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ThesisItem Open Access Disposition kinetics and tissue residue study of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and amprolium in broiler poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Bisht, Preeti; Ahmad, A. H.The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue study of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim ,when given intramuscular (i.m) in a combination (20mg.kg-1 sulphadiazine and 4mg.kg-1 trimethoprim) @ 24.0mg.kg-1 and amprolium given orally @ 30.0mg.kg-1 in poultry following single and multiple (5) dose administration. In the present study Biotrim®, a combination of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim in the ratio of 5:1 (sulphadiazine 400mg and trimethoprim 80mg) was given @24.0mg.kg-1 b.w i.m as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for 5 consecutive days. Amprolium 20% was used and given @30.0mg.kg-1 b.w orally as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for 5 consecutive days. The concentration of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and amprolium in plasma and tissue of these animals was analysed by HPLC. The initial peak plasma concentration of 24.06 and 1.27μg.ml-1 for sulphadiazine and trimethoprim was detected in poultry following single dose i.m. administration and 0.94μg.ml-1 for amprolium following single dose oral admiministration, respectively. The volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve (AUC) and elimination half- life calculated was 0.85L.kg-1, 0.12L.h-1.kg-1, 171.12h.μg.mL-1 and 4.73h and 2.64 L.kg-1,0.43 L.h-1.kg-1, 9.71 h.μg.mL-1and 4.53h for sulphadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) respectively, following single dose i.m administration of SDZ/TMP combination. For amprolium, the volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve (AUC) and elimination half- life following single dose oral administration calculated was 21.941 L.kg-1,14.446 L.h-1.kg-1,2.172 h.μg.mL-1 and 1.027h, respectively. In multiple dose study, volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated for sulphadiazine was 0.81 L.kg-1, 0.11 L.h-1.kg-1,176.41 h.μg.ml-1 and 4.93h after first dose and 0.80 L.kg-1, 0.12L.kg-1, 176.32 h.μg.ml-1 and 4.87 h after last dose, respectively. For TMP volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated as 2.75L.kg-1, 0.49L.h- 1.kg-1,8.72h.μg.ml-1 and 4.22h, respectively, after first dose and 2.81L.kg-1,0.35L.h-1.kg-1,11.70h.μg.ml-1 and 5.73h, respectively after last. For amprolium volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated was 16.731L.kg-1, 14.145L.h-1.kg-1, 2.202h.μg.ml-1 and 0.833±0.061h, respectively after first dose, 0.893L.kg-1,12.647L.h-1.kg-1,2.540h.μg.ml-1and 16.361h, respectively after last dose. According to the results obtained in the pharmacokinetic study an individualized dosage regimen were calculated. An i.m. dosage regimen of sulphadiazine with a priming dose of 43.32 mg.kg-1 and a maintenance dose of 35.25 mg.kg-1 for every 12 hr were estimated to maintain the therapeutic concentration. An i.m. dosage regimen of trimethoprim with a priming dose of 10.0mg.kg-1 followed by a maintenance dose of 8.7 mg.kg-1 at 12 h interval is recommended. For amprolium an oral dosage regimen with a priming dose of 28.4mg.kg-1 followed by a maintenance dose of 28.3 mg.kg-1 recommended. Following single dose i.m administration highest residual concentration of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim were observed in kidney (0.28 μg.g-1 for SDZ and 0.69μg.g-1 for TMP) followed by liver at 24hrs post administration of SDZ/TMP combination. No drug residue was found after 72h of post administration of SDZ/TMP combination. In case of multiple dose i.m administration of SDZ/TMP combination, residue of SDZ and TMP were present in kidney, liver and muscle upto 96hr post administration with highest concentration in kidney (0.78μg.g-1 for sdz and1.19 μg.g-1 for tmp). For amprolium following single dose oral administration residue were found in liver, kidney, muscles with highest concentration found in liver (0.53 μg.g-1) at 24hr post administration. In case of multiple dose oral administration of amprolium, highest concentration found in liver (0.62μg.g-1) at 48hr post administration. Tissue residue were found in liver, kidney and muscles upto 96 hr post administration of amprolium.ThesisItem Open Access Disposition kinetics and tissue residue study of Sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and amprolium in broiler poultry(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Bisht, Preeti; Ahmad, A.H.The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue study of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim ,when given intramuscular (i.m) in a combination (20mg.kg-1 sulphadiazine and 4mg.kg-1 trimethoprim) @ 24.0mg.kg-1 and amprolium given orally @ 30.0mg.kg-1 in poultry following single and multiple (5) dose administration. In