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Open Access
Physio-biochemical attributes and nutritional quality assessment of basmati rice (oryza sativa l.) under organic, inorganic and integrated production system
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Rautela, Sheela; Bains, Gurdeep
Basmati is considered as unique varietal group of rice (Oryza sativa L.) because of its aroma and superior grain quality. Pant Basmati I is high yielding Basmati rice grown in tarai region of India. India is the largest producer as well as exporter of Basmati rice across globe and its contribution is significant in country’s GDP. Organically grown Basmati rice has a significant worldwide demand because of better nutritional quality than other conventionally grown Basmati rice. The present investigation was carried out at organic block of Norman E. Borlaug, Crop Research Centre, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2019 and 2020 for physiobiochemical attributes and nutritional quality assessment of Basmati rice under organic, inorganic and integrated production system. The production systems contain 6 different treatments, two each (T1: Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @10tha-1 + Vermicompost(VC) 5 t ha-1 + Green Manure (GM) at 55 days; T2: 50% through organic sources (FYM + VC + GM at 40 days) + (seed/seedling treatment with Beejamrit (BJ) ) + Ghanjeevamrit (GJV) @250 kg ha-1 + Jeevamrit (JV) @500L ha-1/time; T3: (50% FYM+VC+50% RDF) T4: (25% FYM+VC+25%RDF+50%BJ+GJV+JV); T5: Recommended doses of NPK (120:60:40) kg ha-1 ; T6: (RDF + FYM 5t ha-1 ). On comparing the growth and physiological parameters viz. plant height, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area index and chlorophyll fluorescence under different treatments it was found that T3 integrated production system showed maximum values than inorganic and organic production systems. The biochemical parameters like nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content was higher in T3 integrated system than organic and inorganic systems. However, the antioxidant enzymes activities and non enzymatic antioxidant viz. phenolics and flavonoids content was higher under organic (T1 followed by T2) than inorganic and integrated systems. Nutritional quality parameters such as starch, carbohydrate, amylose, micronutrient (Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn), ascorbic acid and phytic acid content were more positively affected by organic system (T1 and T2) than the inorganic and integrated systems. The yield and yield attributes were maximum under integrated nutrient system T3 than organic and inorganic production systems.
Open Access
Efficacy of salicylic acid to improve physiological and biochemical attributes of brahmi (bacopa monnieri l.) under water deficit conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Shamiya Jahan; Shankhdhar, Deepti
A pot experiment was conducted in the department of plant physiology, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the “Efficacy of salicylic acid to improve physiological and biochemical attributes of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) under water deficit conditions” during two successive years 2021-22. The SA was applied as foliar spray with varied conc. (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg/l) under different water levels; (i) well watered (once a day) , (ii) water deficit A (twice a week) and (iii) water deficit B (once a week). The growth and physio-biochemical attributes recorded after 7 days from second SA spray (culmination of both first and second foliar spray) on Bacopa plant. During investigation observed that both water deficit conditions A & B significantly decline the growth (i.e. number of shoots, leaves and shoot length) and yield attributes (fresh and dry herbage yield) than control. Maximum increment was recorded for stress indicators such as electrolyte leakage, MDA, H2O2, conversely minimum increase reveled after SA application with 75 mg/l concentration in comparison to control. In addition photosynthesis associated parameters such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration rate and photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and total chl) was lowered under both water deficit levels, but 75 mg/l concentration of SA application help to recovered these attributes than control. Minimum amount of total protein and leaf water potential was also measured under water deficit. SA application (75 mg/l conc.) enhanced plant resilience toward water deficit through increase the enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, APOX, and GPOX), non enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, flavonoid, phenolic and carotenoid) osmolytes (proline and total soluble sugar) and also improve all parameters along with well watered plants. The bacoside-A content was increased after SA (75 mg/l conc.) under water deficit B over control. Additionally, SA and PEG (for water deficit) elicitation were analyses in in-vitro culture of Bacopa to assesses their responses under control environment. The tissue culture study was revealed better effect of SA individually to enhanced the growth, while with PEG combination not efficient.
Open Access
Physiological aspects of enhancing grain zinc content and its bioavailability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through foliar application of zinc
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-06) Mishra, Sudershan; Guru, S.K.
