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ThesisItem Open Access Effect on variability, character association and quality traits in gamma rays induced mutants of potential rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Ali, Tabinda; Nautiyal), M.K.The present study was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar during the kharif seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21.In experiment 1the divergence analysis of M2 generation maximum percentage contribution to the total divergence in M2 generation for quantitative traits was made by Number of filled grains per panicle (35.786 %). The genotypes of M2 generation were grouped into five clusters, cluster I being the largest having eight genotypes and cluster V being the smallest having one genotype only. Cluster I had the highest intra cluster D2 value (169.51) followed by cluster IV (169.10) and cluster II (146.27). The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and cluster V (1360.03) followed by cluster