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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on anaesthetic and surgical management of traumatized canine patients(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-11) Ram Lakhan; Sharma, V.K.The sixteen clinical cases of traumatized canine patients brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital were screened by clinical and radiographic observations and divided into two groups viz. A and B. The animals of group A were suffering with hard tissue trauma while the animals of group B were suffering with soft tissue trauma. Besides this another group (C) comprised of 8 healthy dogs was also used as a control study. The pathophysiological alterations in the traumatized animals were determined by measuring the level of different clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical parameters. The animals of group A and B were further divided into subgroups A1, A2, B1 and B2 having equal number of dogs. The animals of subgroups A1 and B1 were subjected to the surgical intervention under the effect of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium, and halothane anaesthesia while the animals of subgroups of A2 and B2 were operated under the effect of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium and isoflurane anaesthesia. The animals of subgroups A1and B1 were subjected to intravenous administration of Ringer lactate and haemaccel while the animals of subgroup A2 and B2 were subjected to intravenous administration of Ringer lactate and normal saline. Moxel @ 10 mg/kg body weight intramuscular BID for 7 days was administered in all injured animals post operatively. Various clinicophysiological, cardiopulmonary and haematobiochemical parameters were determined to measure the pathophysiological alteration and efficacy of different combination of anaesthetic agent. On the basis of these parameters it was concluded that the pathophysiological changes in hard tissue trauma were more marked as compared to soft tissue trauma. The combination of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium and halothane in both groups of animals as it provides more cardiopulmonary stability and has least deleterious effect on different body system. In post operative period the combination of Ringer lactate and haemaccel was more effective than the Ringer lactate and normal saline as it has altered the pathophysiological more quickly.ThesisItem Open Access Surgical management of distal radius and ulna fracture in dogs with special reference to Colles fracture - a comparative study(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-01) Bhagavantappa, B.; Das, Arup KumarTwenty-four clinical cases with distal radius and ulna fracture (Colles Type) in dogs admitted in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Pantnagar were considered for the evaluation of different fixation techniques. Cases were randomly divided into four groups, viz. I (treated with ESF- Type I or Type II configuration), II (treated with stainless steel T-plate – 2.5 or 3.5 mm with five holes), III (treated with Ilizarov ring fixator: CESF) and IV (treated with plaster of Paris cast). The anaesthetic regimen with atropine sulphate and diazepam premedication and induction of general anaesthesia with thiopental sodium intravenously till effect and maintenance with halothane and oxygen mixture was found to be optimum for the reduction of Colles fracture. Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographic views of radius-ulna were taken at different intervals and clinical parameters like heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, inflammatory swelling and serum enzyme activity were used in the assessment of fracture healing in animals of all the groups. Proper postoperative care was instructed to the owners and specific individual postoperative care for animals of group I and III were provided regularly to avoid pin-tract infection. The ESF and CESF were removed between 4th and 6th week, implant of T-plate was left permanently at the site of fracture and the POP cast was removed after radiographic evaluation after 3rd week. The quality of physical rehabilitation of these patients was considered for the evaluations of the different fixation methods. In this study the ESF was evaluated as first choice followed by T-plating and Ilizarov ring fixator, respectively, for the management of Colles fracture. Plaster of Paris has been evaluated as inappropriate method for the management of Colles fracture in small to medium size of dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Biomechanical evaluation of repair modalities for bovine metacarpal/tibial fracture(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Gupta, Ashutosh Kumar; Das, Arup KumarThere was two parts of this study: First, in vitro evaluation of transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) for their load bearing capacity was carried out. Thereafter clinical evaluation of those casts was undertaken in twelve bovine fracture cases (Group- I: 6 cases of tibial fracture treated with PW:TFC) and (Group- II: 6 cases of metacarpal fracture treated with PVC:RWPC). Clinical relevance of those casts like ease of application, conformability and strength development was also evaluated. Compressive stress of the transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) were found to be (Mean ±SE) 3.482 ±0.182 N/mm2 and 12.599 ±0.619 N/mm2, respectively.. Bending stress of the transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) were found to be (Mean ±SE) 5.534 ±0.233 N/mm2 and (Mean ±SE) 3.013 ±0.078 N/mm2. PVC:RWPC found superior than PW:TFC as per as radiolucency test is concern. All the clinical parameters like heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate and inflammatory signs of pain and swelling were also recorded before and after the fracture fixation. The radiographs were taken to evaluate the success of fracture reduction and fixation. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was measured at different intervals during the convalescent period of bone healing.