Zinc deficiency stems from dietary malnutrition. Wheat grains are inherently low in zinc concentration as well as bioavailability primarily on account of being cultivated in soils with poor zinc phyto-availability. Wheat-based products account for provisioning of 50% daily dietary zinc intake. Therefore, there is a need to biofortify the wheat grains with Zn. The present investigation was carried out to study the physiological aspects of enhancing grain zinc content and its bioavailability in wheat cultivar PBW 343. The field investigation was carried out in two successive winter seasons (2018-19 and 2019-20) at the Dr N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Center, Pantnagar, India. A pot culture experiment was also carried out to study the effect of chelators on grain zinc and its bioavailability. Five different concentrations of zinc 0, 567.5, 1135, 1702.5 and 2270 ppm zinc were used in the field study which were sprayed at three different stages viz. 30, 45 and 60DAE. Two different Zn concentrations 1135ppm Zn and 1702.5ppm Zn along with three chelators 0.025% Methionine, 0.02% Histidine and 0.1% Citric acid were used in the pot culture experiment. The results show that Zn application had promoting effect on growth, yield and yield related attributes. It also increased chlorophyll content as well as zinc associated enzyme activities in the flag leaf. The maximum increase in grain yield was recorded at 1702.5ppm of Zn. Under the field conditions, three sprays of 2270ppm Zn resulted in maximum grain zinc content of 24.1 mg/kg (28.19% increase over control). Use of chelators along with zinc in the pot culture experiment revealed that while addition of methionine further increased the grain yield, using histidine as a chelator increased the grain zinc content upto 27.71 mg/kg). Application of Zn increased total available zinc (TAZ; mmol/day) and maximum TAZ of 1.95mmol/day was observed with three sprays of 2270ppm of Zn. Addition of histidine as chelator further increased TAZ to a maximum of 3.7mmol/day.
Open Access
Influence of silicon solubilizer on drought tolerance at flowering in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Myint, Thi Thi; Shankhdhar, S.C.
One of the most significant field crops in the world, after wheat, is rice (Orzya sativa L.), which provides millions of people with a stable diet. The needs for food will inevitably increases as the population grows and the climate changes. In addition, climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of a number of abiotic as well as biotic stresses, which has let to considerable losses in important grain species like rice. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design during the Kharif season of 2020 and 2021 in triplicates with four treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Si supplemented, T3: Si+Drought stress and T4: Drought stress. Eight genotypes, including 27P63, HRI-174, DRR Dhan-48, IIRRH0143, IIRRH-148, US-312, US-314 and SAHABHAGIDHAN, were examined for a variety of morphological, biochemical and yield characteristics. Analyses of biotic stress incidence and estimations of nutrient content were also performed. Various growth attributes were recorded namely plant height, tiller number, leaf number, LAI, leaf weight, culm weight, TDM at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stage. In addition, yield attributes panicle number, spikelet number, spikelet fertility, grain number, test weight and harvest index were found to enhance. Physio-biochemical parameters including MSI, RWC, Chlorophyll content, Gas exchange measurement, carbohydrate, amylose, protein content and SOD activity showed a positive response on application of silicon. A decrease in proline and MDA content was observed. Additionally, there was an increase in the intake of nutrient. It was discovered that silicon had a positive impact on the growth, development, and yield under both normal and drought conditions. For sustainable rice production under climate change conditions, silicon soulubilzer treatment might be utilized to decrease the effects of drought.
Open Access
Elucidating the effect of potassium silicate and salicylic acid on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of mango (Mangifera indica L.) malformation
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-01) Yadav, Ritika; Bains, Gurdeep
Malformation is a one of the most threatening malady of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and responsible for great economic loss in mango growing regions. Present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate (KSi) and salicylic acid (SA) on malformation in two mango cultivars Amrapali (moderately susceptible) and Dashehari (moderately resistant) during the year 2018 and 2019. The experimental design was factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Nine different concentrations of potassium silicate and salicylic acid {0% (water spray), 0.25% KSi, 0.50% KSi, 1% KSi, 2% KSi, 5% KSi, 0.25% SA, 0.50% SA and 0.75% SA)} were sprayed at three different stages i.e., prior to panicle emergence, pre bloom and full bloom in the month of February to March. The effect of KSi and SA on malformation was evaluated with respect to morphological, physiological and biochemical characters. Fusarium was isolated from malformed floral tissues and characterized on the basis of purple orange colour on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. It was observed that potassium silicate and salicylic acid treatment significantly reduces mycelial growth of Fusarium. It was also reported that foliar application of KSi and SA significantly reduces the occurrence of floral malformation as compared to control. Panicle length, flowering percentage, physiological and biochemical characteristics viz. chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, total phenol, and total protein content significantly increased under 1% KSi followed by 0.50% SA treatments with respect to control. Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in plants as by product of aerobic metabolism. Some are highly toxic and detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Under stress condition MDA is produced and it serves as an index of lipid peroxidation. SA and KSi treatments significantly decreased the MDA content while proline content, SOD, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase activity increases in dose dependent manner. Overall findings of the present investigation suggested that pre-treatment of potassium silicate or salicylic acid at both 1% KSi and 0.50% SA could help in maintaining vital physiological and biochemical processes and induces defence response either by eliminating the active oxygen species, inhibiting the infection of Fusarium in host tissue and strengthening plant defence mechanism.
