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Open Access
Postharvest disease management of Guava caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. And Sacc.
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Singh, Himanshi; Singh, Himanshi; Singh, K.P.; Singh, K.P.
Guava anthracnose caused by {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.) is one of the most destructive post harvest disease in India causing huge economic losses during transit and storage at market level. In Uttarakhand, the disease showed an increasing trend in all the fruit markets from 2021 to 2022.The disease severity of anthracnose in different locations in Uttarakhand market varied from 5.20 to 26.50percent. The highest mean disease incidence ranged from 15 to 50 percent was observed in both of the year. The disease was more severe in Dehradun and least in Lalkuan (Nainital) district. Biochemical changes in guava like total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, sugars, total flavonoids content, phenolic content, antioxidants were recorded under each treatment overa storage period of 12 days. Chitosan (1.5%), calcium chloride (1.50% and 2.50%) and Aloe veral: l gel treatment was most effective in maintaining shelf life, enhancing biochemical quality and in reducing postharvest losses in guava fruits. Among the post harvest dip treatment of fungicides, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin at 0.15 per cent concentration was found most effective in respect of checking the anthracnose severity development in treated fruits of guava cv. L- 49.Antagonistsevaluations revealed that the Trichoderma +Pseudomonas fiuorescens at 15 g/1 concentration was found promising against the pathogen in reducing severity (79.70%) in guava. In addition the activity of inorganic salts, Calcium chloride at 2.50percentwas found highly effective in reducing disease severity (72.24%) over check. Among the plant extracts Aloe vera (1:3) was found to be the best in checking the severity of anthracnose providing (56.13%) reduction over check. Zinc oxide (0.50%) was found to be more effective among all the nano particles in reducing the disease severity. Hot water treatment at 57°C was found effective than UV irradiation showing least disease severity. Among the elicitors Salicylic acid at 2mM concentration was found to be most effective in reducing disease severity in cv. L-49 during storage. Our results suggested that susceptibility of guava cv. L-49 to anthracnose during storage is dependent on the high temperature which favours the attack of fungal pathogens causing post harvest anthracnose. Further our results indicate that effective management strategy helps in reduction of anthracnose disease as well as maintains quality of fruit.
Open Access
Integration of biological and chemical practices for the management of location specific diseases of rice
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Mehar, Priya; Bijendra Kumar
Rice is a staple food and provides up to 50% of the dietary caloric supply and a substantial part of the protein, however, it is infected by diseases like; sheath blight, brown spot, sheath rot, false smut, etc. that results in significant yield losses. Biological control using antagonistic microbes to minimize the conventional use of chemical pesticides has recently become more prevalent. In an attempt to find an integrated control system, biological and chemical practices recommended for the management of rice disease were integrated with the objective to manage major location specific diseases namely; sheath blight, brown spot, sheath rot and false smut in rice. Five treatments viz; seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/Kg seeds, seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seeds + foliar spray of T. harzianum @ 10 Kg/ha at 20 DAT, seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seeds + foliar spray of Propiconazole 25% EC @ 500ml/ha at booting stage, seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seeds + foliar spray of T. harzianum @ 10Kg/ha at 20 DAT + foliar spray of Propiconazole 25% EC @ 500ml/ha at booting stage and seed treatment with carbendazim 50 WP @ 2g/Kg seeds + foliar spray of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG @ 200 g/ha at booting stage were evaluated using local susceptible variety Pant Dhan-4 under field conditions during Kharif 2021. Results of the present studies indicated that of the different treatments applied alone and in combination against Sheath blight(Rhizoctonia solani), Brown spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus), False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) and Sheath rot of rice (Sarocladium oryzae), seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seed + foliar spray of T. harzianum @ 10 Kg/ha at 20 DAT + foliar spray of propiconazole 25% EC @ 500 ml/ha at booting stage was found to be the best in managing the diseases and improving the grain yield of rice. The treatment provided 89.69 % control of sheath blight, 81.90 % control of brown spot, 80.56% and 71.16 % control of false smut on plant and spikelets basis, respectively and 91.52% control of the sheath rot as compared to untreated control. Of the different treatments, seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/Kg seed + foliar spray of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG @ 200 g/ha at booting stage and seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/Kg seed + one foliar spray of Trichoderma harzianum @ 10Kg/ha at 20 DAT + foliar spray of propiconazole 25% EC @ 500 ml/ha at booting stage were found to be equally most effective in improving the grain yield. The treatments recorded 60.45 and 59.89 qha-1 grain yields and were able to avoid more than 10% yield losses, respectively. Economic analysis of the results revealed that seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/Kg seed + foliar spray of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% @ 200 g/ha at booting stage with highest incremental net benefit cost ratio of 2.58:1 was found to be the most economic combination in managing the disease. However, seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seed + foliar spray of T. harzianum @ 10Kg/ha + foliar spray of propiconazole @ 500 ml/ha at booting stage with incremental net benefit cost ratio of 1.75:1 was found to be the next most economic treatment. Based on the overall efficacy and economics of the treatments it can be concluded that integration of biological and chemical management practices i.e., seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/Kg seed + foliar spray of T. harzianum @ 10Kg/ha + foliar spray of propiconazole @ 500 ml/ha at booting stage is best both in terms of managing sheath blight, sheath rot, brown spot and false smut diseases of rice and in improving the grain yield of rice.
