Loading...
Theses
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasound assisted nanocellulose extraction from microwave pre-treated rice straw to develop bio-nanocomposite for active packaging of horticultural produce(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-04) Bhat, Mohd Ishfaq; Shahi, Navin ChandraLignocellulosic biomass (especially agricultural residue) is a sustainable feedstock for production of value-added materials through specific processing techniques and sequences as per the desired end-product. The present study aimed to utilize one such agro-residue viz. rice straw by converting it into high crystalline nanocellulose to develop a bifunctional bio-nanocomposite for active packaging of horticultural produce. The first objective involved the application of a modified microwave assisted sodium chlorite pretreatment for intensive and quick delignification of rice straw. The effect of four critical process parameters on the delignification percentage of the rice straw was studied. The delignification was manifested by characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Using a Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD), the effect of four critical process parameters, viz. microwave power (480-800 W), microwave treatment time (4-12 min), bleaching solution concentration (0.4-3.0 %), and bleaching time (1-5 h) on the delignification (%) was investigated, and the process was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data best fitted a quadratic model with an R2 of 0.9964. The optimized value of process parameters in aforementioned sequence was found to be 671 W, 8.66 min, 2.67 %, and 1h respectively, for the best delignification of 93.51 percent. The absence of lignin peaks (1516 and 1739 cm-1) was corroborated by deconstructed morphological structure and higher crystallinity index in the optimised delignified sample (53.7 %). The optimized delignified rice straw powder was then subjected to ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis for nanocellulose extraction, preceded by the removal of hemicellulose and silica. The effect of sulfuric acid concentration (40-70%), ultrasonic treatment time (30-120 min) and ultrasound power (150-250 W) on the crystallinity index (%) and the mean particle size (nm) of the nanocellulose crystals, was studied through BBD and optimized through RSM. The optimum process parameters were obtained as 51.62 % sulfuric acid concentration, 48.55 min ultrasonic treatment time and 238. 80 W ultrasound power. The mean particle size and the crystallinity index at these optimum parameters were 69.01nm and 89.72 %, respectively. The spectral characterization revealed the increased intensity of peaks corresponding to the cellulose. The transmission micrograph of the nanocellulose revealed a rod like structure with average length and width of 190 ± 6 nm and 35 ± 3 nm, respectively. The nanocellulose crystals at 1, 5 and 10% concentration levels were used for reinforcement of chitosan biopolymer along with the addition of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at its 1, 3 and 5% concentration levels. The overall performance of the developed bio-nanocomposite was measured in terms of thermal, mechanical, water vapor permeability (WVP) and water sensitive properties. Thickness of the developed films varied from 0.12 to 0.17 mm. The WVP and the tensile strength were reduced and increased by 27 % and 78 %, respectively for bio-nanocomposite with 10 % cellulose nanocrystals and 3% TiO2 concentration. The thermal stability of the developed bio-nanocomposite was better as compared to neat chitosan film in terms of higher glass transition and melting temperature. The best bio-nanocomposite was used for storage study of fresh-cut apple slices. The developed bio-nanocomposite showed promising results in terms of preserving the firmness, color and the radical scavenging activity of fresh-cut apple slices for a storage study period of 11 days.ThesisItem Open Access Process standardization for microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) oil(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Iftikhar Alam; Shahi, N.C.Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed belong to Ranonculaceae family and has been cultivated for use in spices and traditional medicine system of Unani and Ayurveda and has a long history. The seed is known for its oil content but the best method of extraction is still the point of concern. Mechanical expression and solvent extraction are currently used commercially methods of oil extraction of black cumin oil but both of the methods have their shortcomings of less oil recovery, degradation of oil quality and more time consumption. The present research work was thus done to overcome these problems. In the present study, the standardization and optimization of microwave, ultrasound and their combined extraction methods were evaluated to enhance the oil recovery and the quality of extracted oil from black cumin. Experiment were planned using box Behnken