the present study Biotrim®, a combination of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim in the ratio of 5:1 (sulphadiazine 400mg and trimethoprim 80mg) was given @24.0mg.kg-1 b.w i.m as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for 5 consecutive days. Amprolium 20% was used and given @30.0mg.kg-1 b.w orally as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for 5 consecutive days. The concentration of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and amprolium in plasma and tissue of these animals was analysed by HPLC. The initial peak plasma concentration of 24.06 and 1.27μg.ml-1 for sulphadiazine and trimethoprim was detected in poultry following single dose i.m. administration and 0.94μg.ml-1 for amprolium following single dose oral admiministration, respectively. The volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve (AUC) and elimination half- life calculated was 0.85L.kg-1, 0.12L.h-1.kg-1, 171.12h.μg.mL-1 and 4.73h and 2.64 L.kg-1,0.43 L.h-1.kg-1, 9.71 h.μg.mL-1and 4.53h for sulphadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) respectively, following single dose i.m administration of SDZ/TMP combination. For amprolium, the volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve (AUC) and elimination half- life following single dose oral administration calculated was 21.941 L.kg-1,14.446 L.h-1.kg-1,2.172 h.μg.mL-1 and 1.027h, respectively. In multiple dose study, volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated for sulphadiazine was 0.81 L.kg-1, 0.11 L.h-1.kg-1,176.41 h.μg.ml-1 and 4.93h after first dose and 0.80 L.kg-1, 0.12L.kg-1, 176.32 h.μg.ml-1 and 4.87 h after last dose, respectively. For TMP volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated as 2.75L.kg-1, 0.49L.h- 1.kg-1,8.72h.μg.ml-1 and 4.22h, respectively, after first dose and 2.81L.kg-1,0.35L.h-1.kg-1,11.70h.μg.ml-1 and 5.73h, respectively after last. For amprolium volume of distribution, clearance, mean area under curve and elimination half-life calculated was 16.731L.kg-1, 14.145L.h-1.kg-1, 2.202h.μg.ml-1 and 0.833±0.061h, respectively after first dose, 0.893L.kg-1,12.647L.h-1.kg-1,2.540h.μg.ml-1and 16.361h, respectively after last dose. According to the results obtained in the pharmacokinetic study an individualized dosage regimen were calculated. An i.m. dosage regimen of sulphadiazine with a priming dose of 43.32 mg.kg-1 and a maintenance dose of 35.25 mg.kg-1 for every 12 hr were estimated to maintain the therapeutic concentration. An i.m. dosage regimen of trimethoprim with a priming dose of 10.0mg.kg-1 followed by a maintenance dose of 8.7 mg.kg-1 at 12 h interval is recommended. For amprolium an oral dosage regimen with a priming dose of 28.4mg.kg-1 followed by a maintenance dose of 28.3 mg.kg-1 at 12 h interval is recommended. Following single dose i.m administration highest residual concentration of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim were observed in kidney (0.28 μg.g-1 for SDZ and 0.69μg.g-1 for TMP) followed by liver at 24hrs post administration of SDZ/TMP combination. No drug residue was found after 72h of post administration of SDZ/TMP combination. In case of multiple dose i.m administration of SDZ/TMP combination, residue of SDZ and TMP were present in kidney, liver and muscle upto 96hr post administration with highest concentration in kidney (0.78μg.g-1 for sdz and1.19 μg.g-1 for tmp). For amprolium following single dose oral administration residue were found in liver, kidney, muscles with highest concentration found in liver (0.53 μg.g-1) at 24hr post administration. In case of multiple dose oral administration of amprolium, highest concentration found in liver (0.62μg.g-1) at 48hr post administration. Tissue residue were found in liver, kidney and muscles upto 96 hr post administration of amprolium.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed extract in fipronil intoxicated rats with special reference to In Silico prediction of squalene-CYP3A1 gene interaction(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Verma, Manish Kumar; Singh, S.P.This study was designed to evaluate the protective efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed extract (HSEAH) following its oral administration @ 100 mg/kg b. wt. alone and simultaneously with fipronil @ 24.25 mg/kg b. wt. orally for 90 days in rats by measuring haematobiochemical, oxidative, reproductive, histopathological examination, impact on gene expression of CYP3A1 and residue analysis parameters. Hydroethanolic extract of the seed of Amaranthus hypochondriacus was prepared for phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential was undertaken in-silico prediction of squalene-CYP3A1 gene interaction. