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Open Access
Elucidating the effect of salicylic acid and glycerol on physiology of malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Vinai Kumar; Bains, Gurdeep
Mango malformation is one of the most threatening malady of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Present investigation was carried out at Experimental Mango Garden Department of Plant Physiology and Horticulture Research Center (HRC), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the effect of salicylic {0 mM (SA0), 0.5 mM (SA0.5), 1.5 mM (SA1.5), 2.5 mM (SA2.5), 5.0 mM (SA5.0), 10 mM (SA10)} acid and glycerol {0 mM (G0), 25 mM (G25), 50 mM (G50), 100 mM (G100), 200 mM (G200) and 500 mM (G500)}on physiology of malformation in four cultivars of mango cv. Amrapali, Dashehari, Langra and Chausa. The experiment was conducted in pot and field conditions in three year old and twenty five year old grafted mango plants during years 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively. The design of the experiment was factorial completely randomized design (CRD) and factorial randomized block design (RBD) respectively. The effect of salicylic acid and glycerol treatment was evaluated with respect to morphological characters and physio-biochemical characters. The ten isolates of Fusarium mangiferae were isolated from malformed floral tissues and characterized on the basis of purple orange colour on patato dextrose agar (PDA) media and conidia production on carnation leaf agar (CLA). The mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae were tested on Spezieller-Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) media. It was observed that salicylic acid and glycerol treatment significantly reduced occurrence of floral malformation as compared to control. However, fruit yield increased up-to certain levels after that it decreased with respect to control. Salicylic acid treatment significantly increased proline content, phenolic content, SOD activity in dose dependent manner whereas relative water content was decreased. SA1.5 concentration was found best for most morphological and physio-biochemical characters. Lower doses of glycerol caused increase in chlorophyll florescence, chlorophyll content whereas higher doses of glycerol increased proline content, malondialdehyde content, phenolic content and relative water content decreased gradually with increasing concentrations. Glycerol, 100 mM concentration was found best for morphological and physio-biochemical characters. Salicylic acid decreased mycelial growth and conidial germination whereas glycerol decreased mycelial growth and promoted conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae at acidic pH. Overall findings of the present investigation suggested that Fusarium mangiferae is not solely responsible for mango malformation. Exogenously applied salicylic acid and glycerol might reduce floral malformation either by inhibiting the infection and colonization of Fusarium mangiferae in host tissue or by strengthening plant defense mechanism.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical characterization of Basmati rice grown under organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient sources
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Bisarya, Dipti; Shankhdhar, S.C.
The field experiment was carried out at the Organic block of Breeder seed production Centre (BSPC), G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, with an objective to investigate the effects of different organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient sources on the physiological and biochemical parameters in the two basmati rice varieties. The experiments were laid out in Split plot design replicated thrice with eight treatments as main plots viz., T1: GM+FYM (AWD), T2: Organic (AWD), T3: FYM+VC (AWD), T4: SRI with FYM (AWD), T5: DSR+Soybean (LSI), T6: Organic control (CF), T7: Chemical control (CF), T8: Integrated (CF) and two basmati rice varieties Type-3 and Taraori in the sub plots. Results showed that the organic manure such as FYM, VC and green manure had equal potential to increase the agronomical and physiological parameters of rice crop. The grain yield was reported maximum in T8 Integrated (CF) which was at par with T1 GM+FYM (AWD). Out of the two varieties, Taraori basmati was selected for further study of nutritional parameters and it was found that among all the treatments T3 FYM+VC (AWD) was best for enhancing the zinc content in the grains. However, T1 GM+FYM (AWD) was the best for enhancing the iron content in the grains. Localization of maximum zinc and iron were also reported in these treatments through staining techniques. Whereas T6 Organic control (CF) was better for increasing the ascorbic acid and protein content in the grains. Finding also revealed that milling results in huge loss of iron, zinc and protein from the edible part of the rice grain. A similar pot experiment was also conducted with Taraori basmati rice variety under the treatments GM+FYM, FYM+VC, Organic control, Chemical control and Integrated. Results of this pot experiment also showed that the treatments FYM+VC and GM+FYM were best to increase the antioxidant activity such as SOD, CAT, APX, GPOX, GR, TPC and TFC in the leaves. This may be due to the reason that these treatments were more successful in increasing the amount of physiologically active zinc and iron in the leaves of Taraori basmati rice variety. Thus it can be concluded that the application of organic manure FYM and VC, and green manure such as Sesbania are an important strategy for sustainable development that can address the current problem of low nutritional quality of rice grains without compromising it with the yields.
