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Theses

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2015 - 201935
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Subject: Soil Science × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of foliar and soil application of nutrients on yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status in rice crop
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Martolia, Ankita; Pant, A.K.
    The experiment entitled “EFFECT OF FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS ON YIELD,NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS IN RICE CROP ” was undertaken during kharif season of 2018 at Norman E. Borlogue Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (290 N latitude and 790 29’ E longitude). Ten different treatments viz. T1-Control(No fertilizer), T2-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (60:30:20)kg N,P2O5,K2O/ha, T3-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer(90:45:30)kg N,P2O5, K2O/ha, T4-100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer(120:60:40)kg N,P2O5,K2O/ha, T5-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T6-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T7-100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 0.5%urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T8-50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer +foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T9-75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage, T10- 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer+foliar spray @ 1% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage with three replications were laid out in randomized block design. Soil and crop parameters of rice were taken studied and analyzed to achieve the objectives of the experiment. In this experiment urea was used for foliar spray. The rate of urea applied was 2.3 kg/ha for 1% urea and 1.15 kg/ha for 0.5% urea at tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage. The result showed that soil and foliar application of nitrogen significantly influenced the growth and yield attributing characters viz. dry matter accumulation, no. of effective tillers per plant, no. of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield. Plant height was found highest in T7. The treatment T10 produced the highest grain yield (5.4 t /ha).The treatment T7 produced the highest straw yield (6.9 t /ha) of the crop. The lowest grain yield of (2.95 t/ha) and lowest straw yield of (4.54 t /ha) were recorded in treatment T1 (control).The N, P, K concentrations of rice grain and straw influenced significantly by soil and foliar application of urea. Soil properties i.e. pH, EC and organic carbon status after harvest were found non-significant with different treatments. Available N, P and K status were 274 kg /ha, 24.1 kg /ha and 114 kg /ha before sowing and the maximum soil available nitrogen (294.2 kg /ha), phosphorus (31.1 kg /ha) and potassium (134.9 kg /ha) status after harvest was recorded with treatment T10.The agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity was maximum in treatment T5. The overall results demonstrated that T10 treatment was better for obtaining higher grain yield, straw yield, higher NPK content of rice, soil nutrient status. Hence, soil application of recommended dose of urea can be replaced by soil application of urea coupled with three times foliar spray of urea solution for sustainable rice yield.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient on soil properties, yield and uptake of nutrients in French bean and wheat under poplar based agroforestry system
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Rana, Susmita; Paul, Jai
    The investigation was undertaken during 2017-18 to study the effect of conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient on soil properties, yield and uptake of nutreints in french bean and wheat under poplar based agroforestry system at at old site of Agroforestry Research Centre, Patharchatta of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, The experiment comprised of nine different treatments having different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources which were replicated 3 times in randomized block design. The experimental soil was an Aquic Hapludoll with sandy loam texture. The soil sample were collected from surface and subsurface soil and results revealed the highest amount of organic carbon (1.52%), SOC stock (31.34 Mg ha-1), available N (340.77 kg ha-1), available P (24.93 kg ha-1), available K (239.68 kg ha-1) , DHA (384.52 μg TPF g-1 soil 24 h-1), phosphatase activity (292.59 μg PNP g-1 soil h-1) and SMBC (381.81 μg g-1 soil) was observed in treatment T7 (50% N through VC + FYM + 50% through RDF + inoculum) after harvesting of french bean. While after harvesting of the wheat crop, the highest amount of organic carbon (1.50%), SOC stock (28.94 Mg ha-1), available N (338.68 kg ha-1), available P (24.61 kg ha-1), available K (238.56 kg ha-1) , DHA (347.10 μg TPF g-1 soil 24 h-1), phosphatase activity (260.89 μg PNP g-1 soil h-1) and SMBC (365.42 μg g-1 soil) was observed in treatment T8 (100% NPK + FYM+ VC). The highest plant height (55.63cm), number of pods per plant (37.66), pod length (13.60 cm) and number of grains per pod (6.66) in french bean were observed in the T7 (50% N through VC + FYM + 50% through RDF + inoculum). While in wheat crop the highest plant height (96.77 cm), spike length (10.31 cm) and number of grain per ear (50.00) were recorded with the T8 (100% NPK + VC + FYM). The highest grain yield (25.5 q/ha), straw yield (29.53 q/ha) and biological yield (55.03 q/ha) of french bean were observed in treatment T7. On the other hand the highest grain yield (37.14 q/ha), straw yield (65.17 q/ha) and biological yield (102.31 q/ha) of wheat were recorded with the T8 (100% NPK + VC + FYM). Therefore, from this experiment it is concluded that the conjoint use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrient i.e. T7 and T8 in french bean and wheat crop, respectively significantly improved the soil physiochemical, biological properties, crop growth, yield and nutrient uptake.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of promising rhizobia and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under water stress condition
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Lalit Kumar; Raverkar, K.P.
