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Open Access
Effect of different plant density on the vegetative growth, flower yield and pyrethrin content in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Mehta, Karan Singh; Bisht, P.S.
The present investigation was carried out during Feb. 2003 to June 2004 at the experimental block of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants section, Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, GBPUA&T, Hill Campus, Ranchauri, Tehri Garhwal, to study the effect of plant density on vegetative growth, flower yield and pyrethrin content in pyrethrum. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments and three replications. The range of plant densities was taken from 27778/ha to 1,11,111/ha with the plant spacing from 30 cm to 60 cm. During the course of investigation, plant height, plant diameter, number of tillers per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per tiller, flower diameter, capitulum diameter, fresh weight of 100-flower, dry weight of 100-flower, yield of fresh flower per plot, yield of dry flower per plot, yield of dry stem-leaf matter per plot, harvest index, pyrethrin content in percent and pyrethrin yield per plot were observed. Observations of these parameters were found to be significantly influenced by different plant densities except the plant height. A significant affect on pyrethrin yield was found in different plant densities during the present investigation. It was also found that the pyrethrin yield is significantly and positively correlated with the yield of fresh flower (r=0.88*), yield of dry flower (r=0.91**) and number of tillers per plant (r=0.76*). The pyrethrin yield per plot was also good in closer spacing (30cm x 30cm) due to more number of plants per unit area and thereby, increasing the yield of fresh and dry flower. On the basis of the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the plant density of 55556/ha with the spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm seems to be the most suitable for obtaining yield of a remunerative crop of pyrethrum under the agro-climatic conditions of Garhwal Himalayas.
Open Access
Assessment of harvest maturity in early maturing apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cvs. Chaubattia Anupam and Tydeman‟s early Worcester
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Negi, Meenakshi; Dimri, D.C.
The study was conducted during February to October, 2003 in the experimental block of Deptt. of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agri. & Tech., Hill Campus, Ranichauri (Tehri Garhwal), Uttaranchal, situated at 30o15‟ North latitude and 70o50‟ East longitude and an altitude of about 2000 m amsl. The experiment was arranged in Factorial Randomized Block Design with two varieties viz., „Chaubattia Anupam‟ and „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ and twelve dates of harvesting at different stages of maturity. The results of the experiment showed that the leaf emergence (20th March) and flowering (31st March) was recorded earlier in „Chaubattia Anupam‟, while the cultivar „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ showed delayed leaf emergence (24th March) and flowering (4th April). The cultivar „Chaubattia Anupam‟ showed slightly better performance in respect of annual extension of shoot growth (22.16 cm) and fruit set (31.98%), while the cultivar „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ showed significantly higher bloom density (53.79%). At harvest, the „Chaubattia Anupam‟ fruits attained green colour with slight tinge of red on the surface in contrast to „Tydemans‟s Early Worcester‟ showing the reddish purple skin. Picking maturity in „Chaubattia Anupam‟ and „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ were exhibited with the respective values of 9.36 and 7.49 lb/inch2 (firmness), 13.15 and 14.26oBrix (TSS), 10.23 and 8.97 mg/100g (ascorbic acid), 0.16 and 0.39% (titratable acidity), 8.98 and 9.70% (sugars) and 30.81 and 27.88% (juice content). The fifteen-year-old trees of apple cultivars „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ resulted in a slightly higher yield potential per tree than Chaubattia Anupam. On the basis of the experimental results, it may be concluded that in both the apple cultivars under study i.e., „Chaubattia Anupam‟ and „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟ the 21st of July was observed to be the date of optimum picking maturity under Ranichauri or similar conditions in the Uttaranchal hills. Individually, it was also observed that the optimum picking maturity was attained after about 105 and 98 days from full bloom in the cultivars „Chaubattia Anupam‟ and „Tydeman‟s Early Worcester‟, respectively.
Open Access
Studies on rejuvenation through canopy management and nitrogen supplement in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Red Delicious
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Raj Kumar; Dimri, D.C.
