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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of irrigation on growth, yield and water requirement of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) under varying water table conditions
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Jha, Kanchan; Kushwaha, H.S.
    Lysimeter and field experiments with Wheat crop var. UP-2425 were conducted at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 29 oN, Longitude 79o 30` E and Altitude 243.84 m amsl) to know the effect of various irrigation treatments on growth, yield and water use by wheat crop during rabi season of 2007-08. Six irrigation treatments in lysimeters associated with three water tables viz; 30, 60 and 90 cm included I0 (rainfed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 65 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 21, 45 and 80 DAS), I4 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) in lysimeters as well as in field experiments. The analysis of data in lysimeter with six irrigation schedule, three water tables and in field with six irrigation treatment revealed that the optimum water use with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeter with 60 cm water table was 636.06 mm and 329.09 mm, respectively for better growth and development as well as for higher wheat yield. Maximum height of the crop (91.57, 86.96 cm, respectively), maximum number of leaves per plant (8.90, 7.05) and maximum number of tillers per plant (1.10, 1.58 respectively) were observed for irrigations scheduled at 40 per cent depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table and under field experiment at 135 DAS. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 per cent flowering were 81.00, 79.62 days and for 75 per cent flowering 82.50, 82.75 days, respectively. However, the optimum grain yield was observed to be 53.06, 38.83 q ha-1 with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeters and in field conditions, respectively. The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for both yield and water use efficiency in lysimeter and field plots.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of foliar and soil application of nutrients on yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status in rice crop
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Martolia, Ankita; Pant, A.K.
    The experiment entitled “EFFECT OF FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS ON YIELD,NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS IN RICE CROP ” was undertaken during kharif season of 2018 at Norman E. Borlogue Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (290 N latitude and 790 29’ E longitude). Ten different treatments viz. T1-Control(No fertilizer), T2-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (60:30:20)kg N,P2O5,K2O/ha, T3-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer(90:45:30)kg N,P2O5, K2O/ha, T4-100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer(120:60:40)kg N,P2O5,K2O/ha, T5-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T6-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T7-100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 0.5%urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T8-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer +foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T9-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T10- 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage with three replications were laid out in randomized block design. Soil and crop parameters of rice were taken studied and analyzed to achieve the objectives of the experiment. In this experiment urea was used for foliar spray. The rate of urea applied was 2.3 kg/ha for 1% urea and 1.15 kg/ha for 0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage. The result showed that soil and foliar application of nitrogen significantly influenced the growth and yield attributing characters viz. dry matter accumulation, no. of effective tillers per plant, no. of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield. Plant height was found highest in T7. The treatment T10 produced the highest grain yield (5.4 t /ha).The treatment T7 produced the highest straw yield (6.9 t /ha) of the crop. The lowest grain yield of (2.95 t/ha) and lowest straw yield of (4.54 t /ha) were recorded in treatment T1 (control).The N, P, K concentrations of rice grain and straw influenced significantly by soil and foliar application of urea. Soil properties i.e. pH, EC and organic carbon status after harvest were found non-significant with different treatments. Available N, P and K status were 274 kg /ha, 24.1 kg /ha and 114 kg /ha before sowing and the maximum soil available nitrogen (294.2 kg /ha), phosphorus (31.1 kg /ha) and potassium (134.9 kg /ha) status after harvest was recorded with treatment T10.The agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity was maximum in treatment T5. The overall results demonstrated that T10 treatment was better for obtaining higher grain yield, straw yield, higher NPK content of rice, soil nutrient status. Hence, soil application of recommended dose of urea can be replaced by soil application of urea coupled with three times foliar spray of urea solution for sustainable rice yield.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of irrigation on water requirement of european dill (Anethum graveolens Linn.) under varting water table conditions
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Pradhan, Yudhishthira; Gupta, O.P.