    The investigation was carried during 2018-2019 to study the effect of promising rhizobia and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under water stress condition. Pot experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2018 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment comprised sixteen treatment combinations having different rhizobial and plant growth promoting rhizobacterial isolates, with and without water stress at R5 stage which were replicated three times in completely randomized block design. The experiment soil was silty clay loam. Inoculation with PGPR isolate Pant 6, across the moisture regimes, supported the highest shoot length (122.67 cm) at R5 stage. Whereas under moisture stress condition dual inoculation with B. lianigense + Pant 6 produced the higher shoot length. Dual inoculation of B. dequigense + Pant 6 resulted in highest root length (79.00 cm) at R5 stage under moisture stress condition. Inoculation with B. lianigense supported the highest number of nodules (124 plant-1) under moisture stress condition. Overall dual inoculation with B. lianigense + Pant 6 (PGPR) resulted highest root volume (54.67 cm3 plant-1) at R5 stage similar result were obtained under moisture stress condition. Inoculation with B. lianigense +Pant 6 (PGPR) supported highest number of trifoliate leaves (40.22 plant -1) under moisture stress condition. Highest shoot dry weight was recorded with B. lianigense under moisture stress condition at R5 stage as well as at harvest. B. lianigense supported the highest dry root biomass under normal as well as moisture stress condition. B. dequigense + Pant 6 supported highest leaf chlorophyll ‘a’ in leaves (16.43 mg g-1) whereas under moisture stress Pant 2 + Pant 6 supported highest chlorophyll ‘b’ in leaves. Under normal as well as moisture stress conditions highest leaf relative water content was recorded with dual inoculation of Pant 2 + Pant 6. Under moisture stress Pant 6 (PGPR) recorded the highest leaf proline content(0.54%).Under moisture stress condition highest grain yield (10.40 g plant-1) was recorded with inoculation of B. dequigense + Pant 6 followed by with B.lianigense. It can be deduced from the study that inoculation with Bradyrhizobium lianigense, B. dequigense and Pant 6 (PGPR) under both the water regimes enhanced RWC in leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, dry biomass production and nutrient concentration and their uptake and yield. Under moisture stress microbial inoculants increased the proline content in leaves over uninoculated control. The results of the study indicate the potential of the promising rhizobial isolates alone or together with PGPR to mitigate the temporary moisture stress of 8-10 days in soybean.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization and screening of rhizobacterial isolates for their biocontrol activity against web blight and wilt diseases in mungbean
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Lohani, Abha; Pareek, Navneet
    The beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms have great potential to promote plant growth directly through their plant growth promoting traits and indirectly by suppressing the pathogens. These rhizobacteria employ various mechanisms to control pathogens. In this study the rhizobacterial isolates procured from Soil Microbilogy Laboratorty, Department of Soil Science, Central Analytical Laboratory and were tested for their biocontrol potential. They were undertaken various PGP and biochemical tests to study their antagonism against Fusarium moniliforme and Rhizoctonia solani causing wilt and web blight in mungbean. Further they were screened for antagonisms using dual culture plate method and later evaluated for growth promoting parameters using rolled paper towel method on 7th and 14th day of inoculation. Antagonistic activity on plates revealed that suppression of mycelia growth for both the pathogen ranged from 4 % to 69 % for Fusarium moniliforme and 21% to 80% for Rhizoctonia solani. Based on the results on plates 4 rhizobacterial isolates KB 133 (Stenotrophomonas rhizophilia), LG(2)RS1NA, BM (Bacillus megaterium) and 17 LA were selected. Seed treatment of mungbean with the selected isolates