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Open Access
Studies on comparative efficacy of herbal methionine vis-à-vis synthetic dl-methionine supplementation on the performance of commercial broiler chicks during winter and summer season
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Nanda, Subhankar; Tiwari, D.P.
Two feeding trials viz., during winter and summer seasons were conducted to discern the comparative effect of dietary supplementation of herbal methionine vis-à-vis synthetic DL-methionine on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics and serum biochemical parameters and economics (feed cost/ kg body weight gain) in commercial broiler chickens. In both the seasons 180, day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 6 treatment groups with 3 replicates each that is 10 broiler chicks per replicate. The broiler chicks of treatment group T1 (control) were fed basal diet (starter and finisher diet), whereas in treatment groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 basal diets were supplemented with 0.2 % DL-methionine, 0.15 % DL-methionine + 0.05 % herbal methionine, 0.1 % DL-methionine + 0.1 % herbal methionine, 0.05% DL-methionine + 0.15 % herbal methionine and 0.2 % herbal methionine by replacing the DL-methionine at 0,25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent levels respectively. In both winter and summer seasons, the feeding trial lasted for viz., 0-21 days (starter phase) and 21-42 days (finisher phase). A metabolism trial was conducted during 6th week of feeding trial. Blood samples were collected on 42nd day of feeding trial for the study of serum biochemical parameters. At the end of feeding trial on 42nd day, 3 chicks from each replicates were sacrificed for the study of carcass characteristics. The growth performance parameters obtained during winter and summer seasons were pooled and average values were recorded. During starter phase, there was significant difference in body weight gain amongst the different treatment groups of broiler chicks. The overall average body weight gain was 618.45, 637.73, 639.60, 649.40, 641.35 and 653.88 g, respectively, in broiler chicks of T1, T2, T3, T4 T5 and T6. The highest body weight gain was in treatment T6 and lowest in treatment T1. The feed intake, performance index, protein efficiency ratio and production efficiency factor did not differ significantly among different groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly better in treatment T6 than other treatment groups. During 21-42 days (finisher phase) the overall average pooled body weight gains in broiler chicks were 1284.90, 1325.51, 1399.52, 1326.82, 1357.50 and 1354.42 g, respectively, in the treatment groups T1,T2, T3, T4 T5 and T6 and differed significantly amongst the groups. Body weight gain was maximum in treatment T1. The feed intake was also significantly higher in treatment T3, however, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency ratio and production efficiency factor in broiler chicks of various groups were statistically similar. During the entire feeding trial (0-42 days) the overall cumulative average pooled values showed significant difference (0.01) in weight gain and feed intake amongst the different treatment groups of broiler chicks. The average body weight gain was 1903.29, 1963.24, 2039.11, 1976.22, 1998.85 ad 2009.75 g in broiler chicks of treatment groups T1,T2, T3, T4 T5 and T6, respectively. The feed intake was highest in treatment group T3 and lowest in treatment T1, whereas feed intake was statistically similar in treatment T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6. There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency ratio and production efficiency factor among the different treatment groups. There was significant difference in nutrient utilization in dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and gross energy amongst the different the treatment groups. The nutrient utilization was highest in treatment T5 and T6 and lowest in treatment T1 and T2. The various carcass traits in broilers were not affected due to either sources of methionine supplementation but dressing percentage was significantly highest in treatment T6 than treatment T1. There was significant difference in dry matter, crude protein, ether extract content in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicks. The serum biochemical parameters showed significant reduction in cholesterol and triglycerides contents in treatments T5 and T6 as compared to other treatment groups. The serum glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin concentration were significantly higher in broiler chicks of herbal supplemented groups. The activities of SGOT, SGPT and ALP differed significantly amongst the treatment groups. The SGPT and SGOT values were significantly higher in treatment groups T1 without any methionine supplementation than the broiler chicks fed diet supplemented with herbal methionine as well as synthetic DL-methionine. The feed cost/ kg weight gain differed significantly during starter and finisher phase of feeding trial and the overall pooled values of feed cost per kg body weight gain were considerably higher in treatment groups and supplemented with herbal and synthetic DL-methionine than broiler chicks of control groups. It was concluded that supplementation of herbal methionine in the diet of starter and finisher broiler chicks improved the growth performance and nutrient utilization coupled with reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride without affecting the carcass traits but the feed cost per kg weight gain was increased due to supplementation of herbal as well as synthetic DL-methionine
