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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of irrigation on growth, yield and water requirement of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) under varying water table conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Jha, Kanchan; Kushwaha, H.S.Lysimeter and field experiments with Wheat crop var. UP-2425 were conducted at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 29 oN, Longitude 79o 30` E and Altitude 243.84 m amsl) to know the effect of various irrigation treatments on growth, yield and water use by wheat crop during rabi season of 2007-08. Six irrigation treatments in lysimeters associated with three water tables viz; 30, 60 and 90 cm included I0 (rainfed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 65 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 21, 45 and 80 DAS), I4 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) in lysimeters as well as in field experiments. The analysis of data in lysimeter with six irrigation schedule, three water tables and in field with six irrigation treatment revealed that the optimum water use with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeter with 60 cm water table was 636.06 mm and 329.09 mm, respectively for better growth and development as well as for higher wheat yield. Maximum height of the crop (91.57, 86.96 cm, respectively), maximum number of leaves per plant (8.90, 7.05) and maximum number of tillers per plant (1.10, 1.58 respectively) were observed for irrigations scheduled at 40 per cent depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table and under field experiment at 135 DAS. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 per cent flowering were 81.00, 79.62 days and for 75 per cent flowering 82.50, 82.75 days, respectively. However, the optimum grain yield was observed to be 53.06, 38.83 q ha-1 with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeters and in field conditions, respectively. The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for both yield and water use efficiency in lysimeter and field plots.ThesisItem Open Access Response of irrigation on water requirement of european dill (Anethum graveolens Linn.) under varting water table conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Pradhan, Yudhishthira; Gupta, O.P.A lysimeter experiment with European dill crop at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Rabi season of 2004-05 with six irrigation schedule viz., I0 (rain-fed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 42 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM), I4 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 80 per cent depletion of ASM), three water table viz., W1(30 cm), W2(60 cm) and W3(90 cm) was conducted. Analysis of results showed that of six irrigation schedules, three water tables the optimum water requirement (785.67 mm) was at irrigation at 40% depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table for better growth and development and higher yield and yield attributes. Maximum height of the crop (154.65), number of leaves per plant (719.20), leaf area (0.965 cm2) was observed for irrigation schedule at 40% depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table at 150 DAS. Maximum number of umbels per plant (15.97), umbellates per umbel (39.17) and branches per plant (2.75) was observed at 60 cm deep water table. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 % flowering is 97 days and for 75% flowering was as 107.50. Grain yield was observed to be optimum at 60 cm water table (28.56 q/ha) with irrigation at 40% depletion of ASM. The optimum dry matter yield (32.34 q/ha) was observed at 60 cm water table. The crop coefficient for European dill was maximum (1.87) for 30 cm water table, followed by 60 cm water table (1.80) and minimum for 90 cm water table (1.65). The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for yield and water use efficiency being maximum (3.635) for 60 cm water table with irrigation at 40 % depletion of ASM.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of puddling on soil properties and performance of rice crop(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-03) Girdhari Lal; Tripathi, R.P.A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District U. S. Nagar (Uttaranchal) to evaluate the effect of puddling on soil properties and performance of rice crop. The experiment was laidout in Split plot design with five puddling levels viz., 1 pass (PR1), 2 passes (PR2), 3 passes (PR3), 4 passes (PR4) and 5 passes (PR5) of rotavator as main plot treatments and residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) as subplot treatments in four replications. Results showed that puddling raised rice yield upto 4 -passes of rotavator but greatly altered soil physical properties which may not be advantageous to the following non-rice crop. Puddling significantly increased puddling index (58 to 81 per cent),and bulk density (1.43 to 1.57Mg/m3) and decreased porosity (45.94 to 40.46 percent), infiltration rate (20.86 to 9.25mm/d) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (21.16 to 13.39mm/d). The grain yield of rice (6237 kg/ha) was maximum under 4-passes of rotavator but was statistically equal to that obtained under 3-passes of rotavator. The lowest grain yield (5540 kg/ha) was observed under 1-pass of rotavatorThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Azotobacter strains for nitrogen fixation, survival, soil fertility, plant growth and nutrient uptake by maize (Zea mays L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Gupta, Shilpi; Singh, H.P.Laboratory and greenhouse studies were undertaken to isolate, characterize and identify different strains of Azotobacter (AZO) isolated from soil. Relative performance of isolated strains and responses to inoculation with efficient Azotobacter strain and graded doses of fertilizer nitrogen with or without FYM addition were assessed in terms of plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot of maize, N uptake, microbial population in soil and available N, P and K in soil at 