Open Access
Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) sown at differential time intervals
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Chandra, Tanvi; Shankhdhar, Deepti
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a major staple food resource for the world’s population. In present scenario climate changes and elevated temperatures are the big issues that limit its production. An inappropriate timing or delay in sowing is also responsible for sudden elevation in air temperatures during sensitive growth stages of wheat life cycle. Being a winter crop, variability in climates is one of the biggest environmental threats to Indian wheat. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of elevated temperatures due to variation in sowing timings (November and December) on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of 8 varieties of wheat namely; UP2628, HD3086, UP2967, UP2784, UP2526, UP2565, UP2748 and HD3059, conducted during the two consecutive years of Rabi season 2018-19 and 2019-20 in Pantnagar (tarai region). A delay of 30 days in sowing, results elevation in air temperatures; 3.7ºC at tillering, 1.9ºC at heading, 3.7ºC at anthesis and 2.9ºC at grain filling. The morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters, yield and yield related attributes, days taken to complete developmental stages were significantly reduced under December sown wheat varieties as compared to November sown wheat varieties. 3rd internodal distance was found affected by elevated temperatures as compared to 1st and 2nd. On comparing between sensitive growth stages; thermo tolerant traits such as relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll fluorescence, canopy temperatures, chlorophyll pigments and NR activity was significantly decreased during grain filling stage as compared to anthesis. While antioxidants and proline content were found increased as the varieties moves towards grain filling. Quality parameters, carbohydrates, starch and amylopectin were found negatively affected by elevated temperatures while grain nitrogen, storage proteins, amylose content, amylose to amylopectin ratio was positively influenced in December sown wheat varieties. Positive and significant correlation between grain yield and other parameters was found in wheat varieties sown in November while under December sown, relations between the grain yield and other parameters were significantly changed except the correlations among physiological traits, in which non-significant difference was observed between two sowing months.
Open Access
Chitosan and salicylic acid induced defense response against floral malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Sudarshna Kumari; Bains, Gurdeep
Malformation is an ambiguous malady of mango (Mangifera indica L.) with tremendous economic importance through the mango growing regions. Present investigation was carried out at Horticuture Research Station, Patharchatta and Department of plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar during the year 2019 and 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Seven different concentrations of chitosan and salicylic acid ( Control, 0.25% CT, 0.50% CT 0.75% CT, 0.20% SA, 0.40%SA and 0.60%SA) were sprayed at three different stages I.e. prior to panicle emergence, pre bloom and full bloom in the month of February to March on two mango cultivars Amrapali (moderately susceptible) and Dashehari ( Moderately resistant). The effect of chitosan and salicylic acid treatment was evaluated with respect to morphological and physio-biochemical parameters. It was observed that chitosan and salicylic acid treatment significantly reduced occurrence of floral malformation as compared to control. Amongst varieties, Amrapali has significantly higher percent malformation than Dashehari. Length of healthy and malformed panicles, leaf area and physiobiochemical characteristics viz. chlorophyll fluoresencem MSI, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, total phenol , total flavonoid and total protein content, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, chitinase and 1, 3 glucanase activity significantly increased under 0.50% chitosan treatment while, fresh weight of malformed panicle decreased with respect to control. Therefore, chitosan 0.50% was found best for most morphological and physio-biochemial parameters. Highest macro and micro nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese content was recurded under 0.75% chitosan treatment. Salicylic acid treatment (0.40%) shows significantly increased proline content, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity in dose dependent manner while hydrogen peroxidase activity was decreased. Overall findings of the present investigation suggested that pre- treatment of chitosan or salicylic acid at both 0.50% chitosan and 0.40% salicylic acid could help in maintaining vital physio-biochemical processes and induced defence response by eliminating the active oxygen species and strengthening plant defence mechanism. Chitinase and 1, 3 glucanase is an important and reliable screening markers which should be utilized for developing malformation resistant or less susceptible mango cultivars. This study will help the researcher to uncover the critical areas of chitosan on mango characteristics and malformation resistance. Therefore, in future chitosan can be used to induce the resistance against mango malformation.