design considering parameters of microwave power (320, 480 and 640 W), microwave time (3, 5 and 7 min) and solvent volume (100, 150 and 200 ml/sample) for MAE, ultrasound power (150, 200, 250 W), ultrasound time (15, 30 and 45 min) and solvent volume (100, 150 and 200 ml/sample) for UAE and for combination was done at the optimized value of MAE and UAE. Particle size of 1 mm and the solvent, hexane, were kept constant for all the experiments. As per the results obtained from MAE the oil recovery obtained ranged from 83.27 to 97.45 %, Specific gravity ranged from 0.9 to 0.81, Color ranged from 44.18 to 61.66, DPPH Antioxidant activity ranged from 32.21 to 70.38 %, Free fatty acid ranged from 6.12 to 7.22 % and Peroxide value ranged from 7.54 to 9.37 meq O2/kg. In UAE the oil recovery obtained ranged from 85.51 % to 94.80 % Specific gravity ranged from 0.73 to 0.89, Color ranged from 36.24 to 53.88, DPPH Antioxidant activity ranged from 25.50 to 78.18 %, Free fatty acid ranged from 5.83 to 6.92 % and Peroxide value ranged from 6.63 to 8.24 meq O2/kg. Optimization of these methods was done based on their respective responses by means of Response surface methodology using Design Expert 10.0.1.0 software. The optimized parameters of MAE for black cumin oil gave the maximum oil recovery of 92.26 %, specific gravity 0.81, color 43.11, antioxidant 67.29, FFA 6.46 % and PV of 8.15 at microwave power 320W, microwave time 5.5 min and solvent to solid ratio 10 ml/g. and the optimized parameters of UAE for black cumin oil gave the maximum oil recovery of 87.88 %, specific gravity 0.73, color 38.8, antioxidant 76.32, FFA 6.06 % and PV of 6.92 at ultrasound power 158.1 W, ultrasound time 25.2 min and solvent volume (100, 150 and 200 ml/sample). Combined study was conducted at the optimized condition of parameters from MAE and UAE methods. A single experiment was run at these parameters to find the results. The maximum oil recovery 91.12 %, specific gravity 0.84, color 44.28, antioxidant 58.46, FFA 6.51 % and PV of 8.37 were found at ultrasound power 158 W, ultrasound time 25.2 min and solvent volume 100ml/sample followed by microwave power 320 W, microwave time 5.5 min. Results showed that the microwave assisted extraction proved very effective approach for the extraction of black cumin oil for the better oil recovery and the best quality.ThesisItem Open Access An innovative approach for microbial production of pyruvate using agro-industrial waste(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Pant, Manish; Omre, P.K.Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is a cellular metabolite found in the biochemical link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The microbial production of pyruvate from yeasts or bacteria is based on limiting the natural catabolism of pyruvate and limiting the accumulation of its many potential by-products. The industrial pyruvate production methodology involves the use of organic chemicals along with standardised protocol which increases the cost of the end product. In this process, pyruvic acid is distilled from a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulphates at 220°C; the crude acid obtained is then distilled under vacuum. This process is simple to realize but not cost-effective. Hence, to realise a cheaper and efficient methodology alternative nutrient sources are explored. Development of media formulations is key in any bio-transformation involving micro-organisms. Establishment of optimal culture constraints and process development is considered crucial in this regard. Since, microbial enzyme activity is important to pyruvate accumulation in isolated strains, advances in pyruvate production can be achieved by media optimization. In this study, the media formulation involved various carbon sources viz. glycerol, rice straw and jackfruit rind with various proportions of nitrogen source, corn steep liquor (diluted with distilled water). The amount of nutrient sources is also very critical for formulation of standard media composition. Thus, the screening experiments were focused on standardizing the carbon and nitrogen levels for final experiments. In screening experiments, only incubation time and incubation temperature had significant effect on pyruvate production at a confidence level p<0.05. Finally, the factors compromised for main optimization experiments were screened as follows: carbon source 25%g/g, CSL 12%v/v, pH 5.0, agitation speed 220rpm, KH2PO4 1.1%g/g, thiamine 1.3%μg/g, biotin 1.4%μg/g, MgSO4.7H2O 0.3%g/g and CaCO3 43%g/g. The final experiments were based on full factorial design on different levels of independent variables. With glycerol as carbon source, the highest effect of CSL concentration on pyruvate concentration was observed and was highly significant (p<0.01) because it had high calculated F-value (519.60). The effect of temperature (340.32) followed by time (324.60) was also found significant (p<0.01). As per the results, the optimum solution was obtained when the CSL concentration was 0.992601, time