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Open Access
Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Lavlesh; Manoj Raghav
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the “Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments replicated thrice. During the study, observations on per cent emergence, plant height, number of haulms per hill, fresh and dry weight of weeds, number of monocot, dicot and total number of weeds at 30, 45, 60 days after planting (DAP) and at de-haulming stage, fresh and dry weight of plants at de-haulming stage were recorded. In addition, grade wise number and weight of tubers per plot and per hectare, total number of tubers and total tuber yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, harvest index, dry matter content, protein content and specific gravity of tubers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake by haulm, tuber, plant and weeds were also recorded. Besides this, to assess the profitability of treatments, cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit: cost ratio were also worked out. The findings of present investigation revealed that performance of potato crop was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. Among all treatments, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence (T6) was found best with respect to overall plant growth, yield and quality parameters with a total yield (305.43 q/ha), net return (`147497.36) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93). Based on overall performance, it could be concluded that under prevalent climatic conditions of Uttarakhand tarai region, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence is the best in terms of higher and economic yield of potato. Hence, recommended for commercial cultivation, provided all other scientific management practices are followed.
Open Access
Efficacy of blossom thinners on plant growth, fruit retention and quality of plum (Prunus salicina Lindle) cv Kala Amritsari
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Bhatt, Siddharth Shankar; Dimri, D.C.
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District-Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand in the year January- July, 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted on 8 years old healthy fruit bearing trees of plum cultivar ‘Kala Amritsari’ having uniform size and vigor. Investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 16 treatments namely; GA3 (25 ppm), GA3 (50 ppm), GA3 (75 ppm), NAA (25 ppm), NAA (50 ppm), NAA (75 ppm), BA (25 ppm), BA (50 ppm), BA (75 ppm), ethephon (100 ppm), ethephon (150 ppm), ethephon (200 ppm), ATS (1.0%), ATS (1.5%), ATS (2.0%)and control (water spray).Observations were recorded on plant growth, flowering, fruit set, fruit physico-chemical and plant physiological parameters. Findings of the present investigation revealed that ATS @ 1.5% recorded maximum extension of shoot growth (32.61 cm), highest number of leaves (34.25) and maximum size of leaves (12.36 cm2) while, highest number of damaged leaves was observed under ATS @ 2.0 % (8.30). In respect to flowering and fruit set parameters the treatment control recorded highest bloom density (50.66%), number of flowers retained (43.36) and number of flower per cluster (8.03). Ethephon @ 150 ppm (80.73 days) however, took least number of days to maturity. The highest initial fruit set (43.70%) though was calculated under the control treatment but maximum fruit retention (34.39%) was counted for ATS @ 1.5% with least fruit drop (65.61%) resulting in highest yield per tree (34.14 kg). Application of the treatment ATS @ 1.5% was found superior among all blossom thinners in enhancing maximum fruit length (4.14 cm), highest fruit width (3.06 cm), maximum fruit weight (21.53 g) and highest fruit volume (22.10 ml). The highest pulp weight (21.35 g) and least stone weight (0.84 g) was also measured under ATS @ 1.5% which as a result calculated highest pulp: stone ratio (27.94). Among different chemical blossom thinners sprayed maximum total soluble solids (12.64), least titrable acidity (0.58), highest ascorbic acid (9.11 mg), maximum total sugar (6.29%) and highest total carotenoides content (10.87 mg) was estimated when ATS @ 1.5% was applied at post bloom stage. Plant physiological parameters was also affected with ATS @ 1.5% which calculated least Chlorophyll ‘a’ content (1.54 mg) and Chlorophyll ‘b’ content (0.88 mg). Based on the present investigation it can be concluded that ATS @ 1.5% was found to be most effective blossom thinner in enhancing plant growth, yield and physico-chemical attributes in plum cv. ‘Kala Amritsari’ under tarai region of Uttrakhand.
Open Access
Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Tyagi, Manu; Singh, C.P.