Open Access
Study of nettle grass (Urtica diocia) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits and haemato-biochemical parametes in broiler chicken
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Pandey, Rajesh; Anil Kumar
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nettle (Urtica dioica) plant supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and haematobiochemical parameters in male broiler chicken. A total of 96 broilers (Cobb strain) were randomly allocated in different dietary treatments viz. 1. Control with basal diet (T1), 2. Basal diet with 0.5 percent nettle (T2), 3. Basal diet with 1 percent nettle (T3) and 4. Basal diet with 1.5 percent nettle (T4). There were 3 replications per treatment with 8 chicks in each. The dietary supplementation of the nettle did not influence (P>0.05) any of the growth performance parameter i.e. body weight gain, feed intake and FCR of the broilers during whole experimental period. On day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass and organ weights. In carcass characteristics, percentage breast weight, liver weight and gizzard weight were significantly increased in broilers fed 1 percent, 0.5 percent and 1 percent nettle diet, respectively. Although, feeding diets containing 1 percent nettle significantly affected breast crude protein (P<0.05), nettle at 0.5 percent had no significant influence when compared to control. None of the processing loss related parameters were statistically different among all the treatments. In haematological parameters TEC, PCV, Hb, MCH and MCHC were significantly increased at 1.5 percent nettle and MCV at 0.5 percent nettle supplementation (p<0.05). PCV values had no significant difference among nettle treated groups. Cholesterol and triglyceride of nettle incorporated diet were significantly different (p<0.05) when compared to control. Furthermore, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, SGOT and SGPT were numerically improved when compared to control. Results showed that nettle supplementation at 1 percent may be advised to improve the carcass traits and growth performance in broiler chickens and further research to elucidate the mechanism for potentially enhanced growth through nettle supplementation in basal diet of broilers is required.
Open Access
Performance evaluation of Sahiwal cattle maintained at farm and field conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Singh, Devesh; Singh, C.B.
The present investigation was aimed to study the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits, predicting the first lactation milk yield on the basis of first peak yield, first service period and days attain to first peak yield in different combinations. The records of 308 Sahiwal cows, sired by 38 bulls spread over a period of 32 years (1981-2012), maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and animal maintained under AICRP on cattle Sahiwal under field conditions. The data maintained at Chak Ganjaria farm, Lucknow were also utilized for the study. The effects of non genetic factors of these traits were studied by least square analysis for nonorthogonal data, using by the technique described by Hervey (1990). The least squares means for AFC, FCI, FSP, FLL, FLMY, 305 FLMY, FDP, FPY and DAFPY were found to be 1281.89±15.57 days, 426.70±8.53 days, 140.85±8.90 days, 290.42±5.57 days, 1927.50±36.68 kg, 1965.05±27.30 kg, 136.28±8.78 days, 11.15±0.39 kg and 41.78±2.97 days respectively. The heritability estimates of corresponding traits were observed as 0.45±0.12, 0.25±0.07, 0.25±0.09, 0.25±0.11, 0.25±0.07, 0.37±0.12, 0.44±0.15, 0.16±0.03 and 0.19±0.04 respectively. The traits first peak yield and days attain to first peak yield indicated low genetic base. However, other traits of study were medium heritable traits. Highly significant effect (P<0.01) of sire was observed in all the traits, while season was found to influence the first lactation milk yield and 305 days first lactation milk yield at 5% level of significance. The period of calving significantly influenced age at first calving and first peak yield while FCI, FSP, FLL, FLMY, 305 FLMY, FDP and DAFPY were reported to show non-significant effect of period. The highly significant effect of farm was found on all traits under study at 1% level except first lactation length and days attain to first peak yield traits. Almost all the genetic and phenotypic correlations of different production and reproduction traits with other traits under the study were found in desired direction. On the basis of the regression analysis it could be concluded that the first peak yield in combination with days attain to first peak yield may be used in prediction the FLMY in Sahiwal cattle.