was 0.509991, and temperature was 0.317417. Similarly with rice straw as carbon source, the highest effect of CSL concentration on pyruvate concentration was observed and was highly significant (p<0.01) because it had high calculated F-value (444.80). The effect of time (252.25) followed by temperature (143.40) was also found significant (p<0.01). As per the results, the optimum solution was obtained in terms of coded values when the CSL concentration was 0.999997, time was 0.882823, and temperature was 0.363031. Similarly with jackfruit rind as carbon source, the highest effect of CSL concentration on pyruvate concentration was observed and was highly significant (p<0.01) because it had high calculated F-value (1199.93). The effect of time (925.66) followed by temperature (255.70) was also found significant (p<0.01). As per the results, the optimum solution was obtained when the CSL concentration was 0.999986, time was 0.851276, and temperature was 0.438559. In supervised learning approach, the highest accuracy corresponds to 68.8889% for multilayer perceptron under 10X cross validation fold-maker, and the lowest is 0% for IBk. In fact, in this experimental comparison, we can say that multilayer perceptron was the best scheme in all applicable classifiers, with highest accuracy. Moreover, in unsupervised learning approach feature selection preprocessing was considered essential and principal component analysis was performed prior to each clustering algorithms application. The paired t-test analysis of the three carbon sources show a draw when compared with glycerol as a standard source. This sustains the fact that, organic replacements instead of conventional organic source i.e. glycerol can be utilized for pyruvate production with no random aberrations in pyruvate yield. The SEM results show that the diametric dimensions of the pyruvate produced from carbon sources were in the range of 30μm to 300 μm and is comparable with that of industrially produced sample.ThesisItem Open Access Process optimization, characterization and modelling of microbially synthesized Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate using damaged wheat grain(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-06) Sirohi, Ranjna; Pandey, J.P.Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is biodegradable, microbiologically produced biopolymers that is compatible with nature as compared to petrochemically derived plastics. PHB has advanced applications in medical sector, packaging industries, nanotechnology, agriculture, etc. It is produced using various feedstocks such as glycerol, dairy wastes, agro-industrial wastes, food industry waste, sugars, etc. Current focus on PHB research has been primarily on reducing the cost of production and, on downstream processing to isolate PHB from the cells. Selection of feedstock, therefore, plays a critical role in determining the economic feasibility and sustainability of the process. However, with increased demand for biobased products, raw materials for their production are at times in conflict with the supply of food provisions. This necessitates the identification of other potential feedstocks for PHB production. One of such alternative feedstocks could be damaged grains (discolored, broken, cracked, insect infested, chalky, smelly, damped and partial softened), which are available in substantial quantities in various parts of the world due to inadequate management of pre- and post-harvesting operations. Damaged wheat grains (DWG) is among these, which does not find any potential application and is often disposed off in environment, where it is decomposed naturally and causes environmental pollution. Thus, overall aim of this study was to explore the production of PHB employing DWG. Locally collected DWG after washing, drying and milling were subjected to hydrolysis using acids and enzymes, followed by fermentation. Initially, hydrochloric, phosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acid were screened for their relative potential for hydrolysis. Maximum production of reducing sugars (RS) and minimum production of inhibitory compounds were taken as performance parameters. Of the tested acids, HCl showed lowest concentration of inhibitors (furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, acetic acid, formic acid) while producing substantial quantities of reducing sugars (RS). Subsequent experiments with different DWG flour (10, 15, 20%; w/v) and acid concentrations (1.0, 3.0, 5.0%; w/v) were carried out to identify suitable hydrolysis conditions. Results revealed that 3.0% HCl with 15% substrate concentration produced highest RS (116.29 mg/mL) after 45 min of hydrolysis. Artificial neural network (ANN) and second-order models were applied to the experimental data of which ANN performed well in predicting RS after hydrolysis with good accuracy (R2=0.939). For enzymatic hydrolysis, DWG flour (10, 15, 20%; w/v) was treated using α-amylase (1.0, 3.0, 5.0%; v/v, 12 U/mL). Treatment period of 60 min resulted in 85.2 mg/mL RS using 