Open Access
Elucidation of the tolerance mechanism of different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for drought, salinity and submergence stress
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Maurya, Kalpana; Atul Kumar
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. A major environmental factor that limits growth and yield of rice is abiotic stress. This problem has become more and more serious as multiple stresses such as drought, salinity and submergence often occur simultaneously due to global climate changes. The present investigation was conducted in laboratory, fields and pot experiment in the rainy seasons, 2014 and 2015 at the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar in fifteen rice genotypes namely, IET 24093, IET 24098, IET 24099, IET 24100, IET 24102, IET 24103, IET 24104, IET 24111, PHY 4, PHY 5, PHY 6, PHY 7, PHY 8, AC 39416 A, SM 686 were used in the study. In laboratory experiments, the effect of drought, salinity and submergence stresses on seed germination and seedling growth was evaluated. A field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the field performance of rice genotypes. Further a pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought stress on growth, yield, morphological and biochemical parameters of rice genotypes. Studies under laboratory condition revealed that shoot length, root length and seedling vigour of all the rice genotypes decreases under drought salinity and submergence stress. Among the genotypes AC 39416A, SM 686, PHY 8 were tolerant to drought salinity and submergence. Field experiment revealed that genotype PHY 7, PHY 8, AC 39416A performed best in terms of grain yield while IET 24093 recorded lower grain yield. A pot experiment revealed AC 39416A genotype tolerant while IET 24098 susceptible in terms of morphological, physiological and biochemical parameter i.e. grain yield, seedling vigour, more proline accumulation, lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase activity. Overall results revealed that these genotypes have tolerance mechanism due to their genotypic differences in the rice genotypes.
Open Access
Implications of indigenous phosphate solubilizing bacteria in association with phosphorus fertilizer on growth dynamics, phosphorus biofortification and yield attributes in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under field conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Rawat, Pratibha; Shankhdhar, S.C.
The present investigation was an attempt to evaluate the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains viz., Bacillus licheniformis, Pantoea dispersa, and Staphylococcus sp. isolated from paddy rhizosphere on growth, phosphorus biofortification, phosphorus related efficiencies, and yield parameters in rice genotype Pant Dhan 26 under upland conditions. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design during the Kharif season of 2018 and 2019 in triplicates with nine treatments viz., T1- uninoculated control with 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% recommended phosphate fertilizer dose (i.e. 45 kg P2O5 ha-1); T2- PSB1; T3- PSB2; T4- PSB3; T5- PSB1+PSB2; T6- PSB1+PSB3; T7- PSB2+PSB3; T8- PSB1+PSB2+PSB3; T9- Standard PSB strain. The rice plants treated with PSB alone or in combination with varied phosphate fertilizer doses showed improved growth traits like plant height, leaf area index, leaf and culm dry weight, root parameters, and total dry matter as well as physiological attributes like flag leaves chlorophyll and carotenoid content, chlorophyll fluorescens, and antioxidants compared to uninoculated control. A significant increment in yield parameters like panicle weight, panicle length, spikelet fertility, grain yield, and harvest index was recorded in all PSB treated plants blended with phosphate fertilizer rates compared to control plants. Phosphorus uptake in grains and vegetal tissues, and phosphorus use efficiency was significantly augmented in the consortium of PSB blended with 50% fertilizer rate. Iron content improved significantly in all the PSB treated plants whereas zinc content and disease incidence reduced in PSB treated plants compared to control plants. The present findings provide an overview that PSB alone or their consortium blended with an optimum 50% recommended phosphate fertilizer dose can be an effective strategy for biofortification of crops in an eco-friendly and economical manner for a sustainable agriculture system.

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