Open Access
Effect of shading on growth, development and reproductive biology of major weed species of winter season
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Mishra, Sudershan; Guru, S.K.
Light plays a major role through its direct effects on morphology and biomass production by plants. Both crops and weeds compete for light by shading each other. Therefore the effects of shading on growth and development of both crops and weeds will determine their competitive ability.To analyse the implications of shade on weed biology, an experiment was conducted in winter season 2017 to evaluate the effects of shading on growth, development and reproductive biology of seven major weed species of winter season viz. Phalaris minor,Polypogon monspeliensis, Melilotus indica, Medicago denticulata, Lathyrus aphaca, Vicia sativa, and Solanum nigrum. The treatments included full sunlight, 55% shade and 75% shade. Data on phenology, biomass partitioning and reproductive biology was recorded for all the species. The total duration was delayed by more than two weeks under 55% shading and by three four weeks under 75% shading for all the weeds, as a result of cumulative increase in vegetative, reproductive as well as time taken from flowering to maturity. Plant height was doubled within two weeks after shading and was enhanced by more than 30cm and 38cm under 55% and 75% shading, respectively. Total aboveground dry matter accumulation decreased by more than 80% under shading and almost two-three fold proportion of dry matter was partitioned towards leaves. Concomitant variation in SLA, RGR, NAR and LAR indicated adaption to shade at whole plant level. The lowest decrease in maximum NAR and RGR was observed in Polypogonand Solanum, expressing their high competitive ability over other weeds under study Number of seeds per plant was reduced by 67% under shading as a consequence of proportional reduction in number of fruits/inflorescences. However the number of seeds per fruit remained fairly constant. Chlorophyll a/b ratio was also found to be reduced under shading.
Open Access
Physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to low light stress
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Tewari, Rahul; Shankhdhar, S.C.
Rice is a global food for more than 60% of the world’s population. It is very sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, light, drought etc. during critical stages of growth, such as flowering and seed development. Low light stress is an important constraint for rice productivity in Southeast Asia. For physiological responses of rice genotypes to low light stress, a field experiment was conducted in Norman E. Bourlog crop research center, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif season 2017 with different rice genotypes, namely, IET 23356, IET 25206, IET 25221, IET 25814, IET 25835, IET 25863, IET 25865, IET 25866, IET 25867, IET 25868, IET 25869, IET 25870, IET 25871, IET 25875, IET 25876, IET 25877, IET 25879, IET 26013, Shalimar Rice-3, Swarna Prabha and Tulasi respectively. These genotypes were transplanted in two blocks, one for control and another block for imposing low light stress by covering the block with 50 % shade net supported by bamboo sticks. Both the entry ends were open for sufficient ventilation. Among 21 genotypes only five genotypes were selected for the further research work namely IET 23356, IET 25814, IET 25867, Swarna Prabha and Tulasi on the basis of spikelet number per panicle and number of filled spikelet per panicle. A number of parameters such as plant height, tiller number, total dry matter, leaf area, panicle weight, stem weight, number of filled spikelet, number of spikelet, thousand grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, proline, carbohydrate, protein, amylose, starch and phenol content were recorded in different rice genotypes and it was found that except plant height, chlorophyll and protien content, all the parameters reduced significantly under low light stress. The genotypic variations in these characteristics were also found. Some genotypes showed tolerance for low light stress and some were found to be susceptible. Finally the grain yield, harvest index and number of filled spikelet indicated that low light stress adversely affected these parameters. The low light stress tolerant genotypes performed better in terms of filled grain numbers and harvest index as compared to susceptible genotypes. In present study, Swarnaprabha and Tulasi were found to be tolerant.