5.0% α-amylase and 19.4% substrate. Reaction kinetics confirmed that substrate concentration higher than 10% enhanced the production of RS. The liquified and partially hydrolysed solution (α-amylase treated) was further treated using glucoamylase (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%; v/v, 46 U/mL) for the production of RS. At 2.4% glucoamylase concentration, 147.5 mg/mL RS was obtained in 103 min. This hydrolysate was used to grow Bacillus sp. NII2 for the production of PHB and the effect of processing parameters, viz., inoculum concentration (5.0, 7.5, 10%; v/v), sugar concentrations (20, 30, 40 g/L) and incubation time (48, 72, 96, 120 h) were evaluated. The optimum values of processing parameters for maximum PHB production was at 8.84% (v/v) inoculum concentration, 32.07g/L sugar concentration and 72 h incubation time. Analysis of the resulting polymer through 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, XRD and SEM confirmed the presence of PHB.ThesisItem Open Access Process optimization for anthocyanin extraction from black soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) using different methods, comparative study and its characterization(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Gaibimei, Palmei; Singh, AnupamaBlack soyabean hulls are considered as one of the agro-industrial residues which contain abundant anthocyanin in its seed coats. An effective, environment friendly and energy-efficient extraction technique need to be explored to improve the quantity and quality of anthocyanin from black soyabean hulls. In the present investigation four extraction techniques were employed to extract anthocyanin from black soyabean hulls. Design experiments using BBD for aqueous extraction and enzyme assisted extraction while CCD for microwave assisted extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction were employed with Design Expert 10.0.1 software considering independent parameters having varied levels of each. Independent parameters for AE were chosen as solid to solvent ratio, extraction temperature and treatment period having three levels (1:20, 1:40, 1:60 g/ml; 40, 60, 80 °; 40, 60 and 80 min)of each, for EAE, independent parameters chosen were enzyme concentration, extraction temperature and treatment period having three levels (2, 4, 6 %; 35, 40, 45 °; 30, 60 and 90 min) of each. For MAE, independent parameters chosen were solid to solvent ratio, pH, ethanol concentration and treatment period with five levels (1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60 g/ml; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 %; 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 s), for UAE, independent parameters chosen were solid to solvent ratio, pH, ethanol concentration and treatment period with five levels (1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60 g/ml; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 %; 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min) of each. The responses selected were Total anthocyanin content, Degradation index, Total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Total flavonoids content, Percent polymeric color and Colour difference for entire range of experiments. Comparative study based on the optimized responses values obtained from the different extraction techniques was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis for each technique was carried to observe the morphological changes in the hulls powder before and after extraction. Also optimized extracts sample obtained from AE, MAE, UAE and EAE were screened for the identification of various bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis. Result revealed that the optimized conditions obtained for AE were solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 g/ml, extraction temperature of 40° and treatment period of 65 min with the responses having TAC 30.90 mg/g, DI 1.08, TPC 91.14 mg GAE/g, DPPH 35.41 %, FRAP 295.22 mg AAE/g, TFC 1157.80 mg CE/g, PPC 30.68 % and CD 24.90. While for MAE, the optimized conditions were solid to solvent ratio of 1:22 g/ml, pH of 1.01 and ethanol concentration of 75.20 % and treatment period of 91 sec with the responses having TAC 366.24 mg/g, DI 0.91, TPC 117.01 mg GAE/g, DPPH 100.46 %, FRAP 437.11 mg AAE/g, TFC 2704.82 mg CE/g, PPC 18.30 % and CD 1.86. The optimized conditions for UAE were solid to solvent ratio of 1:26 g/ml, pH of 2.93 and ethanol concentration of 90 % and treatment period of 50 min with the values of responses i.e. TAC 559.95 mg/g, DI 1.27, TPC 170.30 mg GAE/g, DPPH 97.57 %, FRAP 603.33 mg AAE/g, TFC 2536.71 mg CE/g, PPC 97.57 % and CD 25.15. The optimized conditions obtained for EAE were ethanol concentration of 2 %, extraction temperature of 37° and treatment period of 90 min having responses of TAC 1125.38 mg/g, DI 1.45, TPC 119.38 mg GAE/g, DPPH 91.22 %, FRAP 1733.36 mg AAE/g, TFC 4125.32 mg CE/g, PPC 66.11 % and CD 16.87. The micrograph of EAE reveals large, porous, flaky and damaged tough cell wall structure and was found