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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different rice varieties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-05) Lohani, Nidhi; Bains, GurdeepRice not only forms the mainstay of diet but also is the livelihood for a large percent of world’s population. Nitrogen directly affects yield contributing parameters as it is an important constituent of various biomolecules. Rice plant requires nitrogen during vegetative and reproductive growth phases which is made available through soil mineralization and nitrogen fertilizer application. Rice accounts for approx 35 % of worldwide nitrogen used, however nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of rice is respectively between 30-35 % and 25-30%. Increase in nitrogen uptake is highly correlated with the grain yield, hence to meet the world’s ever growing rice demand, appropriate fertilizer management practices are a must. Plant parameters were undertaken with the idea to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency of nine rice varieties HYVs Ajaya, BPT-5204, NDR 359, aromotic varieties Pusa Basmati-1, Tarouri Basmati, Vasumati and hybrid varieties KRH 2, PA 6444, PHB 71 under three nitrogen treatments viz. urea @ 0, 100 and 200kg N/ha.. The morphological and physiological parameters viz plant height, number of leaves, LAI, TDM, LAR and NAR gave maximum values at N-200 and minimum at N-0. RGR gave maximum values at N-100 while RLAGR and HI were found maximum at N-0. SPAD gave maximum value at N-200 (33.73 at Tmax and 33.72 at flowering for HYV BPT-5204) & minimum at N-0 (26.23 at Tmax and 29.93 at flowering for aromatic rice variety Tarouri Basmati). NRA was maximum for hybrid PHB 71 at N-100 & minimum for aromatic rice variety Vasumati at N-0. Grain protein was also recorded maximum at N-100 (for hybrid PHB 71) & minimum at N-0 (for HYV NDR-359). The nitrogen estimated in plant parts at Tmax was recorded maximum at N-200 (3.54 % for hybrid PHB 71) & minimum at N-0 (1.09 % for BPT-5204), however at flowering no specific correlation was found among the nitrogen treatments & percentage nitrogen estimated in plant parts. The residual soil nitrogen before fertilizer application was constant in whole field. After fertilizer application, it increased with increasing amount of nitrogen applied to the field. Most of the yield components like primary and secondary branches per panicle, spikelet per square metre, number of grains per panicle, panicle TDM, grain yield and straw weight increased linearly with nitrogen applied. The number of panicles per square metre were recorded maximum for N-100 (475 for HYV BPT-5204) & minimum for N-0 (237.5 for NDR-359). Overall, the quantitative characters were recorded maximum at N-200 while the qualitative characters were recorded maximum at N-100. Hence, to obtain higher NUE, nitrogen should be applied @ 100 kg/ha. Further, the studies can be exploited in nutrient management in different rice varieties to enhance nitrogen efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Plant performance and yield characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L Wilczek) as affected by differential nitrogen application(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-06) Sharma, Ashish; Singh, MunnaTo feed the vegetarian masses of the world including Indian subcontinent and that too without deteriorating their protein composition pulses play immense role. Vigna radiata is one of the most important pulse crop grown in our country, accounting for about 9% of the total pulse production. The production of pulses including mung bean faces a set back because of the adverse climatic conditions prevalent in the major production zones of the country. Nitrogen plays an indispensable role in the production of any crop including pulses. Although pulses are thought to be self sufficient for nitrogen nutrition. The unavailability of nitrogen at the initial stages of growth results in the poor crop stand. To rectify this problem, exogenous application of nitrogenous fertilizer can be done to overcome with this problem to increase the yield and production in our country. Several parameters related to growth and yield of mung bean were studied in the present investigation to evaluate the best nitrogen dose in mung bean cv. Pant Mung-5 to increase its yield. Consequently, plant growth, development (plant height, leaf area, grain yield, etc.) and other associated physiological and biochemical processes were found to be optimal functional incase nitrogen applied as per its normal dose (20 kg/ha). The higher dose i.e., 200 kg/ha also seems to be effective similar to the normal dose of nitrogen. The micronutrients viz., Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe availability was found to be bit improved with the seeds harvested from the plants given exogenous nitrogen fertilizer. Hence, application of nitrogen fertilizer may be recommended to achieve better crop management, improvement and yield eventually.ThesisItem Open Access Competitive ability and allelopathic potential of rice cultivars against weeds(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-04) Singh, Pratibha; Guru, S.K.The present study was conducted in the Crop Research Centre and the Deptt. of Plant Physiology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, with an objective to evaluate the competitive ability and allelopathic potential of five rice cultivars against weeds. The field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2007 and 2008. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications with weed control methods as main plots and cultivars as subplot treatments. The treatment consisted of weedy, weed free and butachlor. Morphological as well as Physiological growth parameters and total dry matter production were measured at different growth stages. Total phenol content and phenol profiling through HPLC were also done. To study the effect of phenolics and rice tissue extracts on germination of weed seeds were carried out through petridish bioassay as well as hydroponic cultures. Among the different phenolics ferulic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acids had maximum inhibitory effects on germination and seedling growth of weed species. The straw and roots of rice cultivars had inhibitory effects on weed seedling growth. Traits that were found to be correlated with competitiveness were vegetative vigour and biomass production at early growth stages whereas physiological growth parameters such as RGR, NAR, RLGR, RLAGR were poorly correlated with competitive ability. Among the five rice cultivars, Pant Dhan 18, Govind and Pusa 44 were competitive than Pant Sugandha Dhan 15 and Pant Sugandha Dhan 17. The phenolic profiling through HPLC exhibited that major phenolics hydroquinone, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic aicd, syringic and gallic acid were major phenolic acid present in roots which contributes towards allelopathy. Incorporation of rice straw at transplanting or prior to that has been reported to have an controlling effect on the weed population. In a second experiment, incorporation of rice straw at 100-500 gm m-2, 15 days prior to transplanting was found to have significant effect on reducing the weed biomass as well as promoting both growth and yield of four rice cultivars. Four phenolic acids such as gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid were identified by HPLC in the rice straw which is supposed to have some allelopathic effect.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological aspects of flowering, vase life and dormancy in gladiolus: Effects of chemicals and growth regulators(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-05) Bhatt, Anjana; Guru, S.K.The present study was conducted in the Floriculture Center and the Plant Physiology Department of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to elucidate the Physiological aspects of flowering, vase life and dormancy in gladiolus as affected by chemicals and growth regulators. The experiment was laid out in two factorial randomized block design with plant growth regulators GA3, IAA, BAP, Ethrel and the polyamine (spermidine) were sprayed at 45 days after planting, while KNO3 was applied twice, at 45 and 60 DAP @ 20 g/m2 in the experimental field. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf number per plant and floral characteristics such as spike length, rachis length and number of flowers per spikes and physiological parameters such as dry weight of shoot, inflorescence and corm and relative water content were measured at different growth stage in gladiolus. Among all the above treatments, application of GA3 alone @ 100 or 200 ppm or in combination with KNO3 (20 g/m2, applied twice) were more effective for improving plant growth, flower quality and corms and cormels production. Vase life of cut flowers was enhanced by supplementing sucrose and antimicrobial agents in the vase solution. In the present study sucrose (2-4%) or Al2 (SO4) 3 (100, 500 and 1000 ppm) alone or in combination, BA (25, 50 and 100 ppm) or AgNO3 (100 and 500 ppm) were supplemented in the vase solution for improving the post harvest life of gladiolus. Among all the treatments, Al2 (SO4) 3 and sucrose (2%) or sucrose alone (2-4%) were effective for improving the longevity as well as quality of flower. Al2 (SO4) 3 alone could also support longevity as well as quality of flower. Though BA and AgNO3 also improved the vase life, but their effect were inferior as compared to sucrose and Al2 (SO4) 3. Dormancy of freshly harvested gladiolus corms and cormels has been reported to