The present investigation entitled as above was carried out during the year 2003-04 at Experimental Block of Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garwhal, Uttaranchal. Total three experiments were conducted on old and unproductive orchard due to their poor management with respect to pruning and nutrient supplementation. The investigation was carried to study the rejuvenation of old and unproductive trees of apple cv. „Red Delicious‟. The findings revealed that with the increase in severity of pruning, the maximum extension of shoot length (52.07 cm) and shoot girth (0.74 cm), while minimum tree trunk diameter (21043 cm) was recorded. Severe pruning also resulted in to drastic reduction in mean bloom density (20.85%) and fruit drop (31.91%) for the year 2003 and 2004. The increase in nitrogen level through soil application enhanced shoot length (37.87cm), shoot girth (0.52 cm) and trunk diameter (14.36 cm) was observed under 1400 g N/tree. The highest mean bloom density of 34.28% was noticed with maximum level of nitrogen i.e. 1400g N/tee. However, the two years study on final fruit retention showed the highest value of 47.52% under 799 g N/tree treatment. The highest estimate of leaf N content was noticed under 1400 g N/tree (2.93%), whereas (1.91%) under control in the month of July. An increase in available N status of soil was found with the increasing trend in nitrogen level i.e. (285.32 ppm) under 1400 g N/tree. The observations in respect of shoot length and leaf N content attributes a influenced by different level of urea spray were recorded. The maximum shoot length of 39.61 cm was measured under 2.0% urea spray as compared to 19.27 cm, and increase in leaf N status i.e. 3.21% with increasing urea concentration i.e. 2% urea were observed in the month of June. Thus, the best results were obtained by application of severe pruning techniques along with fixed dose of N @ 1050g N/tree through soil application and in the form of foliar spray of urea @ 2.0%. Repetition of treatments for 3-4 years continuously is however suggested to arrive at a concrete and precise result to maximize return in terms of yield and quality of fruits.
Open Access
Nutrient management for high frequency in vitro regeneration of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. santa rosa and acclimatization of plantlets
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Mahara, Soni; Kumar, Vandana A.
Present study was undertaken for micropropagation of Santa Rosa plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) with high frequency regeneration and successful acclimatization of plants. Whole course of investigation was divided into four stages viz. explant establishment, shoot proliferation, root induction & prehardening of rooted plantlets followed by acclimatization. Nodal segments were collected from mature mother plant during April to July and established in MS medium (with 0.5 mg/l BA; 0.05 mg/l IBA) using three types of containers i.e. test tubes, bottles, culture tubes. Proliferation was done is 3 sequences of subculturings i.e. Flow I, Flow II, Flow III using fourteen media (Pr1 to Pr14) which had different levels of nutrients and PGRs like PG and thiamine and uniform concentration of 0.1 mg/l IBA, 1.0 mg/l BA, 0.05 mg/l GA3. Rooting was done in MS medium (half strength nitrates and rest high nutrients) supplemented with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l IBA (Ro2, Ro3, Ro4, respectively) and were prehardened by shifting to hormone and sucrose free Pa medium (photoautotrophic hardening) and loosening of caps (heterotrophic hardening). Chlorophyll and cuticular wax were estimated at different time intervals for the comparison of prehardening treatments. Among four explant collection periods, July month was considered best as it gave 51 percent explant establishment. Test tube with cotton plug supported maximum explant survival (92.31%), hence, considered most suitable culture vessel for explant establishment. During proliferation Flow I, cultures showed initial growth of leaves but not shoot multiplication and also developed nutrient deficiency symptoms, hence rejected. Pr12 medium (high nutrients, PG 162 mg/l, extra thiamine 0.9 mg/&1.2 times iron) was found to be the best and showed 1:38 multiplication ratio after 210 days of implantation in Flow II and 1:41 in Flow III(established nodal segments directly subcultured in Pr12 medium) after 180days of implantation .Hence, Flow III was found most suitable for proliferation. Rooting of proliferated shoots was found early (within a week) and maximum (65.30%) in Ro3 medium (1.5 mg/l IBA, - charcoal). Phtoautotrophically prehardened plants showed 80% survival rate with quick growth response (within 2 days of transplanting in soil). Moreover 2.92 times increase in cuticular wax content (0.17 to 0.4975 mg/cm2 leaf area) and 1.2 times increase in total chlorophyll content (from 116.02 to 138.65 mg/g leaf) was recorded after 21 days of acclimatization including prehardening . The complete micropropagation protocol of Prunus salicina cv. Santa Rosa took 210 days right from explant establishment to field hardening and 1498 shootlets were estimated to be produced from 36 explants.