to show biggest pore size opening of 54.468 μm enabling them to leach out more pigment as compared to other extraction techniques. The GC-MS analysis result reveals that the bioactive compounds identified for AE, MAE, UAE and EAE were 22, 43, 50 and 40 respectively. EAE was found to be the best technique as it was able to leach 12 antioxidant compounds, followed by UAE (9 compounds), MAE (8 compounds) and AE (1 compound). Hence the studies showed that all the extraction conditions and techniques selected could effectively extract anthocyanin from black soyabean hulls. Among all the techniques, EAE could be considered as best extraction techniques as it gave outstanding yield of TAC i.e. 97.25 % higher than AE, 67.46 % higher than MAE and 50.24 % higher than UAE method. The cell wall of the black soyabean hulls powder treated by EAE causes large, porous, flaky and damaged tough cell wall structure and was found to show biggest pore size opening of 54.468 μm enabling them to leach out more pigment as compared to other extraction techniques. GC-MS analysis for EAE optimized samples also identified 12 antioxidant compounds in the black soyabean hulls extract. Second order model fitted well and the parameters solid to solvent was most effective for AE, MAE, UAE while for EAE, the parameter enzyme concentration was the most effective for anthocyanin extraction.ThesisItem Open Access Development of packaging material using pine needles and its characterization(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Chauhan, Leela; Omre, P.K.Total pine needles availability is about 2.7×106 MT per annum in India and in Uttarkhand total pine forests produced about 2.05×106 MT per annum. Major source of ground fires and therefore damaging consequences on environment and flora and fauna. In the summer season when surrounding temperature is high, needles catch fire due to presence of lignin in pine needles. The Forest Department of India, Dehradun have reported that a massive forest fire in 2017 engulfed 14.7 thousand acres of valuable forest area through 2,272 forest fire incidents in Uttrakhand. These fires destroy the local ecology, damaging the fertile top layer of the soil and destroyed grazing grounds for cattle. Therefore, pine needles dried biomass have been converted into packaging material with the intervention of processing techniques, in order to protect eco-logical imbalance caused. Therefore, the present investigation has been undertaken to development of technology for biodegradable packaging material from pine needles. Particle size of pine needles powder was selected (0.5mm) on the basis of preliminary experiments and review of literature. The independent variables selected for the study were, pine needles and filler materials ratio (1:1,1.75:1,2.50:1,3.25 and 4:1 w/w), glycerol (0,3,6,9 and 12% v/v) and starch (0,5,10,15 and 20% w/v). The effect of these independent variables were observed on responses such as TS (MPa), elongation (%), water solubility (%), moisture absorbance (%), water vapor permeability (g/Pa h m) and density (g/cm3). The experiment was carried in three ways by considering different filler materials that is waste newspaper, waste cardboard and potato peel. The three set of experiments were planned using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and optimized separately using the different combination of independent parameters. The optimum level of variables for maximum desirability of developed biodegradable packaging material were from pine needles and waste cardboard ratio (3.25:1 w/w), glycerol concentration (3.814% v/v) and starch (7.719% w/v). The optimum values of response were; tensile strength (1.794 MPa), elongation (5.932%), water solubility (26.71%), water vapor permeability (4.312 g/Pa m h), moisture absorbance(7.753%) and density (1.132 g/cm3). Significant (p<0.05) effect of process parameters were found in all responses in developed biodegradable packaging material from pine needles and waste cardboard. On validation of the model for responses of developed biodegradable packaging material, it was found that the developed model was accurate as the prediction error was only in the range of -1.890 to 11.38%. Biodegradability test was conducted of the developed packaging material from pine needles and waste cardboard ratio showed weight loss in 21 days of degradable period when sample was buried under soil.