for evaluation of seedling growth parameters showed maximum significant increase in root length (116%, 117% for Fusarium moniliforme) and (119%, 128% for Rhizoctonia solani), shoot length (135%, 170% for Fusarium moniliforme) and (124%, 180% for Rhizoctonia solani) with maximum reduction in percentage of dead seeds, infected seedlings and seedling mortality (upto 0.0% for both pathogens) on 7th and 14th day, respectively in comparison to alone inoculation of the pathogens on seeds. Germination percentage was also higher for treatments having inoculation of the rhizobacterial isolates ranging from 94% to 100%. The properties of the isolates like production of IAA, siderophores, HCN, catalase and induction of defense responses helped in pathogen suppression. Thus suppression of pathogen and plant growth promoting abilities of the isolates showed increase in growth parameters. Based on their effect against both the pathogen isolate BM (Bacillus megaterium) was found to be most effective as biocontrol agent followed by LG(2)RS1NA, 17 LA and KB 133 (Stenotrophomonas rhizophilia). The present study revealed the potential role of these bioagents in biocontrol of web blight and wilt diseases in mungbean.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimization of integrated nutrient recommendations through soil test crop response approach for forage oats (Avena sativa L.) grown in a mollisol
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Jhinkwan, Shalini; Singh, Sobaran
    Field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Centre during 2018-19 of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand) to optimize Integrated Nutrient Recommendations through Soil Test Crop Response approach for forage oats grown in Mollisols. The experiment was conducted as per the technical programme and methodology of AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response. In first phase soil fertility gradient was created by dividing experimental field into three equal strips and applying graded doses of fertilizers in these strips and growing of exhaust crop of wheat. In the second phase, first crop of crop rotation i.e. maize was grown. In the third phase, second crop of crop rotation which was test crop i.e. Forage oats (var. Pant Forage Oat-3) was grown by dividing each strip into 24 plots having 21 treated and 3 control. Response of forage oats to selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1), four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1), four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) at different soil fertility levels was studied. The value of organic carbon, Alkaline-KMnO4 extractable nitrogen, Olsen’s phosphorus and neutral normal NH4OAc extractable potassium in the experimental field ranged between 0.47 to 1.01 per cent, 75.26 to 150.53 kg N ha-1, 10.77 to 31.68 kg P ha-1 and 117.60 to 176.96 kg K ha-1 respectively. The average value of forage yield was 525.99 q ha-1. Total average uptake of N, P and K was 146.31, 17.45 and 169.56 kg ha-1, respectively. Nutrient requirement to produce one quintal forage yield, forage oats required 0.27 kg of nitrogen, 0.03 kg of phosphorus (P) and 0.32 kg of potassium (K). Per cent contribution of N, P and K was 71.37, 33.72 and 59.93 from soil and 73, 7.51 and 90.37 from FYM, 89.57, 50.84 and 302.72 from chemical fertilizer and 102.43, 52.93 and 351.54 from conjoint use of chemical fertilizer with FYM. With the help of basic data, fertilizer adjustment equations were developed for conjoint use of fertilizers and FYM. Coefficient of determination (R2) was found highly significant (0.7954*) between forage yield, soil test values, applied fertilizer doses, their interaction and also FYM. Maximum response of forage oats to fertilizers was obtained at 80 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O ha-1. Forage yield was also significantly correlated with growth parameter of forage oats. Findings could be used as guide for efficient fertilizer management of forage oats grown in Mollisols of Uttarakhand, which provides not only balanced nutrition to crop but may also fetch good profitability.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different land uses on carbon fractions and storage in a mollisol
