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Open Access
Impact of long-term balanced and imbalanced use of fertilizers on soil quality and productivity in rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Bhat, Manoj Kumar; Raverkar, K.P.
Open Access
Characterization and evaluation of lentil rhizobial isolates from N-W Himalayas for nodulation and yield
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Kaphaliya, Rashmi; Pareek, Navneet
Open Access
Genetic variations in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes for nodulation by native soil rhizobia
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Bhandari, Geetanjali; Narendra Kumar
Open Access
Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil carbon storage and enzymatic activity under rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-05) Sumit Kumar; Jai Paul
An ongoing long-term field experiment established in 1983 on beni silty clay loam soil at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballaph Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand (India) was selected to study the long term effect of various rates of chemical fertilizers and fertilizer substitution with organic manures (farmyard manure, mung straw and wheat straw). Continuous application of fertilizers either alone or in combination with organic sources decreased the soil pH with lowest pH value of 7.01 in the treatments where 25% of recommended dose of N-fertilizers was substituted by mung straw. However, a reverse trend was obtained in case of EC of soil with maximum increase of 46% in treatment where integration of fertilizers and FYM was done in 50: 50 ratio. But no significant difference was observed in values of soil bulk density among different treatments upto 30 cm depth. Continuous cultivation of rice-wheat cropping system for 32 years could not sustain the initial level of N in all the treatments however level of soil phosphorus was increased in all the treatments over initial value with maximum increase of 48% in treatment where recommended dose of nitrogen was applied through both fertilizers and mung straw. The level of available potassium was decreased with sole application of fertilizers but increased slightly with integration of fertilizers with either FYM or mung straw. In both surface and sub-surface soil organic carbon content was increased significantly in treatments receiving either fertilizers alone or in combination with organic manures over control, however, none of the treatment was able to maintain initial soil organic carbon status. Integrated nutrient management raised organic carbon content to a higher level as compared to fertilizers alone. Similar trend was followed in soil organic carbon stock and total carbon. In surface soil highest values of soil organic carbon (1.19%), soil organic carbon stock (22.49 t ha-1) and total carbon (1.57%) were observed in treatments where 50% of N-fertilizer was substituted through mung straw. Active pool (Cfrac1 and Cfrac2) of soil organic carbon contributed more to total carbon in comparison to contribution of passive pool (Cfrac3 and Cfrac4). Application of inorganic fertilizers cause slight increase in carbon fractions but increase was higher when integrated nutrient management was done. In the surface soil Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3, and Cfrac4 constituted about 32.4-37.3%, 15.7-16.4%, 6.9-8.2%, 17.0-22.3% respectively, of total carbon and about 27.8-32.0%, 14.2-15.9%, 3.9-7.2% and 17.3-21.7% respectively, of total carbon in the sub-surface soil. Maximum increase of 78.02% in urease activity was recorded in the treatment where 50% of recommended fertilizer dose substituted through green gram straw. Maximum increase of 84.0%, 76.38% and 130.27% in dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acidc phosphatase activity, respectively was recorded in the treatment where 50% of RDF was substituted through FYM. So, it can be concluded that farmyard manure and green gran straw were best organic sources with respect to soil fertility and can be used as substitute of chemical fertilizers.
Open Access
Effect of nutrient management strategies on nutrients dynamics under long term fertilizer experiment with rice-wheat cropping system on a mollisol
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Sirari, Pradeep; Shri Ram
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers on chemical fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Mollisol at G.B. Pant University Pantnagar during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Observed results showed that application of 100% NPK+FYM gave highest yield of rice (51.87 and 51.13 q ha-1) and wheat (49.73 and 48.63 q ha-1) during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively, which was significantly higher than all other fertilizer treatments. In surface soil nutrients status was higher in comparison to sub-surface soil depths. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain and straw of rice and wheat under different treatments showed significant results. Treatments 100%NPK+FYM produced highest N, P and K uptake by grain and straw and it was followed by treatment 100% NPK + Zn in both years. The lowest uptake by grain and straw of both crops was recorded in control for both the years of experimentation. A declining trends in soil organic carbon due to continuous use of fertilizers and cropping was recorded and very minute change in pH and electrical conductivity was observed. Total N in soil under all fertilizer treatments ranged from 567 to 915 mg kg-1 during 2013-14 and 563 to 932 mg kg-1 during 2014-15, respectively. Fractions of nitrogen in surface soil (0-15cm) ranged from 15.90 to 27.18, 7.00 to 18.10, 477 to 689 and 24.12 to 76.66 mg kg-1 of ammonical-N, nitrate-N, total hydrolysable-N and amino sugar-N, respectively in both years. Phosphorus fractions (available P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Saloid P and total P) and K fractions (available K, water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and total K) showed almost similar results as observed with N fractions under different fertilizer treatments in both crops at all depths of soils. The continuous use of 100% NPK along with FYM in rice-wheat cropping system significantly improved the soil properties, nutrient status and crops yields. The nutrients (N, P and K) uptake by rice and wheat were highest under 100% NPK+FYM (T8) treatment in both kharif and rabi season during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively and thus it showed beneficial effect on soil fertility and yield and crop yields. Balanced use of fertilizers as 100% NPK + Zn showed higher crop yields, nutrients uptake and nutrients movement in soil as compared to 100%N+Zn and 50% NPK treatments. Significantly higher values of N, P and K fractions were found in top soils as compared to lower depths soils. Among the N, P and K fractions, NH4-N, NO3-N, Ca-P, Al-P, Exchangeable-K, soluble K were highly correlated to affect crop yields and nutrients uptakes by rice and wheat crops.
