet fertility and number of filled grains employed very high order positive direct effects on grain yield per hectare while seed breadth, number of effective tillers per plant, days to 50% flowering and panicle length showed as most important indirect yield components. The Non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis grouped 299 genotypes in to eight clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and VII (6.125) indicating very high degree of genetic diversity between these two clusters. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VIII (1.556), followed by cluster III and VI (1.898) and cluster I and II (1.938). The highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster III and VII (6.125) indicating very high degree of genetic diversity between these two clusters. Thus, crossing of single genotype of cluster III, namely, EC19-19, EC19-65, EC19-107, EC19-108 and EC19-187 with EC19-171, EC19-259, and EC19-283 of cluster VIII is recommended obtaining transgressive segregants for developing high yielding lines of rice. Similarly, crossing of EC19-287 and EC19-271 belonging to cluster VIII with promising genotypes of clusters having very high inter cluster distances from it, namely, EC19-43, EC19-50, EC19-55, EC19-74, EC19-100, EC19-153, EC19-158 and EC19-199 of cluster II is also recommended for isolating desirable segregants.
Open Access
Comparative study on the melting rate of PCM for circular and semi-circular LHTES system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Amit Kumar; Verma, Prashant
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) technique using different types of phase change materials (PCM) has become popular in the last few decades. It helps to reduce the problems related to discrepancy between supply and demand of energy. In the present study, the melting characteristics of a lauric acid in a semi-circular and circular latent heat storage unit has been studied. The low melting rate of PCM in the lower half of a circular heat storage unit can be enhanced by confining the PCM in the upper region by configuring the outer shell of semi-circular cross-section. The recent literature shows that no work has been carried out on the effect of the melting performance of PCM in a semi-circular LHTES unit. So, it has been decided to investigate the melting performance of PCM experimentally and numerically for semi-circular LHTES system. The investigation of the melting performance of PCM in a semi-circular heat storage unit has been done through by developing a numerical 2D model which has been analysed through ANSYS FLUENT. The results obtained from numerical simulation are validated through experimental results. The enhancement in the melting rate at three different inner tube position values (e = 0.20, 0.23 and 0.25) for inner tube from the bottom surface of outer semi-circular shell is investigated and it is found that the enhancement is maximum when the inner tube is nearest to the bottom surface of the outer shell i.e., for e = 0.20. The melting performance of PCM is also studied for different values of inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid for tube position e = 0.20 and it is observed that the increase in Stefan number, enhances the melting rate of PCM in semi-circular LHTES system. The semi-circular heat storage unit is also compared with circular heat storage unit by considering the equal quantity of PCM in both the cases. The semi-circular LHTES system shows enhancement in melting performance of PCM as compared to circular LHTES system. The semi-circular LHTES system melts the PCM completely in almost half time as compared to circular LHTES system. It is found that the thermal energy stored in PCM for semi-circular LHTES system is 416.4 KJ which is 12.04 % more as compared to TES of PCM for circular LHTES for the same time duration of 4800 sec and the thermal energy storage efficiency of semi-circular LHTES unit is 11 % more as compared to the circular LHTES unit.
Open Access
Evaluation of various provenances of jatropha intercropped with lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-08) Amit Kumar; Rajput, P.R.
An experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2005-2006 at Agroforestry Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to evaluate the various provenances of Jatropha intercropped with Lentil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with 3 replications and consisting of 9 treatments including 8 different Jatropha provenances (Kaladungi, Halduchour, Gola, Kheda, Bailparao, Bilaspur, Pantnagar-1 and Pantnagar-2) intercropped with lentil along with control (lentil in open). Emergence per cent, plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of primary branches per plant, nodules number and biomass, yield and yield attributes (number of plants per 0.25 m2, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of grains per pod and grain weight per plant) were found higher in lentil in open system as compared to Jatropha based agroforestry system at all the growth stages. Lentil under Pantnagar-1 showed higher emergence per cent, number of primary branches per plant (at 90 DAS), nodule biomass (at 120 DAS) and all yield attributing characters. Significantly higher values of yield and yield attributes were recorded in open system as compared to under different Jatropha provenances. Higher value of biological yield and grain yield of lentil were obtained under Pantnagar-1. Higher value of number of seeds per plant, seed length, collar diameter, height and number of branches were recorded in Bailparao provenance whereas higher seed weight per plant was found in Gola provenance.