Open Access
Impact of weather parameters on the occurrence of brown rust and germplasm screening against yellow (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) and brown rust (Puccinia triticina Erisk) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Joshi, Vasundhra; Deepshikha
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is most elementary and basic cereal crop consumed by 2.5 billion of world population. The most devastating pathogens which affect wheat worldwide are leaf or brown rust, stripe rust or yellow rust and black rust or stem rust. Out of these leaf and stripe rust appear periodically on wheat crop and induce heavy losses in yield. Although application of chemical is emergent tool for the management of rust but it is not an sustainable and economic way to eradicate rust. Partial resistance, gene deployment for developing resistant variety are some ways to control leaf and stripe rust in effective way. Also Epidemiological studies help us to understand the development and progress of disease and establish correlation between environmental factors and disease development. The present studies were carried out with the following objectives 1. Screening of germplasms of wheat for disease resistance against leaf and stripe rust under epiphytotic conditions 2.analysis of disease severity with Area under progress curve 3.To determine the role of weather parameters on leaf rust disease development in wheat. In the study Out of 158 germplasm accession ,48 accessions were found phenotypically resistant to stripe rust (numbered as 10, 121, 122, 123, 130, 129, 139, 152, 155, 156, 37, 1, 19, 21, 41, 18, 22, 23, 27, 45, 52, 58, 62, 65, 72, 74, 77, 78, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 2, 5, 8, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117, 118, 134, 136) and 12 accessions were found resistant to leaf rust (numbered as 1, 115, 118, 61, 41, 138, 136, 145, 40, 152, 42 & 116). Lower Audpc was observed in 46 accessions (accession number 10, 121, 122, 123, 130, 129, 139, 152, 155, 156, 37, 1, 19, 21, 41, 18, 22, 23, 48, 52, 58, 62, 65, 72, 74, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 2, 5, 8, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117, 118, 125, 134 & 136) for stripe rust and in 11 acessions(accession number 1, 118, 61, 138, 136, 145, 40, 152, 115, 42, 116) for leaf rust. Study of correlation of disease severity of leaf rust with weather parameters reveal that there was increase in minimum and maximum temperature with disease severity and decline was observed in relative humidity(morning) and relative humidity (evening) and negative significant correlation was observed with rainfall and number of rainy days. Also through multiple regression analysis the R2 was calculated more than 90 per cent for the year 2020-21.