Open Access
Effect of fenugreek and kalonji supplementation on performance of Guinea fowls
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Chandankar, Sonali D.; Palod, Jyoti
A study was conducted on 100, day old guinea fowls (Pearl variety) for a period of 12 weeks to study the effect of fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplementation on the growth performance, dressed yield, meat composition and haemato-biochemical parameters. The experimental guinea fowls were randomly divided into five treatment groups viz. group T1 control, T2 ( 2.0% fenugreek seed powder), T3 (1.0% kalonji seed powder), T4 (2.0% fenugreek +1.0% kalonji seed powder) and T5 (1.0% fenugreek + 0.5% kalonji seed powder), each group with two replications consisting of ten guinea fowls each. The respective fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplementation as per the groups was done for 84 days, excluding the guinea fowls of control group which were given feed without any supplementation. Growth parameters were studied in three different periods viz. Starter (1st-4th week), Grower (5th8th week), Finisher (9th-12th week) and overall period (1st-12th) at two weekly intervals. At the end of feeding trial on 84th day, three guinea fowls from each replicate (6guinea fowls/treatment) were randomly sacrificed for study of carcass yield, yield of cut up parts, organ weights, processing losses and composition of thigh and breast meat. At that time blood was also collected for haemato-biochemical parameters. The results of the trial indicated that inclusion of the fenugreek and kalonji seed powder through diet in guinea fowls increased body weight gain, reduced feed intake improved feed conversion ratio (P≤0.05) with best performance during all the periods was noted in T4 groups. Dressed yield with and without giblet was improved in T4 groups. Cut up parts in terms of thigh and breast weights were improved in fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups with maximum weight observed in T5 and T4 group of guinea fowls respectively. Crude protein content of thigh and breast muscles were increased in T4 group of guinea fowls while crude fat content of thigh and breast muscles were reduced in most of the fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups of guinea fowls and minimum observed in T4 group. The blood picture revealed that TEC, Hb, PCV and ESR were improved in T4 group of guinea fowls. Serum glucose was reduced in fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups and with minimum in T2 group. Whereas serum cholesterol levels were reduced in guinea fowls of all the fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups with minimum in T2 group. Serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were reduced in fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups with minimum in T4 group of guinea fowls. Serum HDL-cholesterol was increased in all fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups with maximum value was observed in T4 group of guinea fowls. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin were improved in all fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplemented groups of guinea fowls with maximum values observed in T4 group of guinea fowls. SGOT and SGPT levels were reduced by fenugreek and kalonji seed powder supplementation in guinea fowls. From the results of present study it can be concluded that combination of fenugreek (2%) and kalonji (1%) seed powder through feed may be advised to improve growth performance, dressed yield and production of lean meat. Further research may be carried out using these products in other species of poultry.
Open Access
Effect of modified housing system on performance of Pantja goats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Thapliyal, Priyanka; Singh, S.K.