Open Access
Standardization of picking time and comparative study of seed quality parameters of parents, hybrids and F2 seeds of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Amit Kumar; Rajendra Prasad
The present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2004, at Hill Campus, Ranichauri with six parents and sixteen hybrids. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Characters were studied for genetic variability viz. Plant growth habit, shape of fruits, fruit colour at marketable maturity, days to first picking, plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, seed yield per plant, TSS, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content. Seed quality parameters viz. number of seed per fruit, weight of 100 seeds, germination per cent, seedling vigour index I and vigour index II under four pickings to compute comparison of different picking for seed quality and comparative study of parents, hybrids and F2 seeds for different seed quality parameter. Character associations between seed quality parameters were also computed for dependency of one character to on another. Data were analyzed statistically to work out for various traits and their comparative account were made. Significant differences in different characters were found for morphological and biochemical parameters. The days to first picking ranged from 53 days (HC X Pz ) to 81 days(SSP), Plant height 24.66 cm (Pg X Pz) to 49.66 cm (Pz X Pg), fruit length 4.01 cm (Oshrogion) to 6.39 cm (Osh X SSP), number of fruits per plant 9.50(HC X Pz) to 3.12 (SSP X HC).Chlorophyll „a‟ was found to be maximum in Osh X SSP (9.48) and minimum in Pg X SSP (2.5). Chlorophyll „b‟ ranged from 1.738 (Pg X SSP) to 5.98 (Pg X Yw). Comparative study of four picking showed maximum germination per cent in III picking, maximum 100 seed weight in III Picking. Seed vigour index I was maximum in second picking and highest vigour index II in fourth picking. Comparison for seed quality parameters for parents, hybrids and F2 showed the significant superiority of F1 over the F2 with respect of germination per cent but there was no significant differences recorded among parents hybrids and F2 for vigour index I and vigour index II. The character associations were also made for morphological parameter with seed quality yield and positive significant association fruit length, fruits diameter, flesh thickness, and number of fruits per plant with seed yield per plant. Similarly phenotypic correlation of seedling parameters was also made among germination per cent, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, Dry weight and vigour index I and vigour index II. Number of seedling character also showed positive association. From the present investigation it can be concluded that various morphological trait can be used to asses fruit and seed quality more precisely along with the biochemical parameters. Present study clearly showed that picking time is definitely going to affect the seed quantity and quality. Laboratory techniques also showed helpful method to judge the seed quality. Character association can be used as an alternative to estimate the seed quality and quantity. It is difficult to give general recommendation with respect to picking to all seed quality and quantity attributes but more précised study can be done with respect to genotype and case specific.
Open Access
Comparison of MLP-ANN and W-ANN for SPI forecasting to assess meteorological drought
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Amit Kumar; Singh, Pravin Vikram
The accurate assessment of drought is an essential component for effective water resource management planning to mitigate adverse consequences of drought. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used index to characterize meteorological drought on a varying time scale. Information about Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at a place is vital for the assessment of drought. In this study, an approach to forecast Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has been attempted to assess meteorological drought in drought prone area of the country at different time scales. This approach involved application of Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks (MLP-ANN) and Wavelet Artificial Neural Network (W-ANN) to generate Standardized Precipitation Index values for different scales and denoted as, SPI-1, SPI-3, SPI-6, SPI-9, SPI-12 and SPI-24. To generate SPI values using these two models, the data set of Prabhani district in the state of Maharashtra was considered. The total data set of calculated values of SPI during 1971 to 2014 at various time scales was divided into three sets; (i) a training set, consisting of first 36 years data from January, 1971 to December, 2006; and (ii) a testing set, consisting of 4 years data from January, 2007 to December, 2010; and (ⅲ) a validation set, consisting of remaining 4 years data from January, 2011 to December 2014 for both the approaches. The SPI values at previous six-month lag were used to forecast current month SPI values and gamma test was used to decide the best combination of inputs for SPI forecasting. Both MLP-ANN and W-ANN models trained with the Levenberg Marquardt (LM) back propagation algorithm were developed using single hidden layer. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Coefficient (r) and Coefficient of Efficiency (CE) statistical indices were adopted to evaluate the performance of these models. The SPI values generated by using best developed MLP-ANN and W-ANN models were compared with calculated values of SPI. The forecasted results indicate that for SPI-1, the performance of both MLP-ANN and WANN models was not satisfactory, however, MLP-ANN based model performed better than W-ANN model. For SPI-3, 6 and 9, the performance of W-ANN model was found to be better than MLP-ANN based model. In case of SPI-12 hand SPI-24, both the models were found to be performing satisfactorily, however, WANN model has a little bit edge over MLP-ANN. Interestingly, it was observed that the performance of both these models was found to be improving with increasing SPI time scale.