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Basta Ram; Singh, Ajeet Pratap
    The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different land uses on carbon fraction and storage in a Mollisol. The study area was located at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, which lies at 290 N latitude, 790 3’ E longitude and 243.84 m above the mean sea level altitude. The land use systems selected for study were S1 (rice – potato – okra), S2 (rice – pea (vegetable) – maize), S3 (sorghum multicut (fodder) – yellow sarson – black gram), S4 (rice – wheat – green gram), S5 (rice –berseem + oat + mustard (fodder) – maize + cowpea (fodder)), S6 (guava + lemon), S7 (poplar + turmeric), S8 (eucalyptus + turmeric), S9 (fallow (uncultivated land)). The soil samples were collected from D1 (0-15 cm depth), D2 (15-30 cm depth), D3 (30-45 cm depth) and D4 (45-60 cm depth) for analysed soil physical properties (soil colour, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity) and carbon fractions (organic carbon, active fraction and passive fraction). Among the different land use systems S9 treatment showed significantly high value as .The highest value of pH, EC, bulk density and water holding capacity was reported with D4 depth (7.59), with D1 depth (0.289 dSm-1), with D4 depth (1.47 g cm-3) and with D1 depth (55.47 %), respectively. While the lowest value was observed with D1 depth (7.51), with D4 depth (0.244 dSm-1), with D1 depth (1.38 g cm-3) and with D4 depth (50.15 %), respectively. Active carbon fraction (very labile and labile carbon) of organic carbon was more found in D1 (0-15 cm) and D2 (15-30 cm) depth among different depth. Highest passive carbon fraction (less labile and non labile carbon) of soil organic carbon was obtained under D3 (30-45 cm) and D4 (45-60 cm) depth. Agroforestry based land use systems (S8 and S7) was having more amount of active and passive carbon fraction among different land use systems
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STCR approach for optimizing integrated plant nutrients supply to obtain better growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Luthra, Nidhi; Srivastava, Ajaya
    A field experiment was conducted during the year 2017-18 in an Aquic Hapludoll at D7 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar under AICRP on soil test crop response (STCR) correlation to develop fertilizer adjustment equation for computing nutrient doses for target yield of hybrid maize on the basis of initial soil fertility. Response of hybrid maize to selected combination of three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1), four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) of hybrid maize at different fertility levels was studied. Chemical analysis was performed to estimate organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status in the soil. Nutrient requirement to produce one quintal of hybrid maize grain was found to be 2.17 kg, 0.46 kg, and 2.74 kg of N, P and K, respectively. Per cent contribution of N, P and K was 33.14, 26.80 and 22.71 from soil and 45.21, 14.44 and 39.40 from FYM, 58.18, 62.68 and 420.4 from chemical fertilizer and 62.36, 63.52 and 427.61 from combined use of chemical fertilizer with FYM. Fertilizer adjustment equations were developed with and without FYM with the help of basic data. Coefficient of determination (R2) was found highly significant (0.7312**) between grain yield, soil test values, added fertilizers and interaction between soil and fertilizer. Suitability of soil test methods was also evaluated by R2 value of multiple regression equation and concluded that Olsen’s and Normal neutral NH4OAC methods are suitable for the determination of phosphorus and potassium, respectively, for Hybrid maize crop grown on Mollisol of Uttarakhand. Findings could be used as guide for efficient fertilizer management for hybrid maize grown in Mollisol of Uttarakhand, which provides not only balanced nutrition to crop but also may fetch good profitability.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Status of some extractable macro- and micro-nutrients in soils of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Bhattacharya, Sayantika; Pachauri, S.P.