Open Access
Studies on planting systems in guava (Psidium guajava L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Mahajan, Anand R.; Shant Lal
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar), Uttaranchal, to study the effect of various planting systems on growth, yield and quality of guava fruits. Maximum plant height was recorded in double hedgerow system with highest number of plants/ha. However, maximum values of tree spread, trunk diameter and tree volume were recorded in square system of planting with lowest number of plants/ha. Highest yield per tree was found in square system while highest yield/ha was obtained in double hedgerow system followed by cluster system. Maximum fruit weight and TSS was found in square system of planting. However, other quality parameters like ascorbic acid, acidity, pectin and sugar contents were found to be more or less similar in all planting systems
Open Access
Evaluation of gladiolus (Gladiolus cardinalis Cape) varieties for growth, flower production and quality traits
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Lepcha, Boniface; Nautiyal, M.C.
The present investigation was conducted during 2004 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, with 13 gladiolus cultivars. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. The parameters pertinent to vegetative growth, flower production, floral traits and quality were studied. Results from the present investigation revealed that significant variation in most of the characters were found among different varieties of gladiolus. Red Majesty showed the earliest sprouting (18.50 days), maximum leaf number (10.50), leaf dry matter (38.91%) and the longest flowering duration (19.25 days). The cultivar Priscilla exhibited the highest sprouting percentage (91.25%) and plant height at spike emergence (62.25 cm). However, White Prosperity attained the longest spike length (87.75 cm), spike girth (1.30 cm), maximum number of floret (19.50), floret diameter (10.20 cm) and vase life of flowers (11.25 days). Observation on cormel production revealed that highest number of cormels was produced by the cultivar Cham Flow (56.50), while maximum size (3.32cm) and weight of cormel (21.33 g) were recorded in Summer Pearl. The correlation study among growth, flower yield and its components indicated that spike length had strong positive association with spike girth, number of floret, weight of floret and vase life of flower. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations were high for sprouting percent, number of cormels and cormel weight. The magnitude of PCV was in general high indicating the influence of environment. Heritability was high for almost all the characters. While, genetic gain appeared high for sprouting percent, number of cormels, cormel weight and cormel size. On the basis of the salient findings obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that for obtaining higher yield and superior quality of flowers of gladiolus, varieties like Candyman, White Prosperity, Summer Pearl, Red Majesty and Charm Flow should be selected for rain-fed midhill conditions of Uttaranchal. It is also apparent from the study that characters like sprouting percent, cormel weight and cormel size that combined high heritability and genetic gain, should given more emphasis in gladiolus improvement programme.
Open Access
Effect of fertigation and plastic mulch on growth, yield and fruit quality of mango cv dashehari
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Singh, C.P.
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt. Udham Singh Nagar (Uttaranchal) to study the effect of fertigation and plastic mulch on growth, yield and fruit quality of mango cv Dashehari. Maximum scion height, scion girth, canopy diameter, canopy volume and fruit yield (in number and weight) were recorded with full recommended dose of fertilizers with mulch through fertigation. Maximum shoot length and leaf area were recorded with drip irrigation at 0.6 ‗V‘ level with mulch having 75 and 100 per cent dose of fertilizers through fertigation, respectively. Maximum fruit set and fruit retention was recorded with the treatment of drip irrigation at 0.8 ‗V‘ level without mulch with full recommended dose of fertilizer application through fertigation while maximum fruit volume and TSS was recorded in treatment with drip irrigation at 0.6 ‗V‘ level without mulch with 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers. Maximum shelf life of mango after 8 days of harvesting was recorded in the plants treated with drip irrigation at 0.6 ‗V‘ level with mulch having 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer. Maximum nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of the leaves were recorded in the treatment which received either drip irrigation or conventional method of irrigation without mulch. There was no any significant effect of various treatment on length and girth of rootstock as well as on average fruit width. Mulching with irrigation delayed bud burst, flowering (50 %) but made early panicle emergence.