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS). Based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, 19 strains of Azotobacter were isolated which differed in nitrogen fixing capacity to a great extent under bacteriologically controlled condition ranging from 1.79 to 9.84 mg N fixed per 25 mL broth culture, the maximum being with AZO-NMS4 strain which was about 8 times more than the lowest nitrogen-fixing AZO-NMS7 strain. The different strains of Azotobacter significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, uptake of N, P and K by maize shoot, available NPK in soil and population of Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi in soil over the uninoculated control at 60 DAS. The numbers of low, medium and high responsive strains in terms of increased shoot dry weight were 2, 11 and 6 strains, respectively. Inoculation with an efficient strain Azotobacter, FYM and graded doses of nitrogen in different combinations significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot of maize, uptake of nutrients, microbial population in soil and availability of N, P and K in soil at 70 DAS. Inoculation with Azotobacter alone, FYM alone and AZO+FYM significantly increased dry weight of maize shoot in successive significant manner which was 58.30 %, 138.47 % and 174.61 % more than the control, respectively. The maximum (328.53 % more than control) shoot dry weight was recorded with N-210 treatment which was statistically similar to AZO+FYM+N-80 treatment followed by AZO+FYM+N-60 treatment combination. Further, it has been recorded that AZO+FYM+N-60 treatment combination was statistically at par with application of N @ 120 kg ha-1 in increasing the majority of the parameters studied indicating a saving of 60 kg N ha-1 through the integrated use of biofertilizer, FYM and inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer for obtaining maximum and sustainable crop yield.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of soil and climatic factors and plucking intervals on the growth and yield of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Singh, Sunil Kumar; Saini, B.C.This investigation was conducted to study the impact of soil and climatic factors on the growth and yield of 8 years old tea bushes grown in the research block of Tea Research Centre, Kausani of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Tea bushes were pruned in January 2003 and 130 kg nitrogen, 65 kg phosphorus and 130 kg potash /ha were applied in two equal doses in March and July every year. The present experiment was conducted during the years 2004 and 2005 under rainfed conditions. There were three treatments of plucking intervals and nine replications. Each plot consisted of 24 experimental bushes planted in double hedge system (105Х60Х60cm). Available water of experimental soil was 23.3 cm per meter of soil depth However, about 50% of available water is depleted at soil moisture potential higher than - 0.2Mpa. During 2004, total soil moisture in 90 cm soil profile was highest in July (32.7 cm) and lowest in the month of May (7.1 cm) and during March to May percent annual crop was 9.6 only. Total net radiation (Rn) above tea bushes was greatest in the month of May (14.6 MJ m-2 day-1) followed by June, April and March with Rn greater than 12 MJ m-2 day-1. In both years highest green leaf yield was obtained in 9 days plucking interval. In general, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was highest in 9 days plucking interval followed by 7 and 5 days plucking intervals. Green leaf yields were 5276, 5002 and 5532 kg/ha in 5, 7 and 9 days plucking intervals in 2004. Similarly, during the summer months of 2005, these values were 2450, 2301 and 3020 kg/ha in the same order. Highest green leaf yield was obtained in June (1354 kg/ha) and in April (1073 kg/ha) in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In the present study, average annual green leaf yield of 5274 kg/ha was obtained which may be further increased by exploiting the solar energy by providing irrigations during summer months and by providing mulch for water conservation. Suitable shade tree has the capacity of lowering the day temperature in summer and increasing the night temperature during winter and may also tried at tea plantations in Uttaranchal.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nutrients and irrigation on the performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on a mollisol(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Mondal, Tarak Nath; Mishra, H.S.Field experiment was conducted during winter season, Nov to Feb (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) at Vegetable Research Centre of G. B. P. U. A. & T. Pantnagar, to study the effect of nutrients and irrigation on the performance of potato on a Mollisol, Haldi loam in potato variety (JW-160). The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation i.e. Control (I0), irrigation at 30 days after planting(I1) and irrigation at 30 and 50 days after planting(I2) and five levels of nutrients i.e. Control (F0), Zn Cu Mn B (F1), N100P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F2),N150P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F3), N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B (F4).Results of present investigation revealed that the application of irrigation at 30 and 50 days after planting (DAP) with N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B had significant effect on growth, yield attributing characters nutrient concentration of plant and tuber and nutrient uptake of tuber. Soil properties viz. available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Zinc, copper, manganese and Boron were improved by the irrigation and nutrient treatment imposed on potato crop. Highest water use efficiency found in control irrigation treatment and also maximum and minimum nutrient use efficiency found in control and N200P100K100 Zn Cu Mn B nutrient treatments. Correlation between tuber yield and soil properties highest in available phosphorus and correlation between tuber yield and growth and yield attributes was highest at 60 DAP shoot number. Thus, the results achieved from the present investigation overall demonstrated that application irrigation I2 and nutrient F4 treatment on potato crop increased tuber yield, it effect on soil properties, water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency under the condition of Tarai region of northern India.