Open Access
Study on growth and development of Argemone maxicana, Solanum nigrum, Polygonum plebeium and their management in wheat crop
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Parimita, Pragyan; Guru, S.K.
The present study was undertaken to study the biology and management of three weed species namely Argemone maxicana, Solanum nigrum and Polygonum plebeium. For studies on biology and management of these three weeds field experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2017-18 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre and the laboratory experiments were conducted in the department of Plant Physiology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The weed species were grown in small micro-plots to study their growth and development. To evaluate efficacy of some pre and post emergence herbicides for the control of these weeds in wheat crop an experiment was laid out in a RBD with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of pendimethalin @ 1000g/ha, metribuzin (pre & post) @ 210 g/ha, carfentrazone @ 20g/ha, metsulfuron methyl @ 4g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester @ 500g/ha, sulfosulfuron @ 25g/ha, clodinafop+ metsulfuron methyl @ 60g+4.0 g/ha, sulfosulfuron+ MSM @ 32g/ha, carfentrazone+sulfosulfuron @ 20g+25g/ha. Another experiment was laid out to study bio- efficacy of post emergence herbicides on Argemone maxicana, Solanum nigrum and Polygunum plebeium in a RBD with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The total duration of growth was 115 days for Argemone maxicana, while for Solanum nigrum and Polygonum plebeium it was 110 days. Seed production potential of Solanum nigrum ranged between 14,000 to 17,000 seeds per plant while in Argemone maxicana 11,000 to 14,500 seeds per plant. The herbicide pendimethalin, metribuzin both (pre-&-post emergence application), carfentrazone and clodinafop+MSM, were effective to reduce density and dry weight of weeds in wheat crop. Glyphosate and halauxifen methyl+fluroxypyr treatments effectively controlled Argemone maxicana,while Solanum nigrum was effectively controlled by dicamba, 2,4-D Ethyl ester , halauxifen methyl+fluroxypyr and glyphosate . Polygonum plebeium was effectively controlled by glyphosate and dicamba, metsulfuron methyl+carfentrazone and halauxifen methyl+fluroxypyr herbicide treatments. Among the treatments only carfentrazone had toxic effect on wheat crop. The injury appeared as white powdery patches on the leaf surface that were lightly bleached and lighter in color which resulted in chlorosis. However, the crop recovered from the toxicity within 15 days after its appearance.
Open Access
Effect of high temperature stress during reproductive stage on morpho-physiological parameters, yield and nutritional quality of rice
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Negi, Pooja; Bains, Gurdeep
Rice is a global food for more than 60% of the world’s population. It is very sensitive to high temperature stress during critical stages of growth, such as flowering and seed development. Therefore ,high temperature stress is an important constraint for rice productivity under climatic conditions. To understand the effect of high temperature stress during reproductive stage on morpho-physiological parameters, yield and nutritional quality of rice, a field experiment was conducted in Norman E. Bourlog crop research center, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Kharif season 2017 with 8 rice genotypes, namely , IET 26755, IET 26757,IET 24911, IET 24914, IET 26765, IET 26771, IET 26772 and 175-2(K) respectively. These genotypes were transplanted in two blocks, one for control and another block for imposing high temperature stress by covering the block with polythene sheet supported by bamboo sticks. Both the entry ends were open for sufficient ventilation. The high temperature stress was given during flowering and dailymaximum and minimum temperature were recorded with the help of thermometer inside thepolythene sheet.A number of parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf area index,chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline content, grain yield, thousand grainweight and spikelet fertility, total dry matter, stem weight, shoot weight, panicle numberprotein, amylose and phenol were recorded in different rice genotypes. In presentinvestigation, it has been found that plant height and tillers number