    A lysimeter experiment with European dill crop at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Rabi season of 2004-05 with six irrigation schedule viz., I0 (rain-fed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 42 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM), I4 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 80 per cent depletion of ASM), three water table viz., W1(30 cm), W2(60 cm) and W3(90 cm) was conducted. Analysis of results showed that of six irrigation schedules, three water tables the optimum water requirement (785.67 mm) was at irrigation at 40% depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table for better growth and development and higher yield and yield attributes. Maximum height of the crop (154.65), number of leaves per plant (719.20), leaf area (0.965 cm2) was observed for irrigation schedule at 40% depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table at 150 DAS. Maximum number of umbels per plant (15.97), umbellates per umbel (39.17) and branches per plant (2.75) was observed at 60 cm deep water table. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 % flowering is 97 days and for 75% flowering was as 107.50. Grain yield was observed to be optimum at 60 cm water table (28.56 q/ha) with irrigation at 40% depletion of ASM. The optimum dry matter yield (32.34 q/ha) was observed at 60 cm water table. The crop coefficient for European dill was maximum (1.87) for 30 cm water table, followed by 60 cm water table (1.80) and minimum for 90 cm water table (1.65). The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for yield and water use efficiency being maximum (3.635) for 60 cm water table with irrigation at 40 % depletion of ASM.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of puddling on soil properties and performance of rice crop
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-03) Girdhari Lal; Tripathi, R.P.
    A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District U. S. Nagar (Uttaranchal) to evaluate the effect of puddling on soil properties and performance of rice crop. The experiment was laidout in Split plot design with five puddling levels viz., 1 pass (PR1), 2 passes (PR2), 3 passes (PR3), 4 passes (PR4) and 5 passes (PR5) of rotavator as main plot treatments and residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) as subplot treatments in four replications. Results showed that puddling raised rice yield upto 4 -passes of rotavator but greatly altered soil physical properties which may not be advantageous to the following non-rice crop. Puddling significantly increased puddling index (58 to 81 per cent),and bulk density (1.43 to 1.57Mg/m3) and decreased porosity (45.94 to 40.46 percent), infiltration rate (20.86 to 9.25mm/d) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (21.16 to 13.39mm/d). The grain yield of rice (6237 kg/ha) was maximum under 4-passes of rotavator but was statistically equal to that obtained under 3-passes of rotavator. The lowest grain yield (5540 kg/ha) was observed under 1-pass of rotavator
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of Azotobacter strains for nitrogen fixation, survival, soil fertility, plant growth and nutrient uptake by maize (Zea mays L.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Gupta, Shilpi; Singh, H.P.
    Laboratory and greenhouse studies were undertaken to isolate, characterize and identify different strains of Azotobacter (AZO) isolated from soil. Relative performance of isolated strains and responses to inoculation with efficient Azotobacter strain and graded doses of fertilizer nitrogen with or without FYM addition were assessed in terms of plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot of maize, N uptake, microbial population in soil and available N, P and K in soil at 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS). Based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, 19 strains of Azotobacter were isolated which differed in nitrogen fixing capacity to a great extent under bacteriologically controlled condition ranging from 1.79 to 9.84 mg N fixed per 25 mL broth culture, the maximum being with AZO-NMS4 strain which was about 8 times more than the lowest nitrogen-fixing AZO-NMS7 strain. The different strains of Azotobacter significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, uptake of N, P and K by maize shoot, available NPK in soil and population of Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi in soil over the uninoculated control at 60 DAS. The numbers of low, medium and high responsive strains in terms of increased shoot dry weight were 2, 11 and 6 strains, respectively. Inoculation with an efficient strain Azotobacter, FYM and graded doses of nitrogen in different combinations significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot of maize, uptake of nutrients, microbial population in soil and availability of N, P and K in soil at 70 DAS. Inoculation with Azotobacter alone, FYM alone and AZO+FYM significantly increased dry weight of maize shoot in successive significant manner which was 58.30 %, 138.47 % and 174.61 % more than the control, respectively. The maximum (328.53 % more than control) shoot dry weight was recorded with N-210 treatment which was statistically similar to AZO+FYM+N-80 treatment followed by AZO+FYM+N-60 treatment combination. Further, it has been recorded that AZO+FYM+N-60 treatment combination was statistically at par with application of N @ 120 kg ha-1 in increasing the majority of the parameters studied indicating a saving of 60 kg N ha-1 through the integrated use of biofertilizer, FYM and inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer for obtaining maximum and sustainable crop yield.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effects of soil and climatic factors and plucking intervals on the growth and yield of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Singh, Sunil Kumar; Saini, B.C.