Open Access
Impact of weather parameters on the occurrence of brown rust and germplasm screening against yellow (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) and brown rust (Puccinia triticina Erisk) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Joshi, Vasundhra; Deepshikha
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is most elementary and basic cereal crop consumed by 2.5 billion of world population. The most devastating pathogens which affect wheat worldwide are leaf or brown rust, stripe rust or yellow rust and black rust or stem rust. Out of these leaf and stripe rust appear periodically on wheat crop and induce heavy losses in yield. Although application of chemical is emergent tool for the management of rust but it is not an sustainable and economic way to eradicate rust. Partial resistance, gene deployment for developing resistant variety are some ways to control leaf and stripe rust in effective way. Also Epidemiological studies help us to understand the development and progress of disease and establish correlation between environmental factors and disease development. The present studies were carried out with the following objectives 1. Screening of germplasms of wheat for disease resistance against leaf and stripe rust under epiphytotic conditions 2.analysis of disease severity with Area under progress curve 3.To determine the role of weather parameters on leaf rust disease development in wheat. In the study Out of 158 germplasm accession ,48 accessions were found phenotypically resistant to stripe rust (numbered as 10, 121, 122, 123, 130, 129, 139, 152, 155, 156, 37, 1, 19, 21, 41, 18, 22, 23, 27, 45, 52, 58, 62, 65, 72, 74, 77, 78, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 2, 5, 8, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117, 118, 134, 136) and 12 accessions were found resistant to leaf rust (numbered as 1, 115, 118, 61, 41, 138, 136, 145, 40, 152, 42 & 116). Lower Audpc was observed in 46 accessions (accession number 10, 121, 122, 123, 130, 129, 139, 152, 155, 156, 37, 1, 19, 21, 41, 18, 22, 23, 48, 52, 58, 62, 65, 72, 74, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 2, 5, 8, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117, 118, 125, 134 & 136) for stripe rust and in 11 acessions(accession number 1, 118, 61, 138, 136, 145, 40, 152, 115, 42, 116) for leaf rust. Study of correlation of disease severity of leaf rust with weather parameters reveal that there was increase in minimum and maximum temperature with disease severity and decline was observed in relative humidity(morning) and relative humidity (evening) and negative significant correlation was observed with rainfall and number of rainy days. Also through multiple regression analysis the R2 was calculated more than 90 per cent for the year 2020-21.
Open Access
Status and distribution of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) and other plant parasitic nematodes associated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Dehradun and Haridwar districts of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Wankhede, Gajanan Mulchand; Wankhede, Gajanan Mulchand; Satya Kumar; Satya Kumar
An extensive survey has been carried out in Dehradun and Haridwar districts of Uttarakhand and 148 samples were collected. Locations are mapped using arc GIS software. Microscopic morphological studies revealed the presence of ten genera of PPN’s viz., Criconemoides spp., Ditylenchus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Tylenchus spp. and Xiphinema spp. Hirschmanniella spp. was the most predominant PPN in five blocks followed by Meloidogyne spp. in three blocks. Maximum total nematode population among all blocks was recorded from Garhi Shyampur village (4349/200cc soil) of Rishikesh block of Dehradun and Tihri village (4217/200cc soil) of Bahadrabad Block from Haridwar. Maximum total RKN population (4700 J2/200cc soil and per g root) was recorded from village Redapur of Sahaspur Block from Dehradun district and Aiki village from Laksar Block of Haridwar district (12233 J2/200cc soil and per g root). Highest average population of Hirschmanniella spp. was found in Doiwala block with 598 Individual/200cc of soil and of Meloidogyne spp. in Laksar and Roorkee block with 612 J2/200cc of soil. Soil pH showed negative correlation with Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp. and Tylenchus spp. Soil organic carbon showed negative correlation with Helicotylenchus spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. and Tylenchorynchus spp. Soil moisture showed positive significant correlation with Cricocemoides spp., Ditylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Xiphinema spp. Soil temperature showed negative significant correlation with Helicotylenchus spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Meloidogyne spp. and Tylenchorynchus spp. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of 1.75 is calculated for Dehradun district and 1.66 for Haridwar district which shows that species in Dehradun are higher with more even distribution Based on the results present study, it is inferred that rice root nematode is the most serious threat to the rice crop in followed by rice root-knot nematode. Both the nematodes show more than ninety per cent frequency of occurrence in all the surveyed blocks.