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemical like alkaloid, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, oils, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, saponins and tannins whereas the coumarins, resins and steroids were absent. Mineral estimation reveled presence of calcium, iron magnesium, zinc, and copper was present in higher concentration whereas lead, cobalt and nickel in trace amount. In-silico study of cross linking comparison between squalene and fipronil-CYP3A1 gene interaction was found to have high binding affinities for squalene than fipronil. In vitro antioxidant activity assessed by measuring NO radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power activity, and metal chelating of Fe+2 activities which revealed the excellent antioxidant potential of extract. For evaluation of protective efficacy of HSEAH in fipronil intoxicated rats, twenty four male Wistar rats weighing 90-100 gm of 4-6 weeks of age were divided equally and randomly into four groups. Group I served as control, in group II fipronil @24.25 mg/kg b. wt. po, in group III HSEAH @ 100 mg/kg b wt. po, and in group IV HSEAH 100 mg/kg b. wt. plus fipronil @24.25 mg/kg b. wt. po., were given for 90 days. The reduction in body weight and organ weight significantly decreased in fipronil group. However, reduction in body weight was restored in HSEAH treated group IV. Fipronil exposure caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, TLC and DLC as compared to control groups. A significant (P<0.05) decline in total protein, albumin and globulin was observed in group II as compared to control. Fipronil plus HSEAH treated group IV showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration in the level of total proteins as compared to group II and at par with normal values in control showing ameliorative effect of HSEAH. A significant (P<0.05) increase in AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, glucose, creatinine, BUN, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were significant decreased in fipronil treated group II, which were restored by HSEAH towards normalcy indicating amelioration of these parameters by HSEAH. A significant (P<0.05) decline in catalase, GSH and SOD and an increase in LPO in RBCs and tissues was observed in group II which, however, returned to normalcy following simultaneous administration of HSEAH in group IV after 90 days. Administration of HSEAH alone in group III significantly elevated the catalase, GSH and SOD activity as compared to control group I. Histopathological changes were observed in liver, kidney, lungs, spleen, heart, intestine, testis, brain and thyroid fipronil treated rats which were ameliorated by treatment with HSEAH after 90 days in rats. Gene expression study revealed that expression of CYP3A1 gene was upregulated in fipronil treated rats and down regulated in group IV treated with fipronil plus seed extract as compared to animals of control group I. A significantly (P<0.05) high sperm morphological abnormalities and decrease in sperm motility, sperm viability, and sperm density was observed group II rat whereas, treatment with HSEAH restored these parameters towards normal values. A comparison of tissue residue study in between fipronil alone and combination with HSEAH, detected significantly (P<0.05) higher fipronil residues in the tissues of group II in comparison with group IV rats indicating ameliorating efficacy of HSEAH. It is concluded from this study that the extract of HSEAH exhibited the antioxidant property. Administration of fipronil @24.25 mg/kg b.wt. po, produced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cardiotoxic, reproductive toxic and oxidative, which were ameliorated following simultaneous administration of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed extract @ 100 mg/kg b. wt. po, for 90 days in rats.ThesisItem Open Access Disposition kinetics and tissue residue study of enrofloxacin in broiler poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Swatilika; Ahmad, A.H.The present investigation was conducted to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue levels of enrofloxacin following administration of enrofloxacin by oral route in broilers as single dose (10 mg.kg-1 b.w.) and as multiple doses (10 mg.kg-1 b.w.) for five consecutive days and to calculate the correct dosage regimen to utilize optimal therapeutic limits in preventing and curing the disease. For the present study commercial enrofloxacin (10% w/v) preparation was administered at a dose rate of 10 mg.kg-1 b.w. orally as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for five days. The plasma and tissue samples were collected at regular intervals and subjected to analysis by HPLC after appropriate processing. From the study it was revealed that the broiler birds showed the distribution half-life of 0.582±0.015h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 8.53±0.194L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 13.183±0.623h, a Cmax level of 1.535± 0.007 μg.mL-1 for enrofloxacin after single dose administration. Whereas, a Cmax level of 1.680± 0.010 μg.mL-1, distribution half-life of 0.717±0.102h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 