Open Access
Optimization of MIG welding parameters of dissimilar metals using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Amit Kumar; Jadoun
Welding is a process by which we can join two similar or dissimilar metals very efficiently. With the help of welding, success of the weld can be achieved up to 100%. Welding is more useful because it is less costly as compared to other fabrication process like casting, forming, machining. In this study dissimilar metals of stainless steel of grade 304 and stainless steel of grade 316 are used in this study. We make 27 samples at different levels. Metal inert gas (MIG) welding is used in this study for welding because MIG welding is automatic machine and even less skill worker can operate it. Phoenix 301 MIG welding machine is used for welding. Joint strength is determined using the universal testing machine (UTM). In this study Artificial neural Network is a very important tool which relates input and output.. For classification Artificial Neural Network was built which shows some inter relationship between Input and Output parameter. ANN work similarly as biological neuron does work. GA is used to optimize selected MIG welding parameters input parameter (voltage, welding speed and current) and output parameter (tensile strength). Artificial neural network and Genetic Algorithm is used to design the experiment. The results were analysed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which is a part of MATLAB for the optimal parameters GA tool used which also a part of MATLAB. MIG welding is also known as metal inert gas welding and gas metal-arc welding (GMAW). Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is widely used in industry due to its high metal deposition and ease of automation with better weld quality.
Open Access
Efficacy assesment of bio-based nano materials of gypsum and rock phosphate in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Amit Kumar; Rajeew Kumar
Three field experiments were conducted during rabi season of 2013-14 at N. E. Bourlag Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, (Uttarakhand), to study the effect bio based nano materials of gypsum and rock phosphate on phenology, morphology, physiology and yield of wheat and on soil microbes. The experimental site was sandy clay loam, and had organic carbon (0.72%), available nitrogen (216 kg/ha), available phosphorus (22 kg/ha) and available potassium (133 kg/ha). The soil reaction was slightly alkaline (pH 7.3). The wheat variety UP-2526 was used as test crop. Three sets of experiment having six, twelve and twelve treatments were laid down in randomized block design with three replications. In, first set of experiment the treatments were control, 50% RDF, 100% RDF, 125% RDF, 50 & 100% RDF applied with bio based nano materials. In second and third set of experiment RDF @ 50 % and 100 % were tested with different combinations of five biological based formulated nano minerals of gypsum (second experiment) and rock phosphate (third experiment) . The formulated nano minerals were clay based, parthenium based, FYM based, neem based, Vegetable peel based formulation of nano gypsum and nano rock phosphate. Results of first experiment revealed that plant height, dry matter accumulation, SPAD reading, green seeker value and grain yield obtained at 50% RDF with bio based nano materials, was statistically similar with 100% RDF. In experiment second, Tillers/m2, SPAD value, leaf area index, yield, and economics (gross return, net return, B: C ratio) observed highest under 50% RDF applied with clay based nano gypsum. In experiment third, Tillers/m2, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, green seeker value, straw yield and bio logical yield observed highest under 50% RDF applied with vegetable peels based rock phosphate. From these experiments, it could be concluded that wheat crop performed better under 50% RDF applied with bio based nano materials, or 50% RDF applied with clay based nano gypsum or 50% RDF applied with vegetable peels based nano rock phosphate as compared to RDF without nano minerals. Therefore, we can save 50 % of our recommended fertilizer dose.