    This investigation was conducted to study the impact of soil and climatic factors on the growth and yield of 8 years old tea bushes grown in the research block of Tea Research Centre, Kausani of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Tea bushes were pruned in January 2003 and 130 kg nitrogen, 65 kg phosphorus and 130 kg potash /ha were applied in two equal doses in March and July every year. The present experiment was conducted during the years 2004 and 2005 under rainfed conditions. There were three treatments of plucking intervals and nine replications. Each plot consisted of 24 experimental bushes planted in double hedge system (105Х60Х60cm). Available water of experimental soil was 23.3 cm per meter of soil depth However, about 50% of available water is depleted at soil moisture potential higher than - 0.2Mpa. During 2004, total soil moisture in 90 cm soil profile was highest in July (32.7 cm) and lowest in the month of May (7.1 cm) and during March to May percent annual crop was 9.6 only. Total net radiation (Rn) above tea bushes was greatest in the month of May (14.6 MJ m-2 day-1) followed by June, April and March with Rn greater than 12 MJ m-2 day-1. In both years highest green leaf yield was obtained in 9 days plucking interval. In general, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was highest in 9 days plucking interval followed by 7 and 5 days plucking intervals. Green leaf yields were 5276, 5002 and 5532 kg/ha in 5, 7 and 9 days plucking intervals in 2004. Similarly, during the summer months of 2005, these values were 2450, 2301 and 3020 kg/ha in the same order. Highest green leaf yield was obtained in June (1354 kg/ha) and in April (1073 kg/ha) in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In the present study, average annual green leaf yield of 5274 kg/ha was obtained which may be further increased by exploiting the solar energy by providing irrigations during summer months and by providing mulch for water conservation. Suitable shade tree has the capacity of lowering the day temperature in summer and increasing the night temperature during winter and may also tried at tea plantations in Uttaranchal.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of nutrients and irrigation on the performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on a mollisol
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Mondal, Tarak Nath; Mishra, H.S.
    Field experiment was conducted during winter season, Nov to Feb (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) at Vegetable Research Centre of G. B. P. U. A. & T. Pantnagar, to study the effect of nutrients and irrigation on the performance of potato on a Mollisol, Haldi loam in potato variety (JW-160). The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation i.e. Control (I0), irrigation at 30 days after planting(I1) and irrigation at 30 and 50 days after planting(I2) and five levels of nutrients i.e. Control (F0), Zn Cu Mn B (F1), N100P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F2),N150P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F3), N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F4).Results of present investigation revealed that the application of irrigation at 30 and 50 days after planting (DAP) with N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B had significant effect on growth, yield attributing characters nutrient concentration of plant and tuber and nutrient uptake of tuber. Soil properties viz. available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Zinc, copper, manganese and Boron were improved by the irrigation and nutrient treatment imposed on potato crop. Highest water use efficiency found in control irrigation treatment and also maximum and minimum nutrient use efficiency found in control and N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B nutrient treatments. Correlation between tuber yield and soil properties highest in available phosphorus and correlation between tuber yield and growth and yield attributes was highest at 60 DAP shoot number. Thus, the results achieved from the present investigation overall demonstrated that application irrigation I2 and nutrient F4 treatment on potato crop increased tuber yield, it effect on soil properties, water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency under the condition of Tarai region of northern India.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient on soil properties, yield and uptake of nutrients in French bean and wheat under poplar based agroforestry system
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Rana, Susmita; Paul, Jai