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of ohmic heating parameters for enhancement of oil yield from enzymatically hydrolyzed rapeseeds (Brassica rapa)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Kautkar, Sheshrao Sakharam; Pandey, J.P.India is the third largest producer of rapeseeds in the world followed by China and Canada produced 2.35 MT of rapeseeds during 2016-17. In spite of being one of the largest producers of rapeseeds as well as rapeseed oil, India still needs to import the oil from the countries like United States and China to meet the daily requirements of large population. Mechanical expression and solvent extraction are currently used commercial methods of oil extraction. The mechanical expression possesses the limitations like low oil recovery, high energy consumption, higher initial equipment cost etc. while solvent extraction which is the most common used method of oil extraction uses highly flammable solvents therefore, the danger of fire and explosion always exists in the plant and its residual chemical solvents is also very harmful to the human health and for environment as well. The enzyme assisted oil extraction is eco-friendly approach of simultaneous isolation of oil and protein from oilseeds but the oil recovery from this method is low. Therefore, to enhance the oil yield and to fulfill per capita demand of edible oil for large population of the country, the development of modern oil extraction process is necessary which can effectively eliminate the issues related to human health, environmental pollution with producing good quality edible oil. Therefore, the present investigation has been undertaken to standardize and optimize the enzyme assisted aqueous extraction process coupled with ohmic heating for enhancement of oil yield from rapeseeds. Enzyme (Pectinase), enzyme concentration (1.0 %) and slurry ratio (1:3) were selected as constant parameters for final experiments on the basis of results obtained in preliminary trials. Experiments were planned using full factorial design considering three independent variables viz. Voltage gradient (9, 11, 13 and 15 V/cm), end point temperature (70, 80, 90 and 100 ˚C) and holding time (0, 5 and 10 min). The quality of extracted rapeseed oil was evaluated in terms of oil yield, specific gravity, refractive index, colour, free fatty acids, saponification value, peroxide value and iodine value. Statistical analysis and optimization of independent variables was done using Design Expert 11.0 software. Study revealed that the oil yield increased with increasing voltage gradient, end point temperature and holding time. The physicochemical properties of rapeseed oil were found to be 63.69-89.54% of oil yield, 0.796-0.941 of specific gravity, 1.464-1.566 of refractive index, 49.08-61.67 of colour values, 0.447-1.410% of free fatty acid, 169.43-195.32 mgKOH/g of saponification value, 1.28-2.58 meqO2/kg of peroxide value and 96-118 meq I/g of iodine value. Voltage gradient of 13.98 V/cm, end point temperature 90.37˚C and holding time of 9.90 min were the optimized ohmic heating parameters which gave maximum oil yield of 85.96% with maximum retention of oil quality like 0.96% of free fatty acids, 179.96 mgKOH/g of saponification value, 2.34 meqO2/kg of peroxide value and 113.77meq I/g of iodine value. The quantity of oil extracted at optimized conditions of process variables was higher than enzyme assisted aqueous extraction alone. The properties of extracted oil at optimized condition of ohmic heating parameters were much below the acceptable limit prescribed by “FSSAI standards, 2009” and vegetable oil products order (Regulation), 1998.ThesisItem Open Access Comprehensive valorization of citrus (Kinnow Mandarin) peel through sequential microwave assisted solvent extraction of bioactive compounds and pectin for their application in food(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-02) Yousuf, Owais; Singh, AnupamaExtraction of valuable products of bioactive compounds, pectin, essential oils, fibers etc. from agro industrial waste is a promising and an effective solution in resolving the problem of wastes but in contrary, current extraction techniques possess several inadequacies in terms of economy, energy and longer time requirements. Citrus fruits, after juice processing, is a major fruit that results in large quantities of wastes (peel) rich in various bioactive compounds such as pectins, bioactive compounds and essential oils. An effective, non-toxic and profitable extraction strategy could significantly promote the valorization of citrus peel and provide high quality extracted products with increased profits Present research deals with the comprehensive valorization of Citrus peel (Kinnow Mandarin) through sequential microwave assisted solvent extraction of bioactive compounds and pectin for their applications in food. Final study was conducted into three phases. In the first phase, four independent variables having five levels of each Microwave power (160, 320,480,640,800), microwave time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), solvent (Ethanol) volume and particle size (citrus peel powder) (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were selected for extraction of bioactive compounds. In the second phase for the extraction of pectin from citrus peel powder residue, Microwave power (160, 320,480,640,800), microwave time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), solvent (citric acid solution) volume (100, 150, 200, 250, 300) and pH (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0) were selected as Independent variables. The citrus peel residue remaining after the pectin