Open Access
Response of a new cultivar of Indian mustard (rgn-73) to fertility levels
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Amit Kumar; Mahapatra, B.S.
In order to evaluate the growth, yield and quality of Indian mustard cultivar RGN- 73 at varying fertility levels under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand, a field experiment was conducted at the N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during Rabi season of 2014-15. The experiment was conducted on a silty clay loam soil with moderate availability of nutrients with twelve fertility levels of NPK (N: 60, 80 and 100kg/ha, P2O5: 20 and 40 kg/ha, K2O: 0 and 30kg/ha) with three replications. Different fertility levels of NPK did not have any significant influence on plant height at different stages of crop growth. However, dry matter accumulation, number of primary and secondary branches, LAI, CGR ant RGR showed significant effect of fertility levels applied with maximum in case of (100:40:30 N:P2O5:K2O) and minimum at lowest fertility levels (60:20:0 N:P2O5:K2O) applied. Yield and yield attributing characters along with biological yield and harvest index were also showed significant differences with fertility levels and like growth characters, highest values were also recorded in case of highest fertility levels (100:40:30 N:P2O5:K2O). At higher level of N (100 kg/ha), an increased P by 20 kg/ha and K by 30 kg/ha, resulted significant increase in seed yield of Indian mustard over 60:20:0 (N:P2O5:K2O). The similar was the results for NP and K uptake, B:C ratio. From the above study it could be inferred that N:P2O5: K2O levels of 100:40:30 produced maximum yield and showed highest B:C ratio under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand for the mustard variety RGN-73.
Open Access
Effect of nutrient sources on nitrogen mineralization, carbon storage and yield of turmeric under harda (Terminalia chebula) based agroforestry system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Amit Kumar; Dwivedi, G.K.
The present investigation was carried out for two years during 2015-2017 at Agroforestry Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (Haldi), Pantnagar. The experiment comprised of two farming systems (Harda open system) with eight treatments viz., Control, FYM, PM, WS, Vermicompost, NPK, Integrated 100 and 50%. The experiment was laid out in split plot design (SPD) with three replications, AF systems in the main plot and nutrient sources in sub plot treatments. The soil of the experiment site was silty clay loam having pH (7.15), EC (0.35 dSm-1), OC (0.80%) and available NPK 203.47, 16.68, 155.95 kg ha-1 respectively. The result of the experiment reveal that physical and chemical properties were significantly affected by farming systems as well as nutrient sources. The bulk density was recorded lower under AF system as compared to open one. Similarly, among nutrient sources the effect of organic sources was more pronounced as compared to NPK. SOC, available NPK status were also significantly increased due to nutrient sources as well as farming systems. SOC and available NPK increased by 28.6, 10.8, 42.7 and 13.6% respectively under harda AF system as compared to open system whereas increase of 27.0, 39.0, 52.0 and 20.1% of SOC, available NPK respectively were found under 100% integrated nutrient sources. The carbon stock (25%), CO2 evolution and carbon fractions were recorded higher under AF system than open system. The higher active and passive pools comprising of very labile, labile, less labile and non labile were recorded higher under farming system and NH4+ and NO3- fractions were also greatly influenced by farming system and nutrient sources. In turmeric crop, plant height, LAI, NPK content, uptake, rhizome yield, curcumin content and curing percentage were also greatly affected by the harda tree and nutrient sources. 100% integrated nutrient source recorded highest rhizome yield and was superior by 45.81 per cent over control. However, it decreased under harda tree. Curcumin content was also higher under harda tree system by 6.57%. There was an increment in tree height, DBH and crown width of harda tree by 9.42, 9.05 and 20.19 per cent respectively at the end of study period. It was also observed that harda tree produced 2.80 t ha-1 litter during the study. Therefore, it is concluded from the study that turmeric-harda tree system is a suitable agroforestry system where the overall yield of turmeric and harda as well as quality of the turmeric was greatly improved along with considerable improvement in the carbon stock and nitrogen mineralization.

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