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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and amelioration of heat stress in lactating buffaloes under farm conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Srivastava, Ashish Kumar; Rastogi, S.K.In order to investigate the alleviation of heat stress, 15 recently calved buffaloes were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each group. Group-A buffaloes were subjected to 5 hrs wallowing per day. Group-B animals were applied wet gunny bag on their back and, Group-C were maintained under control natural condition that is open shed with pacca floor and observation were recorded for 5 month during summer season from April to August. Mean ambient temperature (maximum) was 31.680.41 to 37.180.52 0C, THI value was 70.70.41 to 84.870.43, relative humidity was 65.40.84 to 91.470.61, air velocity was 4.510.31 to 7.990.47km/hr, and sunshine was 4.130.50 to 10.70.33hr., during the period study. Exposure of lactating buffaloes to heat stress caused linear increase in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate significantly higher (P<0.05) in control group where as other two groups did not recorded such change. Haemato-biochemical characters viz, hemoglobin, packed cell and erythrocyte count volume stood significantly (P<0.05) lower in control animals during heat stress. Total leucocytic count increased with increase lymphocytic count significantly (P<0.05) in control group as compared with treated group involvement of these parameters in indicating stress conditions. Increased plasma protein and glucose, albumin and creatinine concentration were also recorded in control group. Thermal stress on serum profile of Thyroid (T4 and T3) and adrenal medullary (NE and E) hormones were estimated by standardized radioimmunoassay and HPLC respectively. Effect on the level of T3 and T4, with increase in THI was significant (p0.01) for T4 and nor-epinephrine only. Milk fat, SNF, total solid (all %) and 15 day milk yield (L) recorded were 8.13±0.14, 9.17±0.09 and 17.17±0.20 respectively. But when THI and R.H. were 84.87±0.43 and 84.6±0.69% the average milk fat%, SNF, total solid (all %) and milk yield, were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group C buffaloes. However, Group A shown better results in term of milk composition and followed by group B buffaloes. On the basis of cilmatological, haemato-biochemical and production results it could be suggested that heat stressed lactating buffaloes required protection from exposure to heat. Both treatment applied were found to be adequate for summer stress alleviation, however, wallowing provided greater relief compared to gunny bag application.ThesisItem Open Access Electroencephalographic observations under different behavioural conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Huozha, Ruokuobeinuo; Rastogi, S.K.Duplicate EEG records were obtained from 4 adults female goats (8 to 12 months, 10 ±2 kg.b.wt.) using bipolar scalp electrodes placed in occipital region. The EEG pattern in different states of consciousness registered significant (P<0.05) differences in frequencies and amplitudes, except in the amplitudes of alert state were non significant. The EEG frequency pattern of alert, drowsy and sleep states were LVFA, mixed LVFA and HVSA, HVSA dominant belonging to ß, ß and α and δ classification. Visual observation on rumination pattern provided average duration of rumination cycle as 39.75±0.16 s, number of mastication per cycle as 57.5±1.09, frequency of rumination as 6.83±0.02 per 5 minutes, inter-rumination period as 5.38±0.18 s and EEG frequency per rumination was alpha band with spiky waves discharge indicating mastication. Feed and water deprivation for 24 and 48 h on separate occasions yielded significantly (P<0.05) decline in EEG frequencies and amplitudes. 48 h deprivation and feed temptation caused a significant elevation in frequency (44.00±2.09Hz) and amplitudes (11.66±0.89 μV) of EEG. The frequency was ß band. Thus EEG is found to be a sensitive tool for investigating various normal physiological and behaviour in goats. Pain induction in conscious and epidural anaesthetized states recorded frequencies of 38.50 ±1.96, 33.88 ±1.42, 31.25 ±1.39 and 41.88 ±0.91, 35.63 ±0.94, 31.50 ±0.82 Hz at 0, 2 and 5 min of application of stimulus. The frequencies ranged from 26 to 46 in conscious and 27 to 45 in Hz in epidural anaesthetized. Similarly, amplitudes were higher after 2 min of application in both states. With the pain removal, the frequency increased significantly (P<0.05) after 2 minutes in conscious state, whereas in epidural anaesthetized state, it increased initially then declined significantly. The amplitudes and frequencies of pain induction and removal were found to be significantly different from each other and significantly higher than the control (27.75 ±1.13 Hz and 5.80 ±0.21 μV). Intravenous infusion of 5 % dextrose and 0.9 % saline exerted significant (P<0.05) increase in frequencies and amplitudes during insertion of needle and at infusion flow rates of 30 and 60 drops per minute compared to 10 drops per minutes. Glucose infusion imposed greater EEG changes than saline infusion.ThesisItem Open Access Serum mineral and metabolic profile of hill livestock and their soil-plant