extraction was also collected and utilized for the development of Activated Carbon. Optimization of both the processes was done based on their respective responses following Response surface methodology using Design Expert 10.0.1 software. Statistical and graphical analysis was done in both phases. In the third phase of the study, the citrus peel extract and pectin were utilized in food. The citrus peel extract, being a source of bioactive compounds, was used as an antioxidant in the flaxseed oil to check the storage stability of Flaxseed oil during 60 days of storage period. Pectin extracted from the citrus peel residue was utilized as the gelling/stabilizing agent in the preparation of mixed fruit Jam and was chemically analyzed. Results showed that the microwave assisted extraction proved very effective approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds as maximum extract yield and pectin from the citrus peel powder residue was obtained. The optimum result of Extraction of bioactive compounds was obtained when the Microwave Power was 480.173 W, Microwave Time 3.127 min, Solvent volume 103.458ml and Particle size 0.543 mm with the responses having Extract yield 30.743%, Total phenolic content 88.404 mg GAE/g, Total Flavonoid content 69.887 mg CE/g, DPPH Antioxidant activity 86.056%, ABTS Antioxidant activity 86.173%, Total carotenoids 49.533 mg BET/g and Vitamin C content 119.712 mg AA/g). On the other hand the optimized result of extraction of pectin was found when the Microwave Power was 476.58 W, Microwave Time 2.59 min, Solvent volume 155.41 ml and pH 1.05. The responses were Pectin yield 27.58%, Equivalent Weight 767.83 mg, Methoxyl Content 7.23%, Anhydrouronic Acid Content 60.42% and Degree of Esterification 64.679%. Studies also revealed that use of citrus peel extract (200 – 1000 ppm) could increase the shelf life of flaxseed oil up to 60 days and pectin extracted from citrus peel residue could be used for the jam preparation. GC-MS and SEM analysis also supported the results of extraction.ThesisItem Open Access Process optimization and drying kinetics of rohu fish (Labeo rohita) using ohmic heating followed by solar drying(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Rishi Richa; Shahi, N.C.India is known to be a protein deficient country. Freshwater fish is an excellent source of protein and carries a good amount of minerals and vitamins with very little fat. The fish is easily digestible but are highly perishable therefore; fish can not be stored longer under ambient condition which results in huge harvest and economic loss. Fish processing can prevent fish from deteriorating before reaching the end users. Uttarakhand has plenty of freshwater fish and requires tremendous efforts in the area of fish processing keeping the growing demands and market for future. Drying is the most common and fundamental method for post-harvest preservation. Fish drying should be encouraged at farmers’ level as well as at small industry level as the facility of cold storage, canning is beyond the reach of resource-poor marginal farmers and small-scale industries. Fish drying can be a good processing approach for enhancing the storage life of fish. Rohu is one of the most preferred fish in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Dried Rohu fish may have several uses such as ready to eat products and enriching snacks etc. A research work was, therefore, undertaken to standardize and optimize the ohmic heating followed by solar drying of Rohu fish muscles and to study the effect of independent variables on the quality and nutritional characteristics. The experiments were conducted for drying of Rohu fish muscles. In these process parameters, four variables at five levels were taken. Variables set for the experiments in drying was ohmic voltage (160, 170, 180, 190 and 200 V), salt (NaCl) concentration (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%), PID controlled solar drying temperature (40, 48, 56, 64 and 72 C) and loading density of fish muscle (0.472, 0.572, 0.672, 0.772 and 0.872 g/cm2). The data from all experiments were analyzed using Design Expert 10.0.0.1 and the response functions were developed using multiple regression analysis and second-order model were fitted for each response. Drying characteristics and kinetics were also studied. All the independent parameters were observed on the all responses. Results of drying studies show that the moisture, protein and fat and content ranged from 12.66 to 15.57 % (dry basis), 44.08 to 60.88 % (dry basis) and 9.33 to 20.67 % (dry basis), respectively. Further, the FFA ranged from 0.5 to 1.8%, change in color 28.83 to 50.74 and sensory attributes (overall acceptability) ranged from 6.5 to 9.4. No microbial growth was found after the ohmic followed by solar drying of Rohu fish with optimum conditions 194 V and 0.56 % salt concentration, 59C Solar dryer temperature and 0.472 g/cm2 loading density The dried fish powder had a shelf life of 3 months as it retained the quality in terms of nutritive value.