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on diagnosis and treatment of septic tenosynovitis in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-05) Sarvesh Kumar; Sharma, V.K.The present study was conducted on ten clinical cases suffering with tenosynovitis to assess the effectiveness of medical and surgical treatment. The animals were divided randomly into two groups. Animals of group A were treated with systemic and intrathecal injections of gentamicin after proper aspiration of the synovial fluid while animals of group B were treated with systemic and intrathecal injections of gentamicin along with debridement and irrigation of affected site with normal saline mixed with gentamicin through a indwelling surgical drain placed in the tendon sheath. The diagnosis of the disease and determination of the efficacy of therapeutic regimens was done on the basis of clinical signs, haematology, synovial fluid analysis, microbiological studies faciagraphy and ultrasonography for a period of 60 days. Clinical observation of clinical cases revealed a significantly increased rectal temperature, lameness score, swelling and severe pain at the affected site which reduced gradually after institution of therapy which was early and complete in group A. The haematological findings did not reflect any significant change except an increase in the neutrophil and a decrease in lymphocyte before treatment which improved after initiation of treatment. Before treatment the altered colour and consistency of synovial fluid was recorded with high quantity of flocculant materials which changes to normal after treatment but earlier in group A. During pre-treatment phase significantly lower value of MPQ, lymphocyte, glucose and albumin and globulin ratio was recorded in all the animals which gradually increased during post-treatment periods. A significantly higher values of total leukocyte count and neutrophil count was observed in all the animals before treatment which reduced after treatment but earlier in group A. A significantly high level of synovial fluid aspartate and alanine amino transferase, alkaline, and acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total protein was observed before treatment in all the animals which reduced gradually after treatment. No significant difference was observed between the groups for any blood and synovial fluid parameter studies. On microbial isolation coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. was found in all the 10 samples along with Streptococcus sp. and E. coli. which showed a maximum sensitivity for gentamicin. On faciagraphy thickened flexor tendon sheath along with adhesions between tendon sheath to underlying tissues and skin was observed which reduced in both the groups as the treatment advances but earlier in group A animals. Before treatment ultrasonogram revealed distension of the digital flexor tendon sheath evidenced by presence of anechoic zone and increased echogenicity of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament. Ultrasonogram taken after initiation of treatment demonstrated an increase echogenicity of soft tissue and no demarcation between various layers of soft tissues during initial stage. These change were more severe in group B animals. The ultrasonograms depicted almost normal appearance of soft tissues on 45th and 60th post-treatment day in group A and group B respectively. The results of the present study suggests that both the therapeutic regimens are effective for the treatment of septic tenosynovitis. However, medical treatment combined with periodic aspiration of synovial effusion was found better over the surgical treatment combined with indwelling catheterization. Medical treatment and aspiration of fluid was found easy to use and initiated less adhesion formation between tendon and tendon sheath. Whereas, surgical debridement and indwelling catheterization of tendon sheath produced marked adhesion between tendon and tendon sheath which restricted normal tendon function.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of acupuncture with and without a sedative for abdominal analgesia in cow calves(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-04) Singh, Kunwar Ajay Pratap; Amresh KumarSixteen clinically healthy male cow calves (4-6 month old) were divided into four groups viz. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The animals of groups 1 and 2 were subjected to the electrostimulation of LIV-14 and BL-30 acupoints alone and with xylazine respectively and the animals of groups 3 and 4 were subjected to the electrostimulation of LIV-14, BL-30 and GV-20 acupoints alone and with xylazine respectively. The xylazine was administered at a dose rate of 0.05 mg/kg b.wt. intramuscularly. The assessment of analgesia was done by determining various parameters: clinical (onset, duration, recovery time, degree and extent of analgesia), physiological (heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration rate), haematological (TLC, DLC, Hb, PCV and TEC), biochemical (serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, aspartate amino transferase, creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, cholesterol, Na+, K+ and Cl-) at different time intervals and performing surgery under the best combination. Electroacupuncture analgesia was produced with the help of electroacupuncturescope using a current of 3-5 volt intensity in the continuous wave form at a frequency of 200-240 Hz for 30 minutes for carrying out the analgesic studies. A gradual and significant increase in heart rate and respiration rate was observed in the animals of different groups upto 30 minutes after electrostimulation and thereafter their values decreased and reached near normal level by 2 hours, but significant decrease in respiration rate in animals of groups 2 and 4 was observed upto 30 minutes after electrostimulation and thereafter their values increased and reached near prestimulation level by 2 hours. A non-significant increase in body temperature was observed in the animals of groups 1 and 3 upto 30 minutes after electrostimulation and thereafter their values decreased and reached near prestimulation level by 2 hours. A non-significant decrease in body temperature in animals of group 2 was observed upto 30 minutes after electrostimulation and thereafter their values increased and reached near prestimulation level by 2 hours. A gradual and significant increase in PCV, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and