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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of irrigation on growth, yield and water requirement of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) under varying water table conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Jha, Kanchan; Kushwaha, H.S.Lysimeter and field experiments with Wheat crop var. UP-2425 were conducted at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 29 oN, Longitude 79o 30` E and Altitude 243.84 m amsl) to know the effect of various irrigation treatments on growth, yield and water use by wheat crop during rabi season of 2007-08. Six irrigation treatments in lysimeters associated with three water tables viz; 30, 60 and 90 cm included I0 (rainfed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 65 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 21, 45 and 80 DAS), I4 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) in lysimeters as well as in field experiments. The analysis of data in lysimeter with six irrigation schedule, three water tables and in field with six irrigation treatment revealed that the optimum water use with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeter with 60 cm water table was 636.06 mm and 329.09 mm, respectively for better growth and development as well as for higher wheat yield. Maximum height of the crop (91.57, 86.96 cm, respectively), maximum number of leaves per plant (8.90, 7.05) and maximum number of tillers per plant (1.10, 1.58 respectively) were observed for irrigations scheduled at 40 per cent depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table and under field experiment at 135 DAS. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 per cent flowering were 81.00, 79.62 days and for 75 per cent flowering 82.50, 82.75 days, respectively. However, the optimum grain yield was observed to be 53.06, 38.83 q ha-1 with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeters and in field conditions, respectively. The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for both yield and water use efficiency in lysimeter and field plots.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated nutrient and water management under drip irrigation system for litchi orchard(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Joshi, Ganga; Srivastava, P.C.The present investigation was carried out during 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Horticultural Research Centre, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, District Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand), to study the effect of integrated nutrient and water management under drip irrigation system in a six year old litchi (cv. Rose scented) orchard, planted at 5m distance in square geometry. The treatments comprised the combinations of four levels of fertilizer viz., no fertilizer and 75,100 and 125% RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer); one level of conventional and three levels of drip irrigation maintained at 50, 75 and 100% of estimated irrigation water requirement and two levels of mulching viz., without mulch and with black polythene mulch. The maximum plant height, plant spread and tree volume were recorded with the use of black polythene mulch + drip irrigation at 100% of estimated irrigation water requirement + 125%RDF. Both at the stages of maturation of September flush and 50% flowering, the maximum contents of N, S, B and Zn in leaves were recorded with the application of black polythene mulch + drip irrigation at 100% of estimated irrigation water requirement +125%RDF while the maximum contents of P and K were noted with black polythene mulch + drip irrigation at 75% of estimated irrigation water requirement +100%RDF in both the years. The minimum fruit drop and fruit cracking and maximum fruit yield/tree and better fruit quality were recorded with black polythene mulch + drip irrigation at 100% of estimated irrigation water requirement +100%RDF. As regards the effects of tissue age on the nutrient content of leaves, it was noted that NPK contents were higher in the immature tissue as compared to the matured leaves while the contents of S, B and Zn were higher in matured leaves. The maximum contents of available N, P, K, S, B and Zn in soil were noted under treatment receiving the black polythene mulch + drip irrigation at 100% estimated irrigation water requirement +125%RDF. Application of black polythene mulch with drip irrigation maintained an optimum temperature during winter and summer upto 15 cm soil depth and increased the microbial biomass carbon.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium ciceri and PGPR (Pseudomonas sp.) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Sahai, Pratibha; Ramesh ChandraStudies were conducted to develop suitable growth media for liquid inoculant of Mesorhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp., and to examine the effect of nutrient stresses on survival of these organismts under laboratory conditions. Shelf life of these inoculants and their survival on chickpea seed was also examined. Survival of Mesorhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. was found maximum in YEM-2 and NB-1 medium as compared to YEM-1, YEM-3 and NB-2, NB-3 media. Optimum levels of C and N sources in liquid broth showed better survival than reduced level of these nutrients. Shelf life of liquid inoculants was greater than carrier based inoculants. Refrigerated conditions gave better survival than room temperature conditions. The performance of liquid and carrier based inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. was also compared under field conditions. Carrier based of Mesorhizobium sp. increased nodule number from 20.3 to 68.7 and nodule dry weight from 22.1 to 98.8 % over uninoculated control at different crop age and its liquid inoculant gave respective increases from 62.6 to 69.2 % and 36.8 to 190.6 %. Carrier based inoculant of Pseudomonas sp. also gave significant increases in nodule number from 36.6 to 66.2 % and nodule dry weight from 30.9 to 109.8 % at different intervals. Respective increases with liquid inoculant of Pseudomonas sp. were 61.1 to 84.6 % and 41.7 to 143.8 %. Dual inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp. + Pseudomonas sp. with either carrier or liquid inoculants gave better nodulation than their inoculation alone. Different inoculants increased grain yield from 8.5 to 23.2 %, straw yield from 12.1 to 31.0 %, nitrogen content in grain and straw from 15.2 to 40.4 % and 3.8 to 60.0 %, phosphorus content in grain and straw from 6.0 to 21.7 % and 18.3 to 109.2 %, respectively over uninoculated control. Respective increases in nitrogen uptake were from 14.41 to 72.2 % and 18.3 to 109.2 %, phosphorus uptake from 11.2 to 40.2 % and 20.6 to 105.6 %. The different inoculation treatments also increased the available nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil. Soil dehydrogenase activity increased from 4.8 to 16.1 %, microbial biomass carbon from 12.0 to 36.4 % and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity from 8.6 to 21.3 % and 9.1 to 41.1 %, respectively, over uninoculated control, due to inoculation of treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Quantitative clay mineralogical characterization of the soils of Tarai and hill regions of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Joshi, Aparna; Agnihotri, A.K.
