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ThesisItem Open Access Explicating the influence of Silicon in relation to growth dynamics, biotic stress and tolerance to water deficit conditions in different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Das, Sudeshna; Shankhdhar, S.C.Rice is one of the leading agricultural crops serving as the staple food crop for almost 50% of the existing people in the world. As the population continues to expand and climate change occurs, the escalation in food requirement is inevitable. Environmental stress (biotic and abiotic) owing to climate change alters the growth and development of plants leading to an enormous loss in crop yield and productivity. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design replicated thrice with four treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Si fertilized T3: Si + Drought stress and T4: Drought stress. The study was conducted during the kharif season of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the influence of Si on growth dynamics, biotic stress and tolerance to water deficit conditions in different genotypes of rice. Various morphological, yield attributes and biochemical parameters in five genotypes namely PA-6129, US-312, KRH-4, IR-64 and Sahabhagidhan were observed. Nutrient content estimation as well as biotic stress incidence analysis was also conducted. Silicon was found to have an encouraging influence on the growth and development and yield under wellwatered as well as water-deficit conditions. Growth parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf number, LAI and biomass accumulation as well as yield and yield attributes such as panicle number, spikelet number, grain number, test weight and harvest index were found to enhance. Chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, protein and amylose content together with SOD activity revealed a positive response on application of silicon. Proline and MDA content was found to decline. Upsurge in nutrient content uptake was also witnessed. KRH-4 and US-312 was recognized to deliver a commendable response to silicon fertilization under well-watered as well as water deficit conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of late sown rice under differential nutrient management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Joshi, Babita; Guru, S.K.The present study was undertaken to study the effect of differential nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of rice genotypes under late sown condition. A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, India. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four treatments as main plot and six rice genotypes viz. PR-113, PD-22, HKR-47, PD-24, NDR-359 and PD-19 as sub-plot and was replicated thrice under late sown condition. The treatments included 50% RDF (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1), 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1), 150% RDF (180:90:60 kg NPK ha-1) and 50%RDF+ FYM(5 t ha-1). Incremental doses of N, P and K (150%RDF) significantly improved the plant height, number of tillers, leaf growth parameters such as LAI, LAD, SLW, crop growth parameters such as CGR, RGR, NAR, leaf dry matter and shoot dry matter. Increase in CGR and RGR contributed to greater biomass production. Also the yield components such as number of panicles /m2, number of spikelets per panicle , filled grain %, increased significantly with increase in nutrient supply resulting in higher biological and grain yield. All the genotypes had increased nutrient content in plant as well as in leaf at flowering and maturity. Uptake of N, P and K by rice plant at harvest significantly increased at 150%RDF in response to nutrient supply. This ultimately resulted in increased grain yield with 150%RDF. PFP was not affected with increase in nutrient supply indicating that increasing the dose to 150%RDF increased the yield by 30-60% in all the genotypes without affecting the nutrient use efficiency at higher doses. When the dose was reduced to 50%RDF, the growth and yield parameters decreased significantly. Application of FYM along with 50% RDF could not result in yield levels comparable to 100% RDF.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological aspects of zinc application for its biofortification and yield in wheat(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Tiwari, Deeksha; Guru, S.K.Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient in biological metabolism required for normal growth and development of plants and humans. In plants, zinc plays a crucial role in enzymatically driven metabolism and it also contributes toward gene expression and stress tolerance. Similarly, in humans it affects multiple aspects of the immune system and is required for normal development and proper function of cell mediating immunity. Zinc deficiency is among the top five micronutrient deficiencies and severely affects one-third of the world’s population, especially rural communities. The main reason for this deficiency is the intake of food low in zinc content. Wheat is the major staple food for world population and is inherently low in zinc concentration. Biofortification of wheat grains with zinc can help to combat this micronutrient deficiency to a large extent. A research investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of zinc application on yield and nutritional quality of wheat grains. The investigation was carried out in N. E. B. Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar during Rabi season 2018-19. Wheat variety PBW 343 was used as the experimental material. Zinc was applied at four concentrations (0.25, 0.50. 0.75 and 1.0% ZnSO4) and at three stages i.e. S1 (one spray of ZnSO4 at 30 DAE), S2 (two sprays of ZnSO4 one each at 30 and 45 DAE) and S3 (three sprays of ZnSO4 one each at 30, 45 and 60 DAE). Zinc application had a promoting effect on LAI, TDM, panicles/m2, spikelet number/m2, biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and the maximum increase in biolo0gical and grain yield was recorded with three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4. Harvest index and test weight were unaffected by zinc application. Biochemical analysis revealed that total chlorophyll content, activity of SOD and Carbonic anhydrase increased with zinc application. Zinc content of grains and straw also increased with application of zinc giving a maximum value with three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4. Iron content of grains and straw also increased with zinc application at 1.0% ZnSO4. On the other hand a negative effect of zinc application was found on phytic acid and phosphorus content of grains and molar phytic acid: zinc ratio and the maximum decrease were found with 1.00% ZnSO4. Protein content also increased significantly with zinc application giving maximum protein content with 0.75% ZnSO4. The study revealed three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4 one each at 30, 45 and 60 DAE was most effective for increasing the grain yield as well as the nutritional quality of wheat grains. However remobilization of zinc from leaves to grains is a mechanism which should be considered for further study to efficiently utilize the applied zinc.ThesisItem Open Access Productivity and quality assessment of Basmati rice under organic and conventional nutrient management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Joshi, Hem Chandra; Guru, S.K.The field experiment entitled “Productivity and Quality Assessment of Basmati Rice Under Organic and Conventional Nutrient Management” was conducted in kharif season, 2016 and 2017 at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two modes of production (organic and conventional). This study involved the simultaneous characterization of soil chemical properties, agronomical parameters attributing yield, biochemical parameters, quality parameters and nutrient uptake in organic and conventional mode of production. There was no significant effect of nutrients system on soil pH in the practices, Available phosphorus, potassium, ammonical nitrogen and nitrate content were higher for conventionally managed soil. Plant height significantly affected by source of organic nutrients i.e. higher in the organically managed system. There were no effects of nutrient supply systems on the number of productive tillers; they were almost same in both the practices. However, the leaf area index was significantly affected by the nutrient supply system. During both the years the leaf area index was higher in the inorganic source of nutrient system. Moreover, dry matter production, biological yield, total yield were higher in rice plant under inorganic nutrient management system. Harvest index of organic rice was more as compared to the conventionally grown rice. Amongst grain quality parameter, hardness, true density and percent porosity were higher in rice grains under conventional nutrient supply. Inorganic rice had better milling quality but cooking quality was found better in organic rice as evident from higher elongation ratio and swelling rate. The organically grown rice was found to be tastier in comparison to inorganically grown rice as organic sample scored higher for all the parameters of sensory. The quality of protein was better in organically managed rice. Total ash, crude fiber and iron element were found higher in organically managed rice. Iron was found to be significantly higher in organic rice (1.32 mg/100 g). The nutritional analysis revealed that organic crops had higher level of nutrients.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under shade condition(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Yadav, Puneet Kumar; Shankhdhar, S.C.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops for humans consumed by more than half of the world's population. Rice production is affected by various environmental factors such as temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, relative humidity and wind which have profound impact on the various growth stages of rice development like vegetative, reproductive and ripening stages. Light intensity is one of the most important environmental factors that determine the basic characteristics of rice development. Low light due to continuously cloudy weather or rainfall, especially during the grain-filling stage, induces a significant loss in yield and results in poor grain quality. For physiological and biochemical characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under shade condition, a field experiment was conducted in Norman E. Borlaug crop research center, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif season 2018 with different rice genotypes, namely, IET 27561, IET 27543, IET 27586, IET 27550 , IET 27559, IET 27563, IET 27607, IET 27577, IET 26671, IET 27629, IET 26926, IET 27638, IET 27612, IET 27540, IET 27616. These genotypes were transplanted in two blocks, one for control and another block for imposing low light stress by covering the block with 50 % shade net supported by bamboo sticks and both the entry ends were open for sufficient ventilation. Among 15 genotypes only five genotypes attained maturity namely IET 27561, IET 27550, IET 26671, IET 27612 and IET 27540. A number of parameters such as plant height, total dry matter, leaf area, panicle weight, stem weight, number of filled spikelet, number of spikelet, thousand grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, proline, carbohydrate, protein, amylose, and phenol content were recorded in different rice genotypes and it was found that except plant height and chlorophyll content, all the parameters reduced significantly under low light stress. The genotypic variations were also found in these genotypes. Some genotypes showed tolerance for low light stress and some were found to be susceptible. Finally the grain yield, harvest index and number of filled spikelet indicated that low light stress adversely affected these parameters. Genotype IET 26671 was found to be tolerant for low light stress and performed better because it attained highest grain yield, harvest index and spikelet fertility under the low light stress condition, followed by moderately tolerant genotypes IET 27540.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of high temperature on morpho-physiological & biochemical parameters of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Maheshwari, Akshita; Shankhdhar, DeeptiRice is a staple food crop in global food system fulfilling the energy requirement of major part of world population. It is very sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, light, drought etc. during critical stages of growth, such as flowering and seed development. High temperature can irreversibly damage the rice grain quality, yield and plant processes. Auxin plays a prominent role to mitigate the high temperature stress effects on spikelet fertility and yield attributes. A research investigation was carried out to understand the morpho-physiological and biochemical changes and effect of auxin application under high temperature conditions in N. E. Bourlog crop research center, Pantnagar during kharif season 2018. Heat treatment was given to different rice genotypes during flowering by making a polythene tunnel in one block which traps heat and other block kept open as control. Auxin treatment as 10 ppm IBA was given to one of the replication at anthesis. Among 30 genotypes only nine genotypes, IET 26803, IET 26480, IET26477, IET 26478, PR-124, IET 25713, IET 26806, IET 26794 and IET 26763 were selected for the further research work on the basis of grain yield and harvest index. Daily maximum and minimum temperature was recorded using automatic thermometer installed inside the tunnel. Parameters such as plant height, tiller number, total dry matter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluroscence, stem weight primary and secondary branching per panicle, panicle weight, number of filled grains per panicle, number of spikelet, spikelet fertility, thousand grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, carbohydrate, protein, amylose, germination potential of harvested seeds etc were recorded. It was found that chlorophyll content, leaf weight, stem weight and TDM reduced at flowering. At maturity, there was a decrease in shoot weight, TDM, primary and secondary branching per panicle, panicle weight, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, grain yield, harvest index, germination potential of the seeds produced, carbohydrates and amylose content due to high temperature which was significantly enhanced by exogenous application of auxin in different rice genotypes. Physiological and biochemical analysis revealed that the carotenoid content superoxide radical accumulation increased in some genotypes. Genetic diversity is responsible for the stress effects and stress mitigation in the crop as different genotypes from diverse backgrounds showed varied results since out of nine genotypes IET 26806, IET 26763 and IET 26477 were found to be tolerant while PR-124, IET 26803 and IET 26480 were sensitive to high temperature in terms of spikelet fertility per panicle, grain yield per unit area, germination potential of harvested seeds and superoxide radical accumulation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of iron sulphide nanoparticle treatment on the growth and iron content of Agaricus bisporus(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Panwar, Megha; Atul KumarIron deficiency is one of the leading risk factors for disability and death worldwide, affecting an estimated 2 billion people. Nutritional iron deficiency arises when physiological requirements cannot be met by consuming monotonous plant-based diets. Targeted iron supplementation, iron fortification of foods, or both, can control iron deficiency in populations. Studies show that iron fortification can be an effective strategy against nutritional iron deficiency. The