be due to ABA and phenols present in the corms and scales. Both ABA and phenols content were decreased when stored at room temperature (25-300C for 75 days) or cold storage (4-50C for 75 days). Gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, ethrel and thiourea were found to be effective in breaking dormancy of gladiolus corms. The effect of ethrel, thiourea and GA3 in breaking dormancy could be explained in terms of reduction of ABA and phenols and increases in the carbohydrate contents in the freshly harvested corms. Thus, the freshly harvested corms can be planted in the field to get an immediate crop following such dormancy breaking treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Competitive ability of rice cultivars against weeds: role of growth physiology and phenolic allelopathy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Bisht, Smita; Guru, S.K.The present study was conducted in the Crop Research Center and Plant Physiology Department of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, with an objective to elucidate the competitive ability of five rice cultivars viz. Sarju 52, Narendra 359, Pant Dhan 12, Pant Dhan 16 and VL Dhan 206 against weeds, with an emphasis on the role of growth physiology and phenolic allelopathy.The experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2006 and 2007, in a split plot design with three replication. The treatments consisted of Weedy, Hand weeding, Butachlor. Morphological parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf number, as well as leaf growth parameters, grain yield and panical number; physiological parameters such as RGR, RLGR, RLAGR, LAR, SLW and NAR, was measured at different time intervals dry matter production. Biochemical parameter such as phenol content and profiling through HPLC were carried out at different growth. The effect of different phenolics alone or in combination and the water-soluble extracts of root and shoot tissuses of rice on germination and seedling growth of six weed species were analyzed in petri-dishes under laboratory conditions. Among the different phenolics, p- hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid had maximum inhibitory effect on weed seed germination. Inhibition of germination was greater when the phenolics were used in different combination than when used individually. Among shoot and root extract, the shoot extract of varieties PD12 and PD16 had maximum inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth of all the six weed species under study. Among the five rice cultivars, PD 12, PD 16 & Narendra 359 were found to be highly competitive while VL Dhan & Sarju 52 were less competitive cultivars, as evident from their CWCI. VL Dhan is a taller variety & has lower yield potential while PD 12, PD 16, Sarju 52 and Narendra 359 are semi-dwarf varieties and had higher yield potential. The higher biomass at early vegetative stage contributes to their competitive ability so that PD 12 and PD 16 are more competitive cultivars than Narendra 359 and Sarju 52 while; VL Dhan was the least competitive cultivar. PD 12 & PD 16 had higher tiller number at 30 DAT, which contributes to their competitiveness, which was not true for VL Dhan. PD 12, PD 16 and Narendra 359 had more leaf area at 30 DAT hence a higher vegetative vigor than Sarju 52 and VL Dhan. There was no correlation of RGR & NAR with competitive ability. RGR & NAR of both the years was highest for the variety VL Dhan at 45-60 & 30-45 DAT respectively, while rest of the four varieties had similar RGR & NAR. The total phenol content was higher in the varieties PD 12 and PD 16 and it was higher in the root tissue than in the shoot tissue. The phenolic profiling through HPLC revealed that gallic acid, resorcinol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and vanillic acid were among the major phenolics present in the rice varieties. Protein profiling revealed no difference among the varieties, as the banding pattern was same for all the cultivars in both the years.ThesisItem Open Access Electroencephalographic responses to somato-sensory and visual stimuli in goats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Madan, Arun Kumar; Rastogi, S.K.EEG can serve as an index of mental state, which can be particularly useful for studies in animals, where mental states are much less accessible for objective study as in humans. Changes in EEG variables can be considered as reliable indicators of pain perception and visual assessment utilized for providing important diagnostic information. Keeping this in view the study was undertaken to develop a suitable montage under multiple electrode system in goats and utilizing it for possibility of pain assessment and perception area of brain through EEG. Fifteen heads of local X Jamunapari goats of about 2 years of age were fixed in 