Open Access
Soil carbon dynamics and biological health of mollisols under balanced and imbalanced long-term fertilization in rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mohammad Yaseen; Raverkar, K.P.
Open Access
Effect of fungicides and nodulation, nitrogen fixation, rhizosphere microbial and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Labanya, Rini; Narendra Kumar
Open Access
Effect of concentration and mode of application of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on germination, growth and zinc use efficiency by wheat and field pea
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Renu; Dwivedi, G.K.
Open Access
Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculta (L).Walp) to varying water table conditions in tarai soil of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Tiwari, Rajnish Kumar; Kushwaha, H.S.
An experiment was conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 290N, Longitude 79030’ E and Altitude 243.84 m above MSL) during summer season of 2016 to study the growth, development, root length and root length density and major nutrients leached with percolation water, yield and yield attributes, evapotranspiration, water requirement, water use efficiency and crop coefficients of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculta (L.) Walp)) cv. Pant Lobia-1 under three irrigation schedules viz. CPE 100, 150 and 200 mm, two irrigation methods viz. flood and sprinkler in lysimeters filled with silty clay loam soil and associated with 30±1.5, 60±1.5 and 90±1.5 cm water table depths during the season. The experiment was under three factorial RBD with eighteen irrigation treatment combinations. The analyzed data of the experiment has indicated that maximum plant height of 84.72 cm of Cowpea crop was obtained in lysimeters associated with 60±1.5 cm water table depth. However, maximum number of leaves per plant (62.5), and maximum number of branches per plant (8.16) were obtained in lysimeters in which 30±1.5 cm water table depth was maintained. Cowpea crop receiving 6 irrigations at CPE 100 gave maximum plant height (82.37 cm), number of leaves per plant (56.70) and number of branches per plant (7.28). Sprinkler method of irrigation gave better results of all growth and development parameters over flood method of irrigation. Number of grains per pod, number of pod per plant, length of pod and 100 seed weight were more under 60±1.5 cm water table depth. Root length (179.68 cm) and root length density (0.35 cm cm-3) were found to be maximum in lysimeters in which 60±1.5 cm water table depth was maintained. Results also indicated maximum grain yield of 1017.57 kg ha-1 of Cowpea in irrigation treatment in which irrigations were scheduled based on CPE 100 mm using sprinkler method and in lysimeters associated with 60±1.5 cm water table depth. Maximum water use efficiency (WUE) of Cowpea (1.20 kg ha-1mm-1) in lysimeters was obtained as when irrigations were given based on CPE 100 mm under medium (60±1.5 cm) water table conditions. Results also showed remarkably higher grain yield and yield attributes in lysimeters, when crop was irrigated at CPE 100 mm receiving a total of 6 irrigations using sprinkler method of irrigation. Total water use varied from 705.81 to 1134.75 mm among various irrigation treatment combinations and water table depths. Crop coefficient (Kc) for cowpea crop as calculated from potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration measured from lysimeters ranged from 0.42 at one week after sowing to 0.83 at flowering stage during mid season and then declined to 0.48 as crop approached towards maturity. However, the average value of Kc was found to be 0.57 during the crop season. At the time of harvesting of crop, the minimum bulk density of lysimeter soil was 1.35 Mg m-3 and its maximum hydraulic conductivity of 17.84 cm day-1 was observed under shallow water table of 30±1.5 cm. After at harvesting time surplus amount of available N (254273 kg ha-1), P205 (15.04-17.47 kg ha-1) and K2O (169.71-198.61 kg ha-1) remained in the soil. Significant losses of nitrate-N (9.28-14.09 mg L-1), ammonical-N (2.80-3.95 mg L-1), P205 (1.15- 1.56 mg L-1) and K2O (1.43- 1.75 mg L-1) in drained water were observed due to variations in water table depth, irrigation schedules and methods of irrigation. Thus it can be concluded from this study that scheduling of irrigation to Cowpea crop under conditions of medium water table (60±1.5 cm) based on CPE 100 mm using sprinkler method of irrigation is most favorable technique for better yield and maximum WUE of Cowpea c.v. Pant Lobia-1 in tarai conditions of Uttarakhand. Cowpea crop can be taken as an additional crop during summer season for economic benefits. It is a need of the hour to produce more per drop of water due to scarcity of water due to drying of water resources and rainfall variability due to climate change.

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