    The investigation was undertaken during 2017-18 to study the effect of conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient on soil properties, yield and uptake of nutreints in french bean and wheat under poplar based agroforestry system at at old site of Agroforestry Research Centre, Patharchatta of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, The experiment comprised of nine different treatments having different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources which were replicated 3 times in randomized block design. The experimental soil was an Aquic Hapludoll with sandy loam texture. The soil sample were collected from surface and subsurface soil and results revealed the highest amount of organic carbon (1.52%), SOC stock (31.34 Mg ha-1), available N (340.77 kg ha-1), available P (24.93 kg ha-1), available K (239.68 kg ha-1) , DHA (384.52 μg TPF g-1 soil 24 h-1), phosphatase activity (292.59 μg PNP g-1 soil h-1) and SMBC (381.81 μg g-1 soil) was observed in treatment T7 (50% N through VC + FYM + 50% through RDF + inoculum) after harvesting of french bean. While after harvesting of the wheat crop, the highest amount of organic carbon (1.50%), SOC stock (28.94 Mg ha-1), available N (338.68 kg ha-1), available P (24.61 kg ha-1), available K (238.56 kg ha-1) , DHA (347.10 μg TPF g-1 soil 24 h-1), phosphatase activity (260.89 μg PNP g-1 soil h-1) and SMBC (365.42 μg g-1 soil) was observed in treatment T8 (100% NPK + FYM+ VC). The highest plant height (55.63cm), number of pods per plant (37.66), pod length (13.60 cm) and number of grains per pod (6.66) in french bean were observed in the T7 (50% N through VC + FYM + 50% through RDF + inoculum). While in wheat crop the highest plant height (96.77 cm), spike length (10.31 cm) and number of grain per ear (50.00) were recorded with the T8 (100% NPK + VC + FYM). The highest grain yield (25.5 q/ha), straw yield (29.53 q/ha) and biological yield (55.03 q/ha) of french bean were observed in treatment T7. On the other hand the highest grain yield (37.14 q/ha), straw yield (65.17 q/ha) and biological yield (102.31 q/ha) of wheat were recorded with the T8 (100% NPK + VC + FYM). Therefore, from this experiment it is concluded that the conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient i.e. T7 and T8 in french bean and wheat crop, respectively significantly improved the soil physiochemical, biological properties, crop growth, yield and nutrient uptake.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of promising rhizobia and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under water stress condition
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Lalit Kumar; Raverkar, K.P.
    The investigation was carried during 2018-2019 to study the effect of promising rhizobia and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under water stress condition. Pot experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2018 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment comprised sixteen treatment combinations having different rhizobial and plant growth promoting rhizobacterial isolates, with and without water stress at R5 stage which were replicated three times in completely randomized block design. The experiment soil was silty clay loam. Inoculation with PGPR isolate Pant 6, across the moisture regimes, supported the highest shoot length (122.67 cm) at R5 stage. Whereas under moisture stress condition dual inoculation with B. lianigense + Pant 6 produced the higher shoot length. Dual inoculation of B. dequigense + Pant 6 resulted in highest root length (79.00 cm) at R5 stage under moisture stress condition. Inoculation with B. lianigense supported the highest number of nodules (124 plant-1) under moisture stress condition. Overall dual inoculation with B. lianigense + Pant 6 (PGPR) resulted highest root volume (54.67 cm3 plant-1) at R5 stage similar result were obtained under moisture stress condition. Inoculation with B. lianigense +Pant 6 (PGPR) supported highest number of trifoliate leaves (40.22 plant -1) under moisture stress condition. Highest shoot dry weight was recorded with B. lianigense under moisture stress condition at R5 stage as well as at harvest. B. lianigense supported the highest dry root biomass under normal as well as moisture stress condition. B. dequigense + Pant 6 supported highest leaf chlorophyll ‘a’ in leaves (16.43 mg g-1) whereas under moisture stress Pant 2 + Pant 6 supported highest chlorophyll ‘b’ in leaves. Under normal as well as moisture stress conditions highest leaf relative water content was recorded with dual inoculation of Pant 2 + Pant 6. Under moisture stress Pant 6 (PGPR) recorded the highest leaf proline content(0.54%).Under moisture stress condition highest grain yield (10.40 g plant-1) was recorded with inoculation of B. dequigense + Pant 6 followed by with B.lianigense. It can be deduced from the study that inoculation with Bradyrhizobium lianigense, B. dequigense and Pant 6 (PGPR) under both the water regimes enhanced RWC in leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, dry biomass production and nutrient concentration and their uptake and yield. Under moisture stress microbial inoculants increased the proline content in leaves over uninoculated control. The results of the study indicate the potential of the promising rhizobial isolates alone or together with PGPR to mitigate the temporary moisture stress of 8-10 days in soybean.