The present study entitled “Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation” was carried at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. In the study, litchi trees planted at a spacing of 5 m × 5 m were subjected to drip fertigation with or without mulch along with one control. There were twelve treatment combinations including drip irrigation at 50 per cent, 75 per cent and 100 per cent of estimated water requirement and fertigation 1:0.5 and 1:1 N/K ratio of recommended dose. On the other hand, the control involved surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers at recommended dose (i.e. 600 g N, 300 g P and 600 g K). All other cultural practices were kept uniform in the entire course of study. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising three replications. The effect on vegetative, floral, yield and fruit quality attributes was studied. The investigation revealed no significant effect of drip fertigation on vegetative growth. But, significant effect on fruiting, yield and other quality attributes was found. The study found significant influence of drip fertigation on leaf mineral nutrient content. The fruit drop and retention percentage also varied significantly due to the effect of mulch and fertigation. Further, minimum fruit cracking, maximum fruit number and yield were witnessed under the treatment combination MDI3F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose). In terms of fruit quality, again the treatment combination MDI3F2 was found superior with maximum fruit weight, edible portion (per cent), T.S.S, ascorbic acid and total sugars. It was followed by the treatment combination MDI2F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 75 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended dose) which also registered maximum water use efficiency. Overall, the study revealed that application of mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose (MDI3F2) is most superior over other treatments but in economical terms, the treatment combination MDI2F2 is most profitable.
Open Access
Response of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cv. red June to different nitrogen regimes through neem coated urea and foliar application of calcium under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Pande, Kamal Kumar; Dimri, D.C.
The present investigation was conducted in two consecutive year’s viz., 2016 and 2017 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR- VPKAS, Almora) Kafligair- Bageshwar (Uttarakhand). Six years old peach cv. Red June trees raised on seedling rootstocks and planted at 3m x 3m spacing were selected for the study. There were ten treatments i.e., 375g N per tree + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T1), 375g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T2), 375g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T3), 500g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T4), 500g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T5), 500g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T6), 625g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T7), 625g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T8), 625g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T9), 500g N tree-1 + Water spray as control (T10). Calcium chloride sprays were applied thrice; first at petal fall stage and other two at 25 days interval. Whole of the nitrogen was applied through neem coated urea. Each treatment was replicated thrice with one tree served as a treatment unit. The experiment was conducted in RBD. The observations were recorded for vegetative growth, fruit yield, quality, storability at ambient conditions, leaf and soil nutrient status and economic analysis was also worked out. The maximum annual shoot growth extension, increase in trunk girth and weight of pruning wood were measured under T8 with the respective values of 60.53 cm, 2.17 cm, 4.07 kg in 2016 and 63.07 cm, 2.67 cm, 4.20 kg in 2017. The highest fruit yield was obtained under T5 (23.92 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 24.64 kg tree-1 in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2 and T6 in first year and T2, T3 and T6 in second year. The lowest fruit yield of 17.41 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 18.52 kg tree-1 in 2017 was recorded in treatment T7. Fruit firmness at harvest did not show significant change under various treatments during both the year of study. However, T2 and T5 came out as the treatments having maximum fruit firmness. The maximum TSS (11.27 0Brix in 2016 and 11.10 0Brix in 2017), TSS – Acid ratio (11.82 in 2016 and 11.45 in 2017), total sugars (7.877% in 2016 and 7.760% in 2017) and ascorbic acid (3.747 mg/100 g in 2016 and 3.700 mg/100 g in 2017) were estimated under treatment T2. The maximum calcium pectate content was estimated under T3 (0.953% in 2016 and 0.965% in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2. All the antioxidant assays viz., total polyphenols, DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and total antioxidant activity affected adversely with increase in nitrogen fertilization levels. The maximum pectin methyl esterase activity (22.240 units and 22.573 units in 2016 and 2017, respectively) was estimated under control (T10), while the minimum was found in treatment T2 that remained statistically at par to T3. The treatment T2 and T3 favourably maintained fruit firmness during the course of storage at ambient conditions with mean values of 0.948 kg/mm2 and 0.949 kg/mm2 in 216 and 2017, respectively, while the minimum fruit firmness on all the storage intervals was measured under control (T10). Treatment T2 also showed better organoleptic acceptability and good storability at ambient conditions. The applied treatments also affected the leaf nutrient status (N, P, K and Ca) significantly. However, among soil nutrients, the significant change was only estimated for available soil N. The application of calcium chloride @ 1.5% caused marginal leaf scorching, while other two concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) were safe. The highest benefit - cost ratio was computed in treatment T2 (2.99), whereas the minimum was estimated with T10 (1.71). Therefore, nitrogen application @ 375 g per tree through neem coated urea and three foliar application of 1.0 per cent calcium chloride along with traditionally practiced doses of 40 kg tree-1 FYM, 250 g phosphorus tree-1 and 500 g potassium tree-1 may be recommended for full grown peach cv. Red June trees under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand, where most of the peach orchards are managed under closer spacing.