Open Access
Biological studies of Cordyceps militaris (l.) link and its cultivation on various agricultural waste
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Balooni, Madhur; Sharma, Geeta
Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link is an entomopathogenic fungus which belongs to Division Ascomycota. It is worldwide in distribution; however, its population density is quite insignificant. Major hosts belong to 12 different families of the Lepidopteran order. It has been successfully artificially cultivated in a variety of media, including brown rice, silkworm pupae and other grains. In the present study, the teleomorphic as well as anamorphic stage of fungus was observed under compound microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. It was found that stroma (ascocarp) of fungus contains broadly ovoid, semi-immersed perithecia having filamentous asci narrowly cylindrical with an apical thick cap. Ascospores were filamentous and septate which fragmented into part spores at the time of maturity. Conidia was nonseptate, smooth and velvety; subglobose to elliptical, usually single or aggregated at the apex of phialides. Phialides were solitary or in whorls of two to three. Seven different solid media were used i.e PDA, OMA, SDAY, MYA, MEA, CZYA and V-8 for best fungal growth. Among these media, CZYA and OMA showed the best growth. Growth and sporulation (spores/ml) of fungus was studied under different colour lights i.e. blue, green, red, yellow, LED and dark condition (Control) on CZYA medium and result showed that yellow light support the fungus growth and showed maximum sporulation. Seven different agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, wheat straw, poultry litter, sawdust, waste paper, coco peat and tea waste along with brown rice (Control) were used to cultivate the fruiting bodies. Only three substrates (tea waste, poultry litter and brown rice) were able to produce fruiting bodies in which maximum biological efficiency was found in brown rice (75.15%) followed by tea waste (50%) and poultry litter (14.15%). Six different agricultural insect pests (Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera frugiperda, Athalia lugens, Holotrichia serrata and Papilio demoleus) were used for fruiting body production in which both larvae and pupae of H. armigera showed a maximum infection rate (90% and 70.33%) and least in case of P. demoleus (28% and 23.66%). No stromata formation was seen in all the treatments. To test the antagonistic nature of C. militaris, dual culture was performed against five plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Macrophomina phasiolina, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum truncatum and Pythium aphanidermatum) in which maximum growth inhibition was recorded in Macrophomina phasiolina (70.41%) and minimum in Colletotrichum truncatum (53.75%). Methanolic extract of fungus was used to show gradual inhibition in the growth of two plant pathogenic bacteria ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Glycinea) using the agar well diffusion method. The inhibition zone diameter in the case of P. syringae pv. glycinea was 0.56 cm at 25 % conc., 0.83 cm at 50 % conc., 1.13 cm at 75 % conc. and l1.46 cm at 100 % concentration. Plates kept as control did not show inhibition against test bacteria. A similar trend of growth inhibition was noticed in the case of X. oryzae pv. oryzae with increasing concentration of methanolic extract of C. militaris (i.e. 0.43 cm at 25% conc., 0.66 cm at 50% conc., 1.06 cm at 75% conc., and 1.26 cm at 100% conc.).
Open Access
Antifungal properties of Vrikshaurveda based herbal Kunapajal against seed-borne fungi
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Dev, Vidya; Dev, Vidya; Tewari, Rashmi; Tewari, Rashmi
Phytopathogens are amongst one of the major cause contributing significantly towards losses in crop yields and quality. Agrochemical based disease management is followed majorly by the farmers may lead eventually to resistance breakdown and environmental hazards. For sustainable crop production and maintaining safe agro ecosystem herbal kunapajal is an eco- friendly and promising plant bio stimulant. The present investigation was carried out to test the antifungal properties of herbal kunapajal formulations against Alternaria solani, Colletotrichum capsici, Macrophomina phaseolina, Helminthosporium oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. All the selected herbal kunapajal formulations showed effectiveness against plant pathogens.Complete inhibition of all the test pathogens was observed at 5% concentration of herbal kunapajal formulations. Enhanced seedling vigour was observed when seeds were treated with different bioformulations. An increase in the plant growth parameters viz., germination, seedling length, vigour, root length, shoot length, root weight, shoot weight, root/shoot ratio, number of leaves per plant and reduction in seedling infection was observed when seeds were treated with 10% concentration of herbal kunapajal formulations in tomato and chilli plants The treated tomato and chilli plants showed elevation in the enzymatic activity of PO, PPO, PAL, SOD, TPC, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lignin production leading induced defense response in host. Highest increase in enzymatic activity was observed in herbal kunapajal eucalyptus treated plants. It is evident from the present study that the use of herbal kunapjal as a potential bio-formulation can be a sustainable alternative for effective management of phytopathogens.