Open Access
Study on various goat production systems in tarai region with special reference to Pantja goats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Khadda, Balbir Singh; Singh, Brijesh
The present study was conducted in two parts, in first part relevant observations pertaining to goat husbandry practices followed by 645 goat keepers of district Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital were collected by using interview schedule, interview guide and direct observation methods whereas, second part comprised of a study on various performance traits of Pantja goats recorded on the basis of progeny data. The data of both the parts, generated under ICAR sponsored AICRP on goats (Pantja field Unit) located in the department of livestock production management, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). Results of the study showed that majority (90.39 %) of goat rearers belonged to Hindu religion, 55.97% of respondents lived in nuclear family with 53.64 % having a family size of more than 5 members. Overall literacy rate was 64.96 per cent. Majority of the farmers rearing Pantja goats were from Scheduled castes (43.88%) and 82.95% belonged to the middle age group. Majority of the goat keepers (47.91%) followed animal husbandry as a primary profession and 73.80% were landless peasants and 71.97% households earned a total income of more than Rs.50, 000 per annum. Women’s play role in parturition (73.95%), followed by cleaning of animal shed (61.40%), care of sick animal (56.43%), stall feeding after grazing (54.11%), care of young stock (52.40 %), spraying/ dusting (54.26%) and grazing of animals (47.44%). Majority of goat keepers (59.69%) maintained the flock within a shed near to own residences (79.84%) at night with incomplete boundary wall (43.88%) and 62.79% had kachcha floor in goat sheds and (84.65%) used temporary type of roof. Most of the goat rearers (78.29 %) did not have manger and 65.43% had poor sanitation in the sheds. Majority of goat keepers (65.58%) adopted semi stall feeding system. Grazing was done mostly on community land (95.97%) . The maximum proportion of goat rearers fed 100-200g concentrate/goat/ day. Majority of goat keepers (89.15%) did not provide mineral mixture. Majority of goat keepers (94.42%) practised heat detection. Pregnancy diagnosis was followed by 90.70% of the goat keepers by own judgment (92.825). Majority of goat rearers practiced deworming (70.39%), vaccination (55.81%) and control of ecto-parasites (61.24%). Majority of goat keepers (67.91%) were not aware of the care of navel cord of new born kids and 52.25% were not following the practice of castration of the male kids. Most of the goat rearers (92.71%) sold the female goats at own home through middle men (68.22%) based on physical appearance (46.82%) round the year for cash needs (68.84%). The study revealed that 87.59% investment was made on cost of goats and the overall variable cost contributed 77.89% to the gross cost. The net income over gross cost per household was observed to be Rs. 7267.89, 18133.40, 31243.90 and 56028.00 in small, medium, semi-large and large flocks, respectively. The overall least-squares mean for body weight at birth and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were found to be 1.89±0.02, 9.49±0.20, 13.09±0.18, 16.38±0.19 and 18.84±0.22 kg, respectively. The overall least squares means were measured at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months age for the morphometric traits viz. body height (28.55±0.11, 47.26±0.26, 52.23±0.32, 57.33±0.38 and 60.21±0.27 cm.), body length (26.90±0.13, 44.08±0.25, 48.05±0.15, 51.66±0.25 and 54.70±0.25 cm.), chest girth (29.11±0.15, 49.02±0.23, 53.45±0.32, 57.76±0.26 and 61.06±0.19 cm.), paunch girth (30.55±0.15, 51.83±0.29, 56.34±0.25, 60.81±0.33 and 62.98±0.25 cm.), ear length (9.55±0.09, 15.16±0.06, 16.28±0.06, 16.88±0.27 and 17.66±0.07 cm.) and ear width (4.57±0.06, 6.09±0.10, 6.72±0.08, 7.18±0.08 and 7.83±0.07 cm.). The overall least squares mean for horn length at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 2.12±0.07, 4.32±0.15, 5.93±0.18 and 6.46±0.18 cm, respectively. The overall least squares means for absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, instantaneous relative growth rate and Kleiber ratio were found to be 84.21±2.07, 39.93±0.77, 35.77±0.77 and 28.16±1.56g/ day; 3.98±0.08, 0.37±0.02, 0.24±0.01 and 0.16±0.01 kg/ kg; 1.75±0.02, 0.35±0.01, 0.24±0.01 and 0.17±0.01 per cent/ day and 15.29±0.16, 5.50±0.15, 4.24±0.09 and 3.53±0.37g between 0-3, 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months of age respectively. Based on results of present study it was concluded that the goat keepers of the region were not fully aware about improved goat husbandry practices. Pantja breed of goat has an immense production potential. The maximum potential has not been realized due to subsistence type of production system adopted by the goat keepers. It can be achieved by following improved husbandry practices, which will not only improve the productive and reproductive performance of the goats but also improve the socio-economic conditions of the goat rearers.
Open Access
A study on some physical and biochemical properties of urine collected from Pantja goats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Pandey, Manish; Singh, D.V.