interrelationship(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Hema; Rastogi, S.K.Status of macro and micronutrients in two villages of different topographic locations (Foothill & Hill) and geophysical conditions of Bhimtal area of Nainital district of Uttaranchal was elucidated. Twenty farmer families of each village were surveyed and samples of soil, fodder and blood were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for various haematological, biochemical and mineral parameters. In Foothill village, Hb and PCV in calves were significantly (P≤0.05) lower and highest in lactating animals. TEC and MCH of lactating animals were found to be significantly (P≤0.05) higher compared to other two categories, whereas overall TEC of Hill village was higher than Foothill village and reverse was true for overall MCV. Non-significant difference was found in serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and A: G ratio among different categories of animals in Foothill village. Serum iron concentration was found significantly (P≤0.05) higher in non-lactating animals, TIBC and LIBC were highest in calves and lactating cows, whereas transferrin saturation was highest in non-lactating cows of this village. Overall total protein, albumin and globulin of foothill village were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than Hill village. All fodder and concentrate samples were found to be optimum for all minerals except copper, which was found deficient in fodder, but not in concentrates. All minerals except Cu i.e. Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Mn were above critical level. Soil was found deficient in Zn and P. Analysis of sera samples revealed significantly (P≤0.05) higher copper in lactating cows of Foothill village compared to other two categories. Such differences for Hill village were exhibited for Mg (highest in calves), Zn, Mn and Cu (highest in non-lactating cows compared to other categories). Overall serum Ca was significantly higher in Foothill village whereas, Mg and Mn level stood higher in animals of hill village. In Foothill village, there were negative soil-plant correlation for Ca, P, Cu and Mn, whereas these were non-significantly positive for Mg, Fe and Zn. In Hill village, non significant negative soil-plant correlations were recorded for Ca, P and Fe whereas these were non-significantly positive for Mn and Zn. From the present investigation, it could be concluded that significant variations existed in haematological and blood biochemical attributes of different categories of animals of two villages of Kumaon Hills owing to their altitudinal and geophysical differences. Mineral analysis revealed critical deficiency of cobalt, copper, phosphorus and zinc in both the villages, whereas iron was in excess concentration. Based on present data supplementation of cobalt, zinc, phosphorus and copper is recommended in these two villages.ThesisItem Open Access Combinations of oat and berseem for crossbred heifers – a study on nutrient digestibility and degradability(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Brij Lal; Rastogi, S.K.Four different combinations of oat straws and green berseem fodder mixed in ratio of 80:20 (T1), 70: 30 (T2), 60:40 (T3) and 50:50 (T4) were prepared. The chemical composition, digestibilities in sacco disappearance, DM and digestibility constant correlation were worked out. Sixteen crossbred heifers weighing about 70 to 150 Kg were randomly divided into four groups of four animals on randomised block design basis. Each experimental group of four animals were fed, one particular combination of fodder for 30 days. First 21 days were for adaptation and the last 7 days were for digestibility trial. To determine the digestibility of various nutrient and DM, simultaneously samples of fodder combination were incubated in 3 rumen fistulated animals to determine the DM disappearance, the average content DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose and Total Ash of T1(O:B : : 80:20) were 45.76, 90.44, 7.93, 63.35, 41.20, 9.26, 22.15, 31.94 and 9.56 percent respectively while in T2 and T3 it was 43.85, 90.17, 9.01, 62.08, 40.89, 8.70, 21.19, 32.10, 9.83 and 40.66, 89.66, 9.68, 61.39, 41.76, 8.85, 19.63, 32.91 and 10.14 percent respectively and in T4 it was 37.41, 89.75, 11.20, 58.14, 38.90, 8.14, 19.22, 30.78 and 10.25 percent respectively. The digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose and Cellulose were highest in group T4 while lowest in T1. The voluntary DM intake did not differ significantly. Among the four fodder combination the disappearance of DM at 96 hours was highest in T4 and lowest in T1 and it increased with increase in time. Also the difference of degradability of DM between the beginning and end of in sacco experiment was also highest in T4, hence it can be concluded that there exist considerable difference in chemical composition and digestibility of fodders with combination of dry oat and green berseem and it is possibly due to higher structural component present in dry forages. Further a dry:green ratio of 60:40 and 70:30 on DM basis is best suited for nutrient utilization, growth and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of bacitracins, phytase and calcium on production performance in poultry(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2001) Jain, Archana; Goel, V.D.