10% formalin-phenol solution and a mathematical relationship was developed between the underlying brain structures and surface points on the skull so that the electrode placement sites could be standardized. The findings were corroborated radiologically in live animals also. Seven goats were trained to experimental conditions and a seven channel monopolar montage was used for assessment of various somatic and visual stimuli. The somatic stimulations provided were skin brushing, intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injection with 18G and 20 G needles. In addition intradermal injection with 24 G needle was given. All the injections had NSS as injection material. The visual stimuli were blind folding with the help of cloth, lights off, lights off with photic stimuli at 2 Hz, 11Hz and 15 Hz. Visual stimuli was also provided with photic stimulations at 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 11 Hz, 13Hz and 15 Hz with lights on. After the EEG traces were screened for interference, three records of 3 seconds of qEEG was utilized for spectral analysis through FFT to raise Total Power, Spectral Edge Frequency, Median Frequency and Peak Power Frequency over entire spectrum and Relative Power over four bandwidths. The data was analyzed by ANOVA to statistical difference between different electrodes. The parietal and vertex areas of right side brain were identified as most active during the resting phase in goats. The somatic stimuli like skin brushing and intravenous injections were assessed on the contralateral side of the brain in the parietal electrode regions. These regions of the electrodes overlie the primary and secondary somatic areas of the brain. The intramuscular injections induced higher bioelectric activity in the parietal cortex but the extent of activation of ipsilateral or contralateral somato-sensory areas were variable and non-specific. The subcutaneous and intradermal injections were given on the back of the animals in lumbar region and in their case clear cut contralateral assessment could not be made, possible due to less representation of trunk in sensory cortex of ruminants or some ipsilateral projections from thalamic nuclei. The visual stimuli like blind folding was not able to provide a clear cut description of visual assessment in brain cortex however, other stimulations produced changes in right occipital with closely followed by left occipital regions with passage of stimulus from frontal to occipital through vertex region of brain in both, the light adapted and dark adapted goats.ThesisItem Open Access Elucidating the potential of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties through photothermic indexing(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Parminder Singh; Shukla, AlokThe present investigation was carried out to evaluate photothermic response of different rice varieties namely Prasanna, Krishna hamsa, Abhya, Jaya, Rasi, Nandi, CSR-10, Yamini, Early samba and Kasturi under early and late sown conditions through field trials. The effects of these treatments were studied on different morpho-physiological and phenological characters (plant height, number of green leaves, days to panicle initiation, days to general flowering, days to maturity, cumulative degree days (CDD), cumulative nyctoperiods (CNP) and relative water content), biochemical characters (chlorophyll content, proline content and protein profiling) and yield parameters (thousand grain weight, biological yield, economic yield and harvest index). Temperature affects plant growth in early stages while nyctoperiod affects plant growth during transition from its vegetative phase to reproductive phase. Number of days to attain panicle initiation was reduced by 3.2 to 7.7 days under late sown conditions as compared to early sown conditions. Average reduction in days to flowering under late sown conditions is primarily due to longer nyctoperiods as compared to early sown conditions. So with the delayed sowing there was a considerable saving of thermal and nyctoperiod requirement with parallel reduction in yield. Protein profiling studies revealed that lower molecular weight protein showed less expression with low intensity bands under early sown conditions as compared to late sown conditions. Molecular studies revealed that rice varieties Rasi and Early samba have highest similarity coefficient of 0.733 followed by rice genotypes pair Yamini-Kasturi with SSR markers. Rice genotypes pair Rasi - Early samba showed highest similarity coefficient of 0.737 followed by rice genotypes pair Kasturi – Krishna hamsa with RAPD markers. High degree of polymorphism was shown by SSR markers as compared to RAPD markers. This study can be explored in selection and incorporation of phenological traits in breeding programmes to give rise better varieties with better yield.