present study was carried out to evaluate different concentrations (0, 10, 25 and 50% in culture media and 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in spawned compost) of iron sulphide nanoparticles on growth, nutritional status and iron content of Agaricus bisporus. The mycelium growth rate was seen maximal at the concentration of 10% iron sulphide nanoparticles. Growth parameters like pileus diameter and stipe length were found to be maximal at the concentration of 25% iron sulphide nanoparticles. However, stipe diameter was maximal at 100% concentration of treatment. At the lower concentration of nanoparticles improvement in economic yield was seen. Total carbohydrate content was higher at lower concentration and flavonoid content was higher in all treatments. However, treatment of nanoparticles decreased the buffer soluble proteins and phenol content. All the treatments of nanoparticles on Agaricus bisporus led to the increased iron as well as zinc content in fruiting bodies. Thus, iron sulphide nanoparticles have potential to improve growth, nutritional status and iron content of Agaricus bisporus at specified concentration to offset the problem of iron malnutrition.ThesisItem Open Access Growth, yield and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa. L) at different nitrogen levels(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Setty, Jyotsna; Bains, GurdeepRice is one of the major food crops for more than 3.5 billion people. . Nitrogen plays a very important role in crop growth and it can limit yield potential of cereals. For pushing up the yield to maximum there is a need for better crop management practices. The present study was conducted during the Kharif season of 2018 to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen (N0, N50&N100) on morphological, physiological, biochemical, agronomical parameters, yield and grain quality of 6 rice genotypes namely; RNUE 1 (BPT-5204), RNUE 2 (Jaya), RNUE 3 (MTU-1010), RNUE 4 (Rasi), RNUE 5 (Rasi × Jaya/2) and RNUE 6 (Sampada). On increasing doses of nitrogen, morphological parameters like plant height, tiller number, LAI, flag leaf length & width, yield & yield attribute parameters increased. Similarly, biochemical and physiological parameters like chlorophyll content and NR activity in leaves, protein, and starch content in rice grains increased with increasing doses of nitrogen but amylose content decreased. However, Zn content increased at N50 but decreased at N100 in some genotypes. Agronomical parameters which include nitrogen content and NUE traits like agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen, in rice grain decreased with increasing doses of nitrogen but apparent recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen increased in all rice genotypes. Highest grain yield was recorded in MTU 1010 under N100. Highest ANUE and PNUE were recorded in MTU 1010 and Rasi x Jaya/2 under N50. Highest PFPN and REN (%) were recorded in MTU 1010 under N50 and N100, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical characterization of nitrogen use efficiency in rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Anjali; Bains, GurdeepRice is one of the most important and domesticated crop and serves as staple food over half of world’s population. As the world’s population increases day by day, demand of cereal crops also increases. Nitrogen is one of the crucial nutrient for crop growth and development and the most yield-limiting nutrient in rice cropping systems worldwide. Nitrogen fertilizers enhance the crop growth and yield and it is a major issue of today. The rate of application of unbalanced nitrogen fertilizer in the soil is the most important variable that limits the quality and productivity of rice. However, the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers pollute the water, soil and air. The present study was carried out for evaluation of the effect of different doses of nitrogen (N0, N50 and N100) on physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as the yield attributes and the grain quality of 6 rice genotypes namely: RNUE 7 (Sampada × Jaya/2), RNUE 8 (Sampada × Jaya/3), RNUE 9 (Varadhan), RNUE 10 (Varadhan × BPT 5204/10), RNUE 11 (Varadhan × BPT 5204/6), RNUE 12 (Varadhan × MTU 1010/2). Which was conducted during Kharif season 2018. From the study it was observed that as nitrogen level increases morphological, yield and yield attributed parameters such as plant height, leaf area index, number of tillers, flag leaf length and width, spikelet number and grain number, panicle weight and number, primary and secondary branches per panicle, shoot weight, 1000 grain weight, economic yield and biological yield were increased and harvest index was not much affected with increasing level of nitrogen. The physiological and biochemical parameters such as nitrate reductase (NR) activity, chlorophyll content, starch content and protein content were found to be increased with increasing dose of nitrogen. However, amylose content was not positively correlated with increasing concentration of nitrogen. Among all the genotypes maximum economic yield was observed by Varadhan × MTU 1010/2 (585g/m2) under N50 and minimum by Varadhan × BPT 5204/10 (769 g/m2) under N100. Amongst all six rice genotypes Vardhan is highly nitrogen use efficient at N50.