    A GPS based soil survey was conducted in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand to analyze general soil properties, status of extractable macro-nutrients (P, K Ca, Mg, S), micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, Mo) in the soils of that district and to study the relationship between general soil properties and soil extractable nutrients. A total of 300 surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected from the all nine blocks of Chamoli district. In the soils of Chamoli district, soil texture ranged from sandy loam to clay loam, soil pH (1:2 soil water suspension) varied from 4.8 -8.29, electrical conductivity varied from 0.170 - 5.431 dSm-1 and Soil organic carbon content varied from 3.14 – 30.72 g kg-1 soil. Among the macro-nutrients, Olsen’s and Bray’s extractable P varied from 1.41 – 47.20 mg kg-1 soil, neutral normal ammonium acetate extractable K content varied from 24.82 – 269.11 mg kg-1 soil, Soil exchangeable Ca and Mg content varied from 20 – 1620 mg kg-1 and 12 – 288 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The 0.15% CaCl2 extractable S content varied from 1.23 – 26.64 mg kg-1 soil. The DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn content varied from 0.09 – 15.41 mg kg-1, 0.08 – 9.03 mg kg-1, 3.13 – 84.22 mg kg-1 and 1.93 – 54.96 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. Hot water soluble B content varied from 0.23 – 2.61 mg kg-1 soil and ammonium oxalate (pH 3.3) extractable Mo content varied from 0.18 – 1.36 mg kg-1 soil. The simple correlation studies show that soil pH had a significant and positive correlation with soil extractable P, Ca, S, B and Mo but a negative correlation with extractable Cu, Fe and Mn. Soil EC had a significant and positive correlation with extractable P, K, Mg, S, Fe, B and Mo. Soil organic carbon had a significant and positive correlation with extractable K. On the basis of calculated nutrient indices (N.I.), the soils of Chamoli district were acidic to slightly alkaline in reaction, low in soil extractable S, medium in extractable K and Zn, High in organic carbon content, extractable P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, B and Mo with sporadic cases of Zn, Cu and B deficiency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of long term application of fertilizer and crop residues on soil properties and crop yield under rice–wheat system in a mollisol
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-04) Negi, Jyoti; Singh, Ajeet Pratap
    The present experiment “Effect of long term application of fertilizer and crop residues on soil properties and crop yield under rice-wheat system in a Mollisol” was carried out during kharif – rabi season of 2015-16 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid in RBD and replicated four times with twelve treatments. The soil pH and EC ranged from 7.25 to 7.63, 0.27 to 0.33 dSm-1, respectively. Experimental findings indicated that application of chemical fertilizer with organic residues non-significantly influenced soil pH and EC. The content of organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and available micronutrient cations Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu improved significantly over the control. The content of organic carbon, N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe ranged from 0.56 to 1.14%, 221.37 to 327.61 Kg ha-1, 14.04 to 26.46 Kg ha-1, 112.63 to 133.72 Kg ha-1, 16.88 to 30.42 mg kg-1, 0.57 to 2.95 mg kg-1, 1.97 to 5.41 mg kg-1, 4.64 to 7.75 mg kg-1 and 20.56 to 34.83 mg kg-1, respectively. The partial replacement of N through FYM, wheat straw and mung straw caused significant improvement in soil properties and crop yield. The grain yield of rice and wheat in the year 2015-2016 ranged from 2552.7 to 5700.7, 1850.0 to 4315.7 Kg ha-1, respectively. The partial replacement of N through FYM, wheat straw and mung straw caused significant improvement in soil properties and crop yield. The treatment where 50 per cent N was applied through FYM, 25 per cent through FYM, where 50 per cent N was applied through mung straw and 50 per cent through wheat straw were found best among all the treatments and improves soil properties, nutrient content as well as yield. The Farmyard manure and green gram straw were observed to be the best organic sources of N for substitution of chemical N, with respect to soil fertility and grain yield. It is concluded from this study that continuous use of crop residues in partial replacement of fertilizer significantly improved the soil properties, nutrient status of the soil and crop yield.