7.820±0.249L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 11.888±1.021h was observed for enrofloxacin after first dose following multiple dose administration. A Cmax level of 1.704±0.002 μg.mL-1, distribution half-life of 0.717± 0.102h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 9.029±0.006L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 14.011±0.084h was observed for enrofloxacin after last dose following multiple dose administration. According to the results obtained in the pharmacokinetic study an individualized dosage regimen containing a priming dose of 22.262 mg.kg-1 b.w. and a maintenance dose of 16.660 b.w. mg.kg-1 over a period of 12 h was suggested for the enrofloxacin in broiler birds following single dose administration. Following single dose oral administration the highest residue concentration of enrofloxacin was observed in liver (0.427±0.055μg.g-1) followed by kidney (0.312±0.008 μg.g-1) at 24 hrs post administration of enrofloxacin. Minimum residue concentrations of enrofloxacin were detected in heart and lungs. In case of multiple dose oral administration the highest concentration of enrofloxacin was found in liver (0.579±0.071 μg.g-1) at 24 hrs which decreased to 0.078±0.0014 μg.g-1 at 72 hrs. After 72 hrs post administration, no residue of enrofloxacin could be detected in lungs following multiple dose oral administration. Ciprofloxacin could not be detected in the tissues following single dose study while ciprofloxacin residues were observed in tissues following multiple dose study.ThesisItem Open Access Pharmacokinetic study of Florfenicol following single and multiple dose oral administration in broiler poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Padaliya, Manisha; Ahmad, A.H.The current investigation was carried out to estimate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue study of florfenicol following single and multiple (five) dose at 24 h interval through oral administration @ 30 mg.kg-1 body weight in broiler poultry (n=18). The concentration of florfenicol in plasma and tissue of these birds was analysed by HPLC. The peak plasma concentration of 3.314, 3.339 and 3.213 μg.ml-1 were detected in poultry following single dose, first day and fifth day of multiple dose , respectively at 1h. The Cmax., Tmax., mean area under the curve (AUC), distribution half-life (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution (V/F) and clearance from central compartment (CL/F) were calculated as 3.130 μg.mL-1, 0.963 h, 13.352 μg.mL-1.h, 0.625 h, 6.421 h, 7.934 L.kg-1 and 4.358 L.kg-1.h-1, respectively following single dose . In multiple dose study after first and fifth dose, the Cmax., Tmax., AUC, t1/2α, t1/2β, V/F and CL/F were estimated as 2.973 and 2.872 μg.mL-1; 1.032 and 1.013 h; 13.83 and 13.970 μg.mL-1.h; 0.728 and 0.640 h; 7.305 and 6.071 h; 8.722 and 8.794 L.kg-1; 4.155 and 4.503 L.kg-1.h-1 , respectively. Following single dose oral administration the highest tissue concentration was observed in liver (1.55 μg.g-1) and lowest in fat (0.180 μg.g-1) at 24 h. At 72 h post administration no residue could be detected in any tissue following single dose. In case of multiple (five) dose via oral administration the highest concentration was found in intestine (1.902 μg.g-1) at 48 h which decreases to 0.180 μg.g-1 at 72h . At 96 h post administration no residue of Florfenicol could be detected in any tissue following multiple (5) dose oral administration. The therapeutic concentration (0.5μg.ml-1) of florfenicol was maintained upto 8h following single and multiple (5) dose (30mg/kg) oral administration, so recommended priming dose and maintenance dose is 6.494 mg/kg and 3.864 mg/kg, respectively. Tissue residue could not be detected at 72 h and 96 h following single and multiple dose oral administration, respectively so, a withdrawal period of 3 days and 4 days is recommended in broiler poultry birds following single and multiple dose.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of antioxidative and immunomodulatory potential of Trigonella foenum graecum against imidacloprid induced toxicity in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-01) Naveen Kumar; Ahmad, A.H.The study was carried out to investigate the ameliorating potential of Trigonella foenum graecum in combating imidacloprid induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in adult male Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups of eight rats each. In group I, vehicle (olive oil), group II, imidacloprid @ 170 ppm, group III, aqueous extract of seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum alone @ 12000 ppm, group IV imidacloprid @ 170 ppm and diosgenin @ 2400 ppm, and group V, imidacloprid @ 170 ppm and aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum graecum @ 12000 ppm were administered daily with feed to the rats orally for 90 days.The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays for aqueous