Open Access
Assessment of inoculation methods, chemical management, phenotypic and molecular characterization of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against Powdery Mildew disease incited by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Kushwaha, Archana; Deepshikha
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop which is cultivated over a wide range of climatic conditions. The powdery mildew (PM) disease of wheat which is caused by the pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, is an obligate, host-specific fungus that only infects wheat. In India, the disease have been important in northern and southern hill zone and foothills of the country. The present studies were carried out with the following objectives (i) Screening of exotic germplasm of bread wheat for powdery mildew and analysis of disease severity with area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) (ii) To evaluate the efficacy of different artificial inoculation methods in wheat against Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (iii) To study the effect of compatibility of different fungicides for management of powdery mildew disease (iv) Confirmation of resistance in the phenotypically resistant lines with the use of molecular markers. The study was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-2022 and the experimental material comprised of 176 germplasm genotypes .Out of one hundred and seventy six genotypes, forty eight genotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 68, 69, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 127, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141, 148, 150, 152, 153, 163, 166) showed phenotypically resistance to powdery mildew of wheat. Out of forty eight genotypes, forty six genotypes that showed phenotypically resistance to powdery mildew of wheat were also confirmed resistant by AUDPC value (< 100). Rubbing is superior to all other inoculation techniques out of the four artificial methods (dusting, spraying, brushing, and rubbing. The fungicide Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w + Difenoconazole 11.4% w/w SC @ 0.10 was found to lowest percent disease intensity, highest grain weight and gave highest grain yield among all eight treatments and in future it may be included in the management practice of powdery mildew of wheat. Molecular marker characterization revealed that Xgwm312 confirmed the resistance to 9 genotypes (HS562, VL2041, PBW874, DBW313, DBW368, WH1407, HD3349, PBW873, and HD3043). Cfd26 confirmed the resistance in five genotypes (HS562, VL2041, DBW313, HS5079 and HD3043). Xgwm174 confirmed the resistance in seven genotypes HS562, VL2041, WH1406, DBW368, WH1407, HPW349, and PBW873 and the marker Xgwm182 confirmed the resistance in 7 genotypes (HS562, DBW187 (I) (C), WH1406, VL907, HS507, WH1407, HPW349 out of 20 genotypes. The result concluded that, the genotypes which came out to be resistant through genotypic and phenotypic way can be further used by breeders for the development of powdery mildew resistant varieties.
Open Access
Evaluation of wheat and paddy straw based growing medium on the agronomical, morphological, and nutritional parameters of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Bisht, Chandan; Mishra, S.K.
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler is an edible and medicinal mushroom that is very popular in traditional South Asian Medicine and used to treat different human ailments including strengthening the immune system. In the world, both production and consumption of Lentinula edodes are increasing proportionately day by day due to the increase in the demand for food and medicine and hence, received the privilege of the first rank with 7.89 million tons of production. In India, it generally grows on wheat straw, but its rising cost making Lentinula crop unremunerative while, on the other hand plenty of paddy straw is available at a much cheaper rate. Therefore, 10 strains- Le-21-01, Le-21-02, Le-21-03, Le-21-04, Le-21-05, Le-21-06, Le-21-07, Le-21-08, Le-21-09 and Le-21-10 as well as the growing media made of wheat (GM 1) and paddy straw (GM 2) were selected for the present study. The spawn run and cropping period of Le-21-02 was completed very shortly within 38 days, Whereas its full harvest period was maximum of 108 days, respectively on the GM 1. However, Le-21-06 respond a minimum of 58 days to first harvest, highest 90.44% BE, and a maximum 75.43 g average fruit body weight was recorded with the same growing media GM 1. The pilus diameter, stipe length, and stipe thickness of the fruitbodies of Le-21-06 were also found excellent with 14.7, 7.34 and 1.9 cm respectively in the same growing media. Therefore, the above parameters of the study undoubtfully kept Le-21-06 upsides than other strains, hence being selected for the nutritional and GC-MS based study. Along with the above observations, the effect of both the growing media was also evaluated with the results that GM 1 was found more or less superior to GM 2 for most of the selected agronomical and morphological parameters. In case of nutritional observations taken with Le-21-06, GM 1 also represented the highest moisture (86.16%), carbohydrate (76.40%), crude fiber (2.22%), potassium (3.06%), and energy value (388.08 Kcal/gm). While GM2 was known best with protein (17.80%) and ash (7.30%) and both respond equally to fat and phosphorus content. Moreover, GM 1 was also encouraged to produce the highest 34 numbers of aromatic compounds from the fruiting bodies of Le- 21-06 compared to the 18 numbers of aromatic compounds observed from the same strain of GM 2. Four volatile compounds- Diethylamine, 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol, Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, and Hexyl formate were found identical with their names and molecular weights in the GC-MS study. Therefore, as a conclusion of the above study, it would be appropriate to say that there is a need to further improve the nutrition prepared from paddy straw so that the production of Lentinula edodes can be increased to the maximum with least cost.

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