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2017 - 20202
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Subject: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Land and water resource management in Lohawati watershed of Uttarakhand using remote sensing and GIS
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Tewari, Sanjay; Vinod Kumar
    India is primarily a rural country where two-thirds of its population and 70% of the workforce live in rural areas. Agriculture is the main sector of rural economy and employment. For agriculture, soil and water are the most vital natural resources, and their planned and judicious use at the micro-level is indispensable for sustainable development, particularly for a hilly watershed. Hence, keeping this in view present study was conducted for the Lohawati watershed of the Ghaghara river basin, Uttarakhand, to implement the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) based decision-making technique in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the identification of critical sub-watersheds based on morphometric characteristics. Also, the irrigation water requirement was estimated for the agricultural HRU’s using SWAT, and suitable sites for water conservation structures were identified as per IMSD guidelines in the ArcGIS environment. The Lohawati watershed was sub-divided into seven sub-watersheds (SW1 to SW7) and morphometric parameters were computed. PCA using the FactoMine R package was performed and eleven morphometric parameters with variance contribution greater than 5.56 % were identified to perform FAHP. The fuzzy extension analysis method was employed for calculating normalized weights and based on FAHP score the subwatersheds were prioritized for development planning with classes as; high (> 0.145), medium (0.138 - 0.145), and low (< 0.138). It has been observed that two sub-watersheds SW3 and SW4 with an area of 36.34 km2 were having high priority class. Geostatistical analysis of the measured soil properties (texture, soil organic carbon, pH and EC) for soil samples collected from 58 locations at two depths, i.e. surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) was conducted and soil maps were prepared. Also, WEKA (J48 algorithm) decision tree classified map of Landsat 07 image for the year 2012, was taken as base map. The prepared thematic layers of soil and LULC (2012) classified map along with ASTER-DEM were used as SWAT input. The SWAT analysis was performed for individual sub-watersheds at HRU level and irrigation water requirement was estimated. The respective annual irrigation water requirement for sub-watersheds SW1 to SW7 was obtained as 156.27, 154.06, 134.35, 116.29, 208.72, 135.69 and 149.86 mm. The total volume of water for irrigation to be stored in the Lohawati watershed worked out to be 120 ha-cm. Thus, 54 sites for farm pond and 24 sites for check dam construction were identified as per IMSD guidelines.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design and development of decision support system for natural resource management planning for Bundelkhand region
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Mistry, Pratap Kumar; Sharma, H.C.
    The future of any area depends largely on the effective utilization, management and development of land and water resources in an integrated and comprehensive manner. The water consumption is increasing more rapidly throughout the world. The uneven distribution of rainfall with space and time, even though the average rainfall is adequate, results in situations like flood and drought. Bundelkhand region of Central India is a water scarcity area. The major source of irrigation throughout Bundelkhand region is open shallow dug wells. Present study was taken up with the objectives: to study land and water resources of Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and Parasai-Sindh watersheds of Bundelkhand region; to study morphometric characteristics of these watersheds using G.I.S.; to design water harvesting structures and management of deficit water in the study area; and to design a "Spatial Decision Support System" for proper management of land and water resources in the study area. Morphometric characteristics showed that all the three watersheds, chosen for study, were elongated in shape, characterized by an environment of medium to low relief and low slope, moderate infiltration capacity and moderate runoff with flatter peak of flow for longer duration. All the watersheds were found in the category of moderate to course drainage texture, low to moderate relief and low to moderate slope. In the study area the major source of water was dugout open wells drinking and irrigation purposes. Most of the agriculture is single-crop rain fed with supplementary water from open wells. In Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and Parasai-Sindh watersheds average annual and seasonal runoff values were found to be 178.07 mm and 175.91, 48.43 mm and 47.27, and 219.45 mm and 215.96 mm, respectively. Land use of Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and ParasaiSindh watersheds showed that the maximum area was found under agricultural land as 76.26%, 56.00% and 92.70%, respectively. Major crops grown in the study area were groundnut, wheat and sesame. Beside this gram, mustard, maize and vegetables were also grown as minor crops. On the basis of existing cropping pattern the maximum weekly irrigation requirement was found to be 31.49 mm for Domagor-Pahuj watershed, 30.84 mm for Garhkundar-Dabar watershed and 33.75 mm for Parasai-Sindh watershed during the 39th week. Water deficit in the watersheds was found to be about 244741 m3, 45017 m3 and 279491 m3, respectively. Considering 20 percent losses due to seepage and evaporation the capacity of the structures for these watersheds was worked out to be 293689 m3, 54020 m3 and 333589 m3. The water harvesting structure / check dam / gabion / on-farm reservoir may be constructed at the node of 2nd, 3rd and 4th order streams located at or near the mid of the cluster. Twenty five (25) check dams of 11,000 m3 each, one hundred sixty (160) gabions of 90 m3 each and sixty (60) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Domagor-Pahuj watershed to meet out the total water requirement of 293689 m3; ten (10) check dams of 5000 m3each, thirty (30) gabions of 90 m3 each and twenty (20) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Garhkundar-Dabar watershed to meet total water requirement of 54020 m3 and twenty nine (29) check dams of 11000 m3 each, one hundred fifty (150) gabions of 90 m3 each and thirty eight (38) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Parasai-Sindh watershed to meet out the total water requirement of 333589 m3. This will not only help in the fulfillment of irrigation requirement but also will improve in recharging the groundwater level. The area which was earlier irrigated with only one irrigation during rabi season will have several irrigation. By increasing the irrigation frequency, the crop productivity will be enhanced. For the development of “Agricultural Land and Water Suitability Knowledge Based Decision Support System (ALWS-KBDSS)” the modules developed were namely: login, home, modules for crop suitability analysis, acknowledgement, useful link, logout and about author. A case study was undertaken to validate the proposed ALWSKBDSS especially for the Sys and Limiting Condition model, for chosen crops grown in the study areas. It showed that wheat, gram, groundnut and sesame crops can be successfully grown in all the sub-watersheds by applying irrigation at suitable intervals as water availability was found scares. In addition to this, suitable corrective measures would be required in most of the sub-watersheds for improvement and, therefore, application of fertilizers / manures in appropriate quantity would be required for getting best possible production.