were significantly increased under high temperature stress, while the total dry matter was found to decrease. The chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and amylose content also decreased under high temperature stress, while proline and phenol content significantly increased in all genotypes. The genotypic variations in these characteristics were also found. Some genotypes showed tolerance for high temperature stress and some were found to be susceptible. Finally, the grain yield, harvest index, number of filled spikelet and percent spikelet fertility indicated that high temperature stress adversely affected these parameters. The high temperature stress tolerant genotypes performed better in terms of filled grain
Open Access
Evaluation of nitrogen use efficient promising rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Sharma, Anuj; Atul Kumar
Rice is one of the major food crop for more than 3.5 billion people and they depend on rice for more than 20% of their daily calorie intake. Nitrogen plays a very important role in crop growth and it can limit yield potentials of cereals. For pushing up the yield ceiling there is a need for better crop management practices. The present study was carried out to evaluate different nitrogen doses (NO, N50 & N100) effect on morphological, physiological & biochemical parameter of 12 genotypes of rice namely; RNUE 1 (BPT-5204), RNUE 2 (Jaya), RNUE 3 (MTU-1010), RNUE 4 (Rasi), RNUE 5 (Rasi × Jaya/2), RNUE 6 (Sampada), RNUE 7 (Sampada × Jaya/2), RNUE 8 (Sampada × Jaya/3), RNUE 9 (Varadhan), RNUE 10 (Varadhan × BPT 5204/10), RNUE 11 (Varadhan × BPT 5204/6), RNUE 12 (Varadhan × MTU 1010/2) which was conducted during the Kharif season of 2017. On increasing nitrogen doses, morphological parameter like plant height, tiller number, LAI, flag leaf length & width and yield & yield attribute parameter also increases. Similarly biochemical and physiological parameter like NR activity, chlorophyll, protein, %N content in seed of rice also increases with increase in nitrogen dose but amylose content decrease with increasing nitrogen doses. NUE traits like Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, Physiological nitrogen use efficiency, Partial factor productivity of applied N, Apparent recovery efficiency of applied N in rice grain decrease with increasing nitrogen doses. On comparing among the rice genotypes, maximum grain yield was produced by RNUE-4 (Rasi) under N50 dose and RNUE-9 (Varadhan) under N100 doses. Maximum ANUE and PNUE was observed in RNUE-10 (Varadhan × BPT 5204/10) genotype under N50 dose. Maximum REN (%) and PFPN was observed in RNUE-4 (Rasi) genotype under N50 doses.
Open Access
In vitro studies of antioxidant potential in Rauvolfia serpentina l. under PEG induced drought
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-04) Narendra Kumar; Shankhdhar, Deepti
Drought affects the growth and development of plants but some medicinal plants are able to cope up with this condition by synthesizing and accumulation of antioxidants and secondary metabolite. Rauvolfia serpentina is one of them. In R.serpentina genotype Cim-Sheel and wild callus induction and proliferation was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4D (2. 0 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 mg l-1), maximum (90 & 84 %) callus induction was recorded in minimum (22.90 and 23.00) days after inoculation with maximum dry weight (0.274 & 0.270) respectively. Highest (92.59 & 70.36 %) shoot induction was obtained in MS medium supplemented BAP (2.0 mg l-1) and NAA (0.2 mg l-1 ) in minimum (24.00 & 25.67) days after inoculation while maximum shoot length (5.17 & 4.17 cm) and shoot number (4.67 & 3.33) was also recorded in genotype Cim-sheel and wild respectively. A noval approach for in vitro flowering was initiated by using the BAP (1.0 mg l-1) and 2, 4 D (0.5 mg l-1). Among the all combination, this combination was found maximum (83.33 %) flowering induction obtained in minimum 28 days after inoculation in Cim-Sheel genotype. Drought stress (1, 2 & 3%) PEG treatment was given to the proliferated callus and regenerate shoots of both genotype Cim-sheel and wild. The effect of the drought was investigated by taking various parameters such as RWC, membrane stability, antioxidants and protein profiling. The minimum (22.37 and 21.85 %) RWC was found in proliferated callus and (21.70 and 18.84 %) was found in regenerated shoot of