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of temperature on decomposition of wheat straw and nutrient release in mollisols(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Joshi, Ganga; Mishra, B.A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the influence of temperature on decomposition of wheat straw and nutrient release in Mollisols. For this study representative samples of three soils viz. Phoolbagh clay loam, Haldi loam and Patherchatta sandy loam were taken and wheat straw was applied @ 4.544 g/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 15, 25 and 35°C for 90 days. The evolution of carbon dioxide from soils was measured quantitatively following the alkali trap method. The soils differed significantly with regard to CO2 evolution. Haldi loam showed the highest CO2 evolution while Patherchatta sandy loam recorded the lowest, irrespective of temperature. The rate of CO2 evolution from all the soils was highest during the first six days of incubation and lowest at the end of incubation period. The CO2 evolution at 35°C was significantly greater than at 25 and 15°C at all dates of observation. At the end of incubation period in Phoolbagh clay loam 24.6, 38.4 and 59.6 percent carbon from added wheat straw was lost at 15, 25 and 35°C, respectively. In Haldi loam the corresponding values of wheat straw carbon loss was 22.4, 37.9 and 52.7 percent and in Patherchatta sandy loam 21.1, 31.8 and 45.3 percent, respectively. Out of two mathematical models viz. power function model and first order kinetic model the power function model showed better fitness with wheat straw carbon loss data with lower RMSE and higher R2 values than first order kinetic model. The half life of wheat straw in Mollisols varied from 371 to 426 days at 15°C, 130 to 238 days at 25°C and 50 to 95 days at 35°C. After decomposition of wheat straw in soils available P and K content increased moderately whereas, the available N level decreased over initial level. The increase in available P and K of the soils due to wheat straw was more at 35°C than at 25 and15°C. It was concluded that decomposition of wheat straw in the soils was slow and temperature dependent. The rate of decomposition followed power function model. Available P and K status of the soils were moderately increased by wheat straw incorporation.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of nutrient management systems on potassium fractions and some soil properties under humid subtropical climate(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-01) Chander Pal; Singh, H.N.The study entitled as above was conducted on experimental plot, which has been under “All India Coordinated Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiments” for the last 33 years at Pantnagar. Under these trails, the crop rotation being followed Since 1971 as Paddy-wheat-cow pea. Six profiles of more than 1 m depth i.e. (0-20, 20-41, 41-69, 69-96 and 96-120 cms. were opened to evaluate the effect of selected nutrient management systems viz. NPK+FYM, NPK, NP, N, control and natural fallow on potassium fractions and some soil properties of Aquic hapludoll soil. A comparision between cultivated (NPK+FYM, NPK, NP, N and control) and uncultivated (natural fallow) plots showed that use of chemical fertilizers lead to increase acidity, accumulation of salts, depletion of nutrients and deterioration of soil structure, ultimately leading to poor soil health. Among all the treatment, NPK+FYM application was found to have significant positive effect on potassium fractions viz. Water soluble, available , exchangeable, fixed, lattice and total potassium and some soil properties viz pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon and calcium carbonate equivalent. Thus use of chemical fertilizers in combination with FYM was found suitable for sustaining good soil health and crop production.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of INM on production potential of wheat and residual soil properties under maize-wheat cropping sequence in a mollisol(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Dwivedi, Rama; Shri RamA field experiment was conducted during the year 2002-2003 at the Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of INM on production potential of wheat and residual soil properties under maize-wheat cropping sequences in a Mollisol. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments (T1 to T12) with three replications. Maximum values of growth parameters and yield attributing characters and yield were found with 100% of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. Remarkably higher values of grain and straw yields and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by succeeding wheat crop were observed under those treatments in which FYM @ 10 tonnes/ha was incorporated in combinations with biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers in comparison to treatments receiving chemical as well as biofertilizers alone in various combinations. Maximum grain (41.30 q/ha) and straw (68.67 q/ha) yield as well as nutrients uptake of wheat were found with the application of 100% NPK of recommended dose of fertilizers to both maize and wheat crops. Physical and chemical properties viz., soil organic carbon contents, bulk density, root density, water holding capacity etc. were improved with the treatments in which FYM @ 10 t/ha was incorporated alongwith chemical and biofertilizers as compared to application of chemical fertilizers alone in various combinations. Thus sustainable and economical productivity can be obtained by substituting a part of inorganic fertilizer and combined application of FYM, green manure, inoculation by Azotobacter and PSB which improve soil fertility and organic carbon status and simultaneously physico-chemical properties of soil.