Present work was carried out on Pantja goats, reared at goat unit of Deptt. of LPM, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) managed under AICRP on goat improvement, sponsored by C.I.R.G (I.C.A.R), Farah (Mathra) during Autumn (Sept. - Oct., 2016) and Winter (Jan. - Feb., 2017) seasons with an aim to study physical and biochemical properties of their urine as well to see the effect of oral administration of Pantja goat urine on the well being of their kids. The study covered analytical properties of urine, collected from 5 adult female Pantja goats, and oral administration of 10 ml urine (diluted with equal amount of water) to 6 kids (64.50 ± 0.99 days age) forming treatment group on alternate days for one month and compared their rectal temperature, growth (body weight, chest girth, body length) traits and immune response with other 6 kids (63.37 ± 1.20 days age) of control group at 0, 15, 30 and 90 day of experiment. The urine was mainly yellow (54 %), clear and translucent (82%) and had moderate ammonical odor (52 %). The pH, specific gravity (SG) and electrical conductivity (EC) of urine of Pantja goats were 8.42 ± 0.04, 1.031±0.001 and 32.71±1.08 mS, respectively. SG of urine varied significantly (P<0.01) among goats (1.026±0.002 to 1.035±0.002). The mean value for urea, creatinine and uric acid were 64.31 ± 1.57 mmol/ L, 41.53 ± 0.84 mg/ dl and 14.42 ± 1.23 mg/ dl, respectively. Uric acid value varied significantly (P<0.01) among goats (8.83 ±1.03 to 24.97±4.07 mg/ dl). Albumin and total protein content in Pantja goat’s urine were 7.02 ± 0.80 mg/ dl and 14.90 ± 0.85 mg/ dl. Phosphorus and sulphate content were 3.64 ± 0.28 mg/ dl and 2.88 ± 0.14 mg/ dl, latter varied significantly (P<0.05) among goats (1.47±0.29 to 2.94±0.48 mg/ dl). Mean values for chloride, potassium and sodium were 196.65 ± 8.39 mmol/ L, 1326.60 ± 47.30 mEq/ L and 56.13 ± 3.40 mEq/ L. Zinc, cobalt, iron, copper and manganese content of Pantja goat urine were 0.260 ± 0.032, 0.872 ± 0.114, 0.873 ± 0.070, 0.088 ± 0.031 and 0.144 ± 0.012 µg/ ml, respectively. Significant differences (P<0.01, P<0.05) existed in their value due to season, being higher in winter, for iron (0.471±0.050 vs. 1.274±0.080 µg/ ml), cobalt (1.053 ± 0.200 vs. 0.597 ± 0.100 µg/ ml) and manganese (0.170 ± 0.017 vs. 0.117±0.020 µg/ ml). Magnesium and calcium content were 7.89 ± 0.48 µg/ ml and 31.06 ± 2.08 mg/ dl, latter varied significantly (P<0.05) among goats (25.24±1.01 to 42.57±7.90 mg/ dl). The urine administered and control group Pantja kids recorded 38.36±0.01 vs. 38.44±0.02; 38.55±0.03 vs. 38.29± 0.02; 38.60± 0.04 vs. 38.45± 0.02; 38.75± 0.02 vs. 38.78± 0.030C indifferent rectal temperature at 0, 15, 30 and 90 day of experiment. Significant increase in body weight (P<0.05) (12.81 ± 0.26 vs. 12.18 ± 0.10 kg); chest girth (P<0.01) (56.37±0.14 vs. 55.82±0.32 cm); body length (P<0.01) (52.56 ± 0.15 vs. 51.48 ± 0.29 cm); relative body weight (P<0.05) (99.75 ± 2.49 vs. 92.01±2.21%) and relative body length (P<0.01) (39.35 ± 0.28 vs. 36.43±0.91%) of kids became evident at 90 days of experiment. The treatment group kids showed significant (P<0.01) pronounced reaction to PHA injection (3.55 ± 0.05 vs. 2.54 ± 0.03 mm) at ‘12’ hours, indicating that administration of urine in kids boosted their immune response. It is concluded from the results that the urine of Pantja goats was physically and biochemically similar to other goat breeds and cows in many aspects. The oral administration of urine to their kids showed positive and desirable response in terms of their growth and immune response up to 90 days of experiment.
Open Access
Effect of various non-genetic factors on first lactation traits of Frieswal cows under field conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Minj, Sunil Kumar; Singh, D.V.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of pudina (Mentha arvensis) leaf powder on the performance of laying hens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Merina Devi, K.; Palod, Jyoti

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