extracts were also found to be highest in seed extract. The rate of gain in body weight was significantly decreased in imidacloprid group, however, in combination with fenugreek and diosgenin it was restored to normal level. Imidacloprid exposure caused significant increase in serum level of ALT, AST, ALP and creatinine activities as compared to all other groups. Treatment with imidacloprid significantly decreased the RBC, Hb, PCV values and was significantly lower than either of the treatment. Imidacloprid produced toxicity in the form of enhanced lipid peroxidation and reduced GSH, SOD and catalase levels. Trigonella foenum graecum was significantly effective in restoration of these parameters towards normal. ROS generation was significantly increased following exposure to imidacloprid as compared to control. Significant (p<0.05) improvement in these parameters were observed in groups where imidacloprid along with fenugreek and diosgenin was administered. Total immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin G and foot pad thickness were significantly increased in imidacloprid group in comparison to co-treatment groups of imidacloprid with fenugreek and diosgenin control group. Thepresent study summarizes that the aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum graecum seeds and diosgenin exert ameliorative effects on imidacloprid induced toxic effects which may attribute to their antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of protective efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed powder in arsenic intoxicated wlh cockerels(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Aswal, Renuka; Singh, S.P.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective and antioxidant potential of seed powder of Amaranthus hypochondriacus(SPAH) following oral administration @ 8000ppm in simultaneously fed arsenic(AR) @110ppm in feed for 60 days in WLH cockerels. Methanol extract of the seed powder of Amaranthus hypochondriacus was also prepared for phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant analysis. The phytochemical analysis of methanol seed extract of Amaranthus hypochondriacus revealed 3.72% yield and the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sugars, glycosides, proteins and saponins. Thirty WLH cockerels were equally and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 birds in each group. Group I served as control and group II arsenic@110ppm, group III SPAH@8000ppm, group IV AR@110ppm plus silymarin@100ppm and group V AR@110ppm plus SPAH@8000ppm served as treatment groups for 60 days of feeding trial study. Arsenic causes no noticeable clinical signs in the appearance and behavior of WLH cockerels. Arsenic caused significant (P<0.5) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC as compared to control group I. Amaranth alone group III was at par with control group I and has potentiating effect on haematological parameters. A significant (P<0.05) decline in total serum protein, albumin and globulin were observed in group II as compared to control group I. SPAH treated groups V showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration in the level of total serum proteins as compared to group II and at par with silymarin and control groups I ,respectively.A significant (P<0.05) increase in values of triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT, bilirubin was observed in arsenic treated group II, which were restored by SPAH group V towards normal. Group III revealed values of most of the biochemical parameters was at par with control group I and showed potentiating effect of SPAH when given alone .A significant (P<0.05) decline in tissue GSH, SOD and catalase activity and increase in LPO activity was observed in arsenic treated group II and a significant amelioration in antioxidant parameters were observed in arsenic plus SPAH treated group V as par with control group I indicating potent antioxidant effect of SPAH following oral administration for 60 days in birds. Antioxidant activity of methanolic seed extract was also observed in vitro DPPH and ABST free radical scavenging activity in this study. Thus, it is concluded from the present study that arsenic @110ppm produced hemotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effect after 60 days treatment in WLH cockerels. Seed powder of A. hypochondrioacus (SPAH)@8000ppm in feed for 60 days in showed hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant potential in WLH cockerels.ThesisItem Open Access A study on ameliorative potential of leaves of Vitex negundo for antidiabetic activity in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Sharma, Sonam; Ahmad, A.H.Diabetes mellitus is a collection of heterogenous metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia as a result of insufficient or no pancreatic insulin secretion or insulin resistance or both. The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic potential