Open Access
Evaluation of promising apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars for growth, flowering and fruiting traits
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Ravneet Kaur; Nautiyal, M.C.
The present investigation was carried out at experimental block, Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri (Tehri Garhwal), Uttaranchal during February 2003 to June, 2004 on six apricot cultivars. The experiment was laid out in R.B.D. with 4 replications, and one tree as a unit/treatment unit. In the course of investigation, different parameters pertinent to growth, flowering, fruiting and physco-chemical composition of fruits were studied. Results from the present study reveal that all the apricot cultivars evaluated, showed a large scale variability with respect to different characters. Tree height varied from 3.75 m (New Castle) to 6.22 m (Safeda,), trunk girth ranged from 64.13 cm (New Castle) to 91.16 cm (Charmagz), tree spread ranged from 4.48 m (Moorepark) to 6.33 (Charmagz). There was significant variation in other characters also viz., duration of flowring (17-22 days), initation of flowering (23rd Feb. to 6th March), floer index (0.182 to 0.814), fruit set (8.20% to 50.44%), fruit retention (6.33% to 39.26%), fruit weight (19.36 g to 46.19 g), specific gravity (0.925 g/ml to 1.407 g/ml), pulp : stone ratio (8.30 to 14.51), fruit firmness (1.16 Kg/cm2 to 2.67 Kg/cm-2), yield (1.63 t/ha to 14.02 t/ha), days taken to maturity (70 days to 76 days), TSS (11.30oBrix to 19.30oBrix), acidity (0.277% to 1.880%), ascorbic acid (8.28 mg/100g to 14.60 mg/100g), total sugars (7.42% to 16.83%), reducing sugars (0.705% to 2.320%), non reducing sugars (5.70% to 15.32%). Based on the overall performance of the cultivars studies in present investigation, it can be concluded that though Safeda and Charmagz processed excellent or genotypic characteristics but, in terms of productivity, firmness and shelf life of fruits, New Castle proved to be the superior cultivar. The fruits of New Castle were found suitable for long term storage and instant transportation, while New Large Early ranked next to New Castle in respect of yield potential. For commercial cultivation of apricot in the Central Himalayas, apricot cultivars New Castle and New Large Early have been found suitable in view to obtain maximum productivity per unit area in the mid-hills of Uttaranchal.
Open Access
Effect of different rootstocks and varying grafting heights on bud take success and scion growth of Peach (Prunus persica (L). Batsch) Cv. Early White Giant
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Mer, Rakesh; Nautiyal, M.C.
The present investigation was carried out at Experimental Block of Department of Horticulture, GBPUA&T, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal (Uttaranchal), during December, 2002 to September, 2003.The experiment was arranged in Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 factors, nine treatment combinations and four replications. The observations in respect of bud take success and scion growth of peach cv. Early White Giant in response to different rootstocks (peach, plum and apricot) and grafting heights (10, 20, and 30 cm) were recorded. Findings of the present investigation revealed that peach rootstock gave the highest grafting success (79.27 %), girth of scion (2.28 cm), stock girth (3.22cm), canopy spread (154.60 cm2), and resulted into the earliest sprouting (106.70 days) and least wind damage (10.3 %). The maximum length of sprout (37.13 cm), girth of stock (3.22cm), leaf area (1193 cm2), number of leaves (65.25) was recorded with the scion woods grafted on apricot rootstock. The grafting at the lowest height (10 cm) resulted into the earliest sprouting (106.70 %), highest grafting success (79.97 %) and no wind damage. The grafting at 20 cm height however, resulted in maximum girth of scion (2.20 cm), number of nodes (30.27), number of branches (2.70) and saleable plant (72.64 %), whereas highest wind damage (18.63 %), minimum grafting success (66.68 %) and delayed sprouting (116.50 days) were recorded with the scions grafted at 30 cm grafting height in all the three rootstocks. On the basis of results obtained from the present studies it may be concluded that out of three rootstocks (peach, plum, apricot) and three grafting heights (10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm), scion of peach cv. „Early White Giant‟ grafted on peach rootstock at a height of 20 cm showed the best results in terms of grafting success and vigour of grafted plants.

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