genotype Cim-Sheel and wild respectively in 3 % PEG after 45 days of inoculation. Electrolyte leakage and MDA content was found increase (71.23 and 80.00%) and (0.155 & 0.73 μmol/mg Fw) in 1 % PEG treatment at 45 days after inoculation. A significant increment was found in proline content under stress was recorded maximum (3.24 & 3.60 μmol/mg FW) is regenerated in leaves of genotype Cim-Sheel and wild at 3 % PEG after 45 days to inoculation as compare to control. The Phenol and the flavonoids as an antioxidant were enhanced significantly with increasing drought and days after treatment. The maximum phenol (337.56 mg/g FW & 404.22 mg/g FW) and flavonoids (41.33 & 47.41 mg/g FW) in callus and regenerated leaves were found increase under 3 % PEG at 45 days after inoculation respectively. While maximum ascorbate content (6.17 & 6.27 mg/g FW) in proliferated callus and regenerated leaves was found enhance at 3% PEG after 45 days of inoculation in Cim-Sheel genotypes of R.serpentina. The enzymatic antioxidant SOD and CAT was also increased significantly with days and time interval. Maximum SOD activity (3.27 & 3.40 unit/ mg protein) and CAT activity (22.67 and 23.23 unit/ mg protein) was recorded in proliferated callus and regenerated leaves in 3% PEG after 45 days of inoculation. For investigation of specific proteins under drought, 2DE approach was used. Total 40 proteins were detected. Out of these 19 spots were found unregulated and 11 spots down regulated and remaining had no effect of stress. Out of 19 regulated proteins two new proteins were expressed namely pyrophosphate energized vacuolar membrane pump and RNA directed DNA methylation 4 as compared to control.
Open Access
Influence of silicon solubilizers on physiological and biochemical attributes in rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Joshi, Neeraj; Shankhdhar, S.C.
Rice is a global grain for more than 60% of the world’s population. As the population continues to expand, the demand for food crops also continues to increase. Susceptibility to pest and disease infestation along with environmental stress leads to yield loss. Silicon being, second most abundant element in the earth provides resistance to disease, pest infestation and also alleviates water stress thereby improving resistance of plants against lodging. To study the influence of silicon solubilizers on physiological and biochemical attributes in rice genotypes, a field experiment was conducted in Norman E. Bourlog Crop Research Center, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif season 2016 with different rice genotypes namely, PA-6129, PA-6201, PA 6444, PHB-71, US-312 and BPT-5204. The field experiment was carried out in three separate blocks i.e. control, soil (imidazole) and foliar (silixol) application with randomized block design. All genotypes were transplanted in these blocks with three replications each. The plots were separated from each other with proper spacing (20×10 cm) and the experimental field was bordered by proper bunds. Soil and foliar application of silicon solubilizers was done at tillering, panicle initiation and flowering. Both the form of silicon solubilizer applications showed increase in morphological, agronomical and biochemical parameters except amylose content. Pest and diseases infestation was reduced significantly more in foliar than soil application. Maximum increase in plant height at flowering was recorded for PA-6444 (11.87%) by foliar application. Maximum increase in total dry matter was observed in PA-6444 (49.59%) by foliar application. Foliar application showed maximum increase (19.40%) in panicle weight (g m-2) at flowering. Harvest index showed maximum increase by foliar application 12.39% in PHB-71 compared to control. In foliar application, PHB-71 (94.04%) showed maximum increase in protein content. The maximum decrease in dead heart infestation was observed in foliar application 82.35% as compared to control. From the experiment performed, it was found that PHB-71 and PA-6444 were most efficient in utilizing both the forms of silicon solubilizers as they showed maximum harvest index and reduced disease and pest infestation. BPT-5204 and US-312 were found to be more susceptible as the grain yield was found minimum and maximum disease and pest infestation as compared to other varieties, under soil and foliar application of silicon solubilizers.

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