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Open Access
Comparative efficacy of madar (Calotropis procera) and Amprolium on coccidiosis in commercial broilers
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-05) Chauhan, Sakshi; Singh, Vidya Sagar
Coccidiosis is one of the major harmful disease of universal importance in poultry. Present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative anticoccidial efficacy of madar leaf powder and amprolium supplementation against mixed Eimeria sp. infection. For the purpose, 168, day old broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups, with 2 replicates of 12 chicks each. Broilers of group I and II were provided unsupplemented diet. Broilers of group III and IV were provided 0.0125% amprolium supplemented diet, whereas broilers of group V and VI were provided diet supplemented with 0.2% madar leaf powder and broilers of group VII were provided 0.4% madar leaf powder supplemented diet. On 15th day of experiment, broilers of group II, IV, VI and VII were infected with 50,000 mixed Eimeria sp. sporulated oocysts. Experimenrt was conducted for 30 days period. Growth performance for pre-infection period indicated significant effect of 0.4% madar leaf powder on growth performance followed by 0.2% madar leaf powder. During post infection period coccidiosis caused significant reduction in growth performance in infected groups. Growth performance restoration was maximum in amprolium supplemented group, followed by 0.4% madar leaf powder and 0.2% madar leaf powder supplemented groups. Overall growth performance was non significantly different between infected amprolium supplemented and 0.4% madar leaf powder supplemented group, however 0.2% madar leaf powder supplemented group showed significant difference to amprolium supplemented group. Haematological parameters on 0 DPI and 15 DPI were non significant among all groups. On 5 and 10 DPI, Hb, PCV, TEC, MCH, MCHC, heterophils % and monocytes % were decreased, whereas MCV, TLC, lymphocytes % and eosinophils % were increased in infected groups than respective uninfected groups. Haematological variation due to coccidiosis was maximum in control infected group. Maximum restoration of normal parameters was observed in amprolium supplemented group followed by 0.4% and 0.2% madar leaf powder supplemented group. Parasitological parameters in terms of percent faecal score, percent survival, percent weight gain, performance index, average oocyst production, percent reduction in oocyst production, average oocyst index, average lesion score, percent protection against lesion, global index and percent global index clearly indicated maximum anticoccidial effect of amprolium, however anticoccidial effect of 0.4% as well as 0.2% madar leaf powder was also comparable to amprolium. All supplementations showed very good efficacy against coccidiosis as indicated by percent global index. Carcass traits as dressed yield % and organ weight % were significantly higher in 0.4% as well as 0.2% madar leaf powder supplemented groups followed by amprolium supplemented and non supplemented groups. Difference in the dressed yield % among respective infected and uninfected groups was restored on 10 and 15 DPI, but organ weights % were significantly higher in broilers of respective infected groups than uninfected groups on 5, 10 and 15 DPI. Histopathological changes revealed maximum degenerative changes and presence of maximum parasitic stages as second generation schizonts, macrogametocyte and oocysts on 5, 10 and 15 DPI in caeca of control infected group whereas minimum deviation in caecal architecture was noticed in amprolium supplemented group and parasitic stages were absent on 10 and 15 DPI. 0.4% as well as 0.2% madar leaf powder supplemented group also had significantly lower architectural changes than control infected group and parasitic stages were absent on 15 DPI. From the results of present study it can be concluded that madar (Calotropis procera) leaf powder supplementation had anticoccidial efficacy comparable to amprolium supplementation and further research is needed to evaluate the coccidiosis curative property of madar leaf powder.