neutrophil count with corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count was observed in all the animals upto 2 hours after electrostimulation and reached near prestimulation level by 12 hours. A non-significant increase haemoglobin was observed in all the animals upto 15 minutes after electrostimulation and reached near prestimulation level by 24 hours. A gradual and significant increase in total proteins, globulin, glucose and sodium with corresponding decrease in albumin and potassium but a non-significant increase in serum urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase and chloride was observed in all the animals after electrostimulation upto 12 hours reaching prestimulation level by 24 hours. A non-significant decrease in serum creatinine and cholesterol was observed in all the animals after electrostimulation upto 12 hours and reached near normal level by 24 hours. In clinico-surgical study, surgical operations were performed after judging the extent and degree of analgesia. The animals of groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were given electrostimulation at the acupoints LIV-14 and BL-30 alone and with xylazine, LIV-14, BL-30 and GV-20 alone and with xylazine respectively. The extent of the analgesia and the muscle relaxation was graded from excellent to poor in order of group 4 followed by group 3, 2 and 1. The animals of groups 2 and 1 had shown inadequate level of analgesia while surgical operations could be performed smoothly in animals of group 4 and 3 without any post-operative complications. The recovery was smooth and uncomplicated in all the animals.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on electrostimulation analgesia of abdomino-pelvic region in sheep(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-04) Yadav, Dharmendra Kumar; Jadon, N.S.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Mimosa pudica (Lajvanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) on clinical cases of gastric ulcers in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Pankaj Kumar; Sharma, V.K.In the present study therapeutic efficacy of Mimosa pudica (Lajwanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) alone and in combination was evaluated in sixteen confirmed clinical cases of canine gastric ulcer. The efficacy of treatment was judged on the basis of clinical symptoms, haematological, biochemical and radiological examinations. Excessive salivation, inappetance, dullness, depression, and pain on palpation in left epigastric region were observed as major clinical symptoms of gastric ulceration in these dogs. The animals with gastric ulcer passed black/chocolate coloured faeces of soft consistency. The mucous membrane of all animals was observed pale. The extremities were cold. In most of the cases, owners complained that bouts of vomition were observed soon after feeding. In most of the cases vomitus was of brownish in colour. All the clinical symptoms observed in the patients revealed mild to moderate clinical recovery within 10-12, 3-7, 5-7 and 3-5 days following treatment in group A, B, C and D respectively. Delayed reaction of skin tenting, decreased haemoglobin, lower PCV, higher TLC level, initial neutrophilia, lymphopenia and presence of occult blood in faeces were the constant feature of every animal under this experiment. On biochemical examination hyponatremia and hyperkalemia was the prominent feature. Mucosal damage and gastric hemorrhage were detected through the pH of gastric content and colouration of the vomitus. An increased level of gastric pH with pinkish to brownish colour was observed in all groups of animals on day 0. On contrast radiographic examination retention or adherence of contrast material with gastric mucosa and delayed gastric emptying were the constant features. Thus, on the basis of comparative evaluation of clinical, haematological, biochemical and radiological parameters of Group B and C, it can be concluded that Mimosa pudica is a marginally better drug than Melia azedarach in gastric ulcer healing in dogs. However, as per the present day information, possible mechanism of action of these herbal drugs may be due to their ability to be a coating agent, motility modifiers, antimuscarinic effect, H2-receptor antagonist and prostaglandin analogue or proton pump inhibitor. Their definite mode of action in these lines is to be investigated further.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Mimosa pudica (Lajvanti) and Melia azedarach (Bacain) on clinical cases of gastric ulcers in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Pankaj Kumar; Sharma, V.K.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on canine cataract surgery and optical rehabilitation by IOL implantation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Manish Kumar; Sharma, V.K.The present study was conducted on twelve canine cataract patients of 4-12 years age to evolve a suitable anaesthetic regimen, comparative evaluation of Extracapsular Cataract Extraction versus Phacoemulsification and correction of refraction in postoperative dogs. Animals were screened for cataract surgery on the basis of clinical, ophthalmic, neuro-ophthalmic examinations and B-scan ultrsonography. Selected animals were divided into three equal groups A, B and C and subjected to Extracapsular Cataract Extraction, Extracapsular Cataract Extraction with Rigid Intraocular Lens implantation and Phacoemulsification with Foldable Intraocular Lens implantation respectively. A-scan ultrasonography and Keratometry were performed to calculate diopteric strength of intraocular implant. Pancuronium bromide @ 0.01mg/kg body wt, I/V in thiopentone anaesthetized dogs produced centrally fixed eye in surgery. Ingroup C, less post operative complications were observed than group A and B. Streak retinoscopy revealed less refractive error in comparison to predicted value.Aqueos humour analysis ruled out increased protein conc. in post operated dogs. Vision restoration was better in group C followed by group B and A respectively. The studies indicate successful use of pancuronium bromide @ 0.01mg / kg b.wt as muscle relaxant, requirement of less IOL power than the predicted value and phacoemusification with foldable IOL proved better technique.