Open Access
Standardization of leaf sampling technique in Sapota (Achras sapota L.) cv. Cricket Ball under Tarai condition
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Joshi, Soni; Rai, Ratna
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year April 2013 to April 2014. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and three factor randomized block design. The three factors consisted of leaf age, position of leaves and sample size having 54 treatments and four replications. The main aim of the study was to investigate the suitable leaf age, position of leaves and sample size of Sapota for diagnose the nutrient status. The results showed that leaf age and position of leaves had significant influence on leaf mineral composition in Sapota, whereas, the sample size could not exert any significant influence on leaf mineral composition except for iron, manganese and copper content. Interaction between leaf age and position of leaf was found to be significant for copper content whereas, the interaction between position of leaf and sample size was observed to be significant for iron, manganese and copper. In general stability of N and Mn was found in 8-10 month old leaves, P and Ca was stabilized in 6-8 month old leaves. K stabilized in 10 -12 month old leaves. For Mg, Zn and Cu stability of nutrients was observed in 4-6 month old leaves while Fe stabilized in 2-4 month old leaves.
Open Access
crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Sapkota, Sangeeta; Singh, Vijay P.
Crop regulation and high density planting is the need of present situation in commercial cultivation of guava fruits. The current experiment entitled “Response of crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting”, conducted during 2013-2014 in Horticulture Research Centre, Pattharchatta of Pantnagar was aimed at standardization of the best method of crop regulation in guava under high density planting in tarai conditions of Uttarakhand. Ten different treatments were used during the period of investigation viz. NAA spray @ (400, 600 and 800) ppm, Urea spray @ (10 and 15)% twice at fifteen days interval, Pruning (one leaf pair and two leaf pair), flower bud thinning by hand (without and with removal of terminal leaf) and control. The experiment was conducted in RBD (Randomized block design) with four replication of each treatment. The overall yield was high in control trees but the poor quality fruits and low price in rainy season decreased the net profit. NAA @ 800 ppm was found effective in reduction of rainy season crop and produced maximum yield in winter season after one leaf pair pruning but because of high cost of chemical the net profit was low. Better quality fruits were obtained in winter season compared to rainy season under different treatments in terms of both physical (fruit length, fruit breadth, fruit weight and fruit volume) and physico-chemical parameters (TSS, total titrable acidity, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and TSS: acid ratio). Plants with one leaf pair pruning recorded maximum TSS and ascorbic acid along with maximum yield and fruit weight in winter season, high net return (Rs.194133.07) and B: C ratio (2.20) followed by flower bud thinning by hand with removal of terminal leaf (Rs. 163708.96 and 1.95 respectively) during the experimental period. In this regard one leaf pair pruning was the best and most economic method of crop regulation followed by hand deblossoming with removal of terminal leaf in guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting.
Open Access
Effect of packaging and storage on shelf life and quality of ber cv. Umran
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-01) Verma, Vikas; Rao, V.K.