Open Access
Studies on evaluation of some phytoacaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Vijay Kumar; Vatsya, Stuti
A study was under taken with objective of detecting synthetic pyrethroid resistance (deltamethrin concentrations- 0.0003125%, 0.000625%, 0.00125%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%-each tested in triplicate) in R. microplus using two in vitro laboratory bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) collected from different parts of Uttarakhand state {Nainital (Bindu Khatta, Patwadangar, Halduchor), Udham Singh Nagar (Saanp Katani Khatta, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru Colony, Sitarganj), Pithoragarh (Bin) and Uttarkashi} to generate a baseline data and Azadirachta and Eucalyptus plants were screened for acaricidal activity. The susceptible tick population collected from Bindu Khatta, Nainital displayed an LC50 of 0.00075% Active Ingredient (A.I.) [Confidence Interval (C.I.) 95% 0.0006-0.0009] and LC99 of 0.00533% (C.I. 95% 0.0034-0.0112) in AIT bioassay. The R. microplus population from Nehru colony exhibited the highest LC50 of 0.03192%, (CI 95% 0.0188-0.1026%) followed by Pithoragarh (0.00526%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0083%), Pantnagar dairy (0.00514%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0080%), Sitarganj (0.00376%, CI 95% 0.0025-0.0061%), Halduchor (0.00337% CI 95% 0.0025-0.0047%), Saanp Katani Khatta (0.00189% CI 95% 0.0013-0.0026%), Nainital (Patwadangar) (0.00177% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0025%) and Uttarkashi (0.00088%, CI 95% 0.0007-0.0011). The R2 values of 0.994, 0.991, 0.978, 0.974, 0.973, 0.964, 0.962, 0.952 and 0.877 were detected in Bindu Khatta, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru colony, Nainital, Halduchor, Sitarganj, and Saanp Katani Khatta populations, respectively. The Nehru colony population of ticks had the highest resistance factor (RF) of 42.55, whereas the Pithoragarh and Pantnagar dairy populations had RF values of 7.01 and 6.85, respectively; Sitarganj, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital tick populations were 5.01, 4.49, 2.52, and 2.36 times resistant, respectively. Level IV resistance was found in Nehru colony tick population; level II in Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj and level I in Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital R. microplus populations. The population of ticks collected from Uttarkashi and Bindu Khatta were found susceptible to deltamethrin. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00074% A. I. (C.I. 95% 0.0005-0.0010) was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. The LC50 values were observed to be (0.03524%, CI 95% 0.0248- 0.0607%), (0.00508%, CI 95% 0.0037-0.0073%), (0.00439%, CI 95% 0.0030-0.0067), (0.00393%, CI 95% 0.0021-0.0089%), (0.00365%, CI 95% 0.0025- 0.0054%), (0.00196%, CI 95% 0.0013-0.0029%), (0.00165% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0022%) and (0.00097% CI 95% 0.0006-0.0015) for Nehru colony, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj, Pithoragarh, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta, Nainital and Uttarkashi, respectively. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus citriodora were selected to know their acaricidal potential against R. microplus ticks. The % yield obtained with, aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract was, 16, 7.48 and 17.56 for A. indica and 13.28, 18.96 and 19.28 for Eucalyptus. The results of AIT using the aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract of both plants revealed a dose dependent decrease in reproductive index (RI) and percent inhibition of oviposition (IO%) generally from concentration 2.5 to 20%. A decrease in egg production was significant (p<0.05) for 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of the extract. Tick mortality percent of 40 and 70% was observed at 10 and 20 % concentration of methanolic extract solution of A. indica. The results of AIT with E. citriodora revealed that RI and IO% decreased from concentration 1.25 to 20%. The results of AIT using the Neem oil showed that there was dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% in concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20%. A decrease of 5, 30, 40, 50 and 60% hatching of eggs was observed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of oil, respectively. With Eucalyptus oil, also a dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% for 1.25% concentration was noted. A decrease of 50% hatching of eggs was also observed at 1.25% concentration of oil. Ticks failed to oviposit at 2.5% to 20% concentration. 100% mortality was observed at 2.5% to 20% concentration of oil. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 9.333% A. I. (C.I. 95% 6.132-16.983) was observed for the Azadirachta aqueous extract solution against resistant R. microplus population. With E. citriodora aqueous methanolic solution, LC50 of 9.620% A. I. (C.I. 95% 4.491-17.148), methanolic LC50 of 14.492% A. I. (C.I. 95% 13.210-16.060) and aqueous LC50 of 17.556% A. I. (C.I. 95% 2.916.210-18.817)}. E. citriodora oil exhibited LC50 of 11.634% and neem oil an LC50 of 22.818% against larvae of R. microplus population. In LIT, no mortality of R. microplus larvae was recorded at any concentration of A. indica and E. citriodora extracts except at 20% concentration of neem aqueous solution (85%). Several phytoconstituents were revealed on phytochemical analysis of A. indica [alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes] and E. citriodora [alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpenes]. Based on results of laboratory bioassays, it is possible to conclude that the oils of A. indica and E. citriodora caused a negative effect on reproduction and hatchability against deltamethrin resistant R. microplus while Eucalyptus oil even resulted in mortality of ticks. The use of these oils shows great potential for the future as an alternative biocontrol method for R. microplus. These can be incorporated as part of an integrated control programme for ticks.