of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo (HEVN) following oral administration @ 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.wt. for 28 days in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical analysis of HEVN revealed 19.28% yield and presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, phenols and fixed oils and fats. For in-vivo study, forty two rats of 2-2.5 months of age weighing 150-180g were divided randomly in to seven groups of six rats each. Group I served as normal control group. Group II, III, VI and VII, received single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 45mg/kg b.wt. to induce diabetes. Rats showing blood glucose level greater than 200mg/dl on 7th day were considered hyperglycemic and chosen for the experiment. Group II represented as diabetic control. Group III (diabetic) was treated with glibenclamide @1mg/kg b.wt. orally for 28days. Group IV and V (non-diabetic) were given HEVN orally @100mg/kg b.wt. and 200mg/kg b.wt., respectively, for 28days. Group VI and VII (diabetic) were given HEVN @100mg/kg b.wt. and 200mg/kg b.wt., respectively, for 28 days. The diabetic rats showed noticeable decrease in body weight which significantly (P<0.05) improved in group VI and VII in a dose dependent manner. Streptozotocin caused significant (P<0.05) elevation in serum ALT, AST, ALP, triglycerides, total cholesterol, BUN and creatinine which were restored back towards normal in HEVN treated groups in a dose dependent manner. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein and albumin was noticed in group II. HEVN administration showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration in the level of total proteins and albumin after 28days in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, HEVN treated rats showed Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values near to normal control whereas group II showed significant (P<0.05) changes in these parameters as compared to normal control group. On histopathological examination, group II showed histopathological disintegrity in pancreas, liver and kidney which were restored towards normal in HEVN treated rats @200mg/kg b.wt. Thus it is concluded from the present study that hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo (HEVN) @ 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg has ameliorative potential against streptozotocin (@45mg/kg) induced diabetes in rats in a dose dependent manner.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of leaves of Pongamia pinnata for anti arthritic activity in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Arya, Nidhi; Ahmad, A.H.The objective of this study was to screen the hydroethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves (PPHE) for its antiarthritic activity in Wistar rats. The phytochemical analysis of plant extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and fixed oil & fats. Forty two rats of uniform age were randomly divided into seven groups comprising six rats in each group and treated as follows: Rheumatic arthritis was induced in rats of group II, III, VI, and VII by sub-planter injection of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) (0.1ml, 10% concentration single dose) in left hind paw. Treatment protocols were initiated from day 0 post confirmation of arthritis (after 72 hrs) and continue up to 28 days. Group I served as a control throughout the experimental period. Group II served as rheumatoid arthritis control. Group III was administered diclofenac sodium @ 4mg/kg b.wt three days after administration of FCA. Group IV and group V were administered hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata (PPHE- 1) @ 100mg/kg b. wt and (PPHE-2) @ 200mg/kg b.wt respectively. Group VI and group VII were administered hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata (PPHE-1) @ 100mg/kg b. wt and (PPHE-2) @ 200mg/kg b.wt respectively, pre-treated with FCA. Body weight, paw thickness, arthritic score, mobility score, antioxidant, sero-biochemical, hematological, radiographical, and histopathological parameters were studied. The results showed that no clinical sign and mortality were observed throughout the study. The PPHE at the dose of 200mg/kg showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in paw thickness, decrease in arthritic score and increase in mobility score, remarkably ameliorated hematological changes like Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, ESR & TLC and sero-biochemical changes like AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, creatinine & BUN. The antioxidant status (SOD, catalase, GSH, and LPO) of PPHE at the dose of 200mg/kg was also found to be better than PPHE @ 100mg/kg. Furthermore, also showed significant effect in radiographic and histopathological analysis. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that the higher dose of hydroethanolic extracts of Pongamia pinnata @ 200mg/kg has prominent antiarthritic activity.