Ber is one of the commercial fruit crops grown in the tropical and sub-tropical region. Among the fruit trees, it requires the least inputs and care. It is considered to be “poor man’s apple” due to its high nutritional, medicinal value and low cost. Fruit is believed to purify blood and help in digestion. Ber fruits have an advantage that fruits are available in market during lean period and to ensure remunerative prices to growers. However, the storage life of ber is extremely short, hardly 2-4 days at ambient conditions and thus early perishability of fruit poses a problem. This study was therefore conducted to extend the quality and shelf life of ber fruits by low-cost effective packaging material. The ber fruits of cultivar Umran were procured from departmental orchard in HRC, Patharchatta, Pantnagar in district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand from areas located between 243.84 m amsl. Among the various packaging materials evaluated for packing of ber fruits, cardboard boxes were found suitable and economically viable containers involving least cost (` 3). Although physio-chemical properties were concerned during 10 days storage, the fruit length, diameter, weight, volume, acidity and ascorbic acid along with minimum physiological loss in weight, spoilage and specific gravity were found in cardboard boxes packed fruits. However, maximum specific gravity, physiological loss in weight, spoilage, TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars of fruits were obtained in fruits packed in polythene net bags. Sensory scores for skin colour, flavour, taste, texture and overall acceptability were better in fruits packed in cardboard boxes. Therefore, storage of 100 kg ber fruits packed in cardboard boxes showed better quality as compared to polythene net bags under ambient storage. Economics calculated showed feasibility as on a total input of ` 1363.32 and ` 3000 is earned as gross returns with a net return of ` 1637. 68 with 2.20 B: C ratio. On the basis of these findings, it may be concluded that ambient storage of ber fruits is possible for 8 days after packing of fruits in cardboard boxes of 250 g and retained the physical, chemical and sensory qualities. The benefit cost ratio of the technology was worked out to be 2.20.
Open Access
Standardization of leaf sampling technique in Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cv. Pant Suvarna
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Archana Rani; Misra, K.K.
The present investigation was carried out at Horticultural Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, district Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand), India during the year April 2013 to October 2013.The experiment was conducted in Randomized block design and three factorial randomized block design. The three factors consist of leaf age, leaf position and sample size having 27 treatments and 3 replication. The main aim of investigation was to investigate the best leaf age ,position and sample size of Karonda for diagnose the nutrient status. The results showed that leaf age has significant influence on leaf mineral content of Karonda, the leaf position on the shoot has significant influence on potassium, calcium ,manganese and copper ,while insignificant for nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium iron and zinc. Sample size showed significant influence on potassium and manganese content of Karonda. Interaction between leaf age and sample size was found significant influence on dry matter accumulation, potassium, iron, manganese content of Karonda. In general stability in level of 4 months old leaves for N, P, K, Ca ,Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. However, it is suggested that 4 month old leaves should be sampled from middle position of sample size of 30 leaves for nutrient assessment in Karonda.
Open Access
Response of organic formulations on yield and quality of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Rose Scented
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Bhat, Sandhya; Lal, R.L.
The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during the year 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experimental trees were thirty years old, planted in square system at 10m x 10m spacing and received uniform cultural practices during the period of investigation. Ten treatments consisting of different organic formulations (FYM (200, 100, 75, kg/tree), Vermicompost (100, 50, 37.5 kg/tree), cow urine and vermiwash (10% foliar spray), Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 g/kg), Nutrisol (2.5 ml/l), Chemical control ( NPK – 1200:500:600 g/tree) + (Micronutrients: ZnSO4 – 0.5% + Boric acid – 0.2% + MnSO4 – 1% + CaCl2 - 0.6%) and absolute control. Different treatments involving the use of organic formulations had a significant effect on yield and quality. The present investigation have shown that the application of T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) was most effective in enhancing the flowering and fruiting characters, physical characters of the fruit i.e., fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter, fruit volume and yield and also chemical quality parameters of the litchi fruit i.e. TSS, acidity ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars, soil and leaf N, P, K and in minimizing the fruit drop and fruit cracking. On the basis of post harvest life of the litchi, treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) showed the maximum shelf life of 14 days. The highest gross return and net return was obtained with the treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l). While the application of T8 ((FYM 75 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + Vermicompost 37.5 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + 10% cow urine + 10% vermiwash + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg)) improved the vegetative characters of the tree, soil and leaf Zn and B content.

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