Open Access
Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in zoo animals of some Indian zoos
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Niranjan, Anuruddha Singh; Singh, Vidya Sagar
The present research was conducted to study the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in the Zoo animals at Zoological Park, Nainital and Kanpur. A total of 333 faecal samples (99 samples from Nainital, Zoo and 234 samples from Kanpur, Zoo) were randomly collected. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection were 28.28% and 32.05% whereas, prevalence of helminths, protozoans and mixed infection were 20.20%, 7.07%, 1.01% and 20.94%, 8.11%, 2.99% for Zoological Parks, Nainital and Kanpur respectively. The results for Zoological Park, Nainital indicated that the helminth infections were more compared to protozoans and mixed infection in herbivores, carnivores and some birds. The prevalence of helminths and protozoans in carnivores were 20.83%, 4.16% respectively and for herbivores were 27.77%, 16.66% and mixed infection 5.55% respectively. Gastrointestinal parasites (eggs/cysts/oocysts) identified in herbivores were Strongyle sp., Capillaria sp. (11.11%), Trichuris sp., Muellerius sp. (5.55%) and Eimeria sp. (16.66%). EPG/CPG/OPG ranged from 100 to 500. Gastrointestinal parasites (eggs/cysts/oocysts) identified in carnivores were Toxocara cati (12.50%), Toxocara canis (8.33%) and Isospora sp.(4.16%). EPG/CPG/OPG ranged from 150 to 450. Common Peafowls were found positive with Ascaridia galli (18.18%) and Eimeria sp. (3.63%). The results for Zoological Park, Kanpur indicated that the helminth infections were more than protozoan and mixed infection in herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and non-human primates. The prevalence of helminths, protozoans and mixed infection in carnivores were 34.42%, 6.55% and 3.27% respectively, for herbivores, 16.93%, 4.83% and 3.22% repectively, for non-human primates 13.33% and 20%. Gastrointestinal parasites (eggs/cysts/oocysts) identified in herbivores were Amphistome (2.41%), Fasciola sp. (1.61%), Trichuris sp. (3.22%), Strongyle sp., Strongyloides sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Trichostrongylus sp.(2.41%) and Eimeria sp. (4.83%). EPG/CPG/OPG was ranged from 50to350. Gastrointestinal parasites (eggs/cysts/oocysts) identified in carnivores were Ancylostoma sp. (8.19%), Toxocara cati (8.19%), Strongyloides sp. (6.55%), Trichuris sp. (4.91%) Toxocara canis (3.27%), Toxascaris leonina (1.63%), Spirometra sp. (1.63%) and Isospora sp. (6.55%). EPG/CPG/OPG were ranged from 100 to 600. Gastrointestinal parasites (eggs/cysts/oocysts) identified in non-human primates were Strongyloides sp. (13.33%) and Eimeria sp. (20%). EPG/CPG/OPG were ranged from 200 to 350. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in the present study was 30.93% with 21.02% samples positive with helminths, 7.80% samples positive with protozoans and 2.10% samples positive with mixed infection. The overall prevalence of helminths, protozoans and mixed infection in herbivore were 18.30%, 6.33% and 3.52%, in carnivores were 30.58%, 5.88% and 2.35%, in non-human primates helminths and protozoan prevalence were 12.76% and 21.27% and in wild birds were 18.18% and 3.63% respectively. The overall prevalence of helminths in omnivores was 0.60%. There was no protozoan and mixed infection. Looking to the incidence of gastro-intestinal parasites kept in captivity it can be concluded that there is a need for detailed epidemiological investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by regular screening of faecal samples in Zoo animals with respect to season, age, climate etc. Based on the prevalence of parasites deworming with suitable anthelmintic is required. Proper hygienic measures for the control of different stages of parasites need to be taken care of so as to reduce the parasitic infection in Zoo animals.
Open Access
Studies on evaluation of some phytoacaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Vijay Kumar; Vatsya, Stuti
A study was under taken with objective of detecting synthetic pyrethroid resistance (deltamethrin concentrations- 0.0003125%, 0.000625%, 0.00125%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%-each tested in triplicate) in R. microplus using two in vitro laboratory bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) collected from different parts of Uttarakhand state {Nainital (Bindu Khatta, Patwadangar, Halduchor), Udham Singh Nagar (Saanp Katani Khatta, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru Colony, Sitarganj), Pithoragarh (Bin) and Uttarkashi} to generate a baseline data and Azadirachta and Eucalyptus plants were screened for acaricidal activity. The susceptible tick population collected from Bindu Khatta, Nainital displayed an LC50 of 0.00075% Active Ingredient (A.I.) [Confidence Interval (C.I.) 95% 0.0006-0.0009] and LC99 of 0.00533% (C.I. 95% 0.0034-0.0112) in AIT bioassay. The R. microplus population from Nehru colony exhibited the highest LC50 of 0.03192%, (CI 95% 0.0188-0.1026%) followed by Pithoragarh (0.00526%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0083%), Pantnagar dairy (0.00514%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0080%), Sitarganj (0.00376%, CI 95% 0.0025-0.0061%), Halduchor (0.00337% CI 95% 0.0025-0.0047%), Saanp Katani Khatta (0.00189% CI 95% 0.0013-0.0026%), Nainital (Patwadangar) (0.00177% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0025%) and Uttarkashi (0.00088%, CI 95% 0.0007-0.0011). The R2 values of 0.994, 0.991, 0.978, 0.974, 0.973, 0.964, 0.962, 0.952 and 0.877 were detected in Bindu Khatta, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru colony, Nainital, Halduchor, Sitarganj, and Saanp Katani Khatta populations, respectively. The Nehru colony population of ticks had the highest resistance factor (RF) of 42.55, whereas the Pithoragarh and Pantnagar dairy populations had RF values of 7.01 and 6.85, respectively; Sitarganj, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital tick populations were 5.01, 4.49, 2.52, and 2.36 times resistant, respectively. Level IV resistance was found in Nehru colony tick population; level II in Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj and level I in Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital R. microplus populations. The population of ticks collected from Uttarkashi and Bindu Khatta were found susceptible to deltamethrin. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00074% A. I. (C.I. 95% 0.0005-0.0010) was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. The LC50 values were observed to be (0.03524%, CI 95% 0.0248- 0.0607%), (0.00508%, CI 95% 0.0037-0.0073%), (0.00439%, CI 95% 0.0030-0.0067), (0.00393%, CI 95% 0.0021-0.0089%), (0.00365%, CI 95% 0.0025- 0.0054%), (0.00196%, CI 95% 0.0013-0.0029%), (0.00165% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0022%) and (0.00097% CI 95% 0.0006-0.0015) for Nehru colony, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj, Pithoragarh, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta, Nainital and Uttarkashi, respectively. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus citriodora were selected to know their acaricidal potential against R. microplus ticks. The % yield obtained with, aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract was, 16, 7.48 and 17.56 for A. indica and 13.28, 18.96 and 19.28 for Eucalyptus. The results of AIT using the aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract of both plants revealed a dose dependent decrease in reproductive index (RI) and percent inhibition of oviposition (IO%) generally from concentration 2.5 to 20%. A decrease in egg production was significant (p<0.05) for 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of the extract. Tick mortality percent of 40 and 70% was observed at 10 and 20 % concentration of methanolic extract solution of A. indica. The results of AIT with E. citriodora revealed that RI and IO% decreased from concentration 1.25 to 20%. The results of AIT using the Neem oil showed that there was dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% in concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20%. A decrease of 5, 30, 40, 50 and 60% hatching of eggs was observed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of oil, respectively. With Eucalyptus oil, also a dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% for 1.25% concentration was noted. A decrease of 50% hatching of eggs was also observed at 1.25% concentration of oil. Ticks failed to oviposit at 2.5% to 20% concentration. 100% mortality was observed at 2.5% to 20% concentration of oil. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 9.333% A. I. (C.I. 95% 6.132-16.983) was observed for the Azadirachta aqueous extract solution against resistant R. microplus population. With E. citriodora aqueous methanolic solution, LC50 of 9.620% A. I. (C.I. 95% 4.491-17.148), methanolic LC50 of 14.492% A. I. (C.I. 95% 13.210-16.060) and aqueous LC50 of 17.556% A. I. (C.I. 95% 2.916.210-18.817)}. E. citriodora oil exhibited LC50 of 11.634% and neem oil an LC50 of 22.818% against larvae of R. microplus population. In LIT, no mortality of R. microplus larvae was recorded at any concentration of A. indica and E. citriodora extracts except at 20% concentration of neem aqueous solution (85%). Several phytoconstituents were revealed on phytochemical analysis of A. indica [alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes] and E. citriodora [alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpenes]. Based on results of laboratory bioassays, it is possible to conclude that the oils of A. indica and E. citriodora caused a negative effect on reproduction and hatchability against deltamethrin resistant R. microplus while Eucalyptus oil even resulted in mortality of ticks. The use of these oils shows great potential for the future as an alternative biocontrol method for R. microplus. These can be incorporated as part of an integrated control programme for ticks.
Open Access
Studies on evaluation of efficacy of herbal plants against gastrointestinal nematodosis in goats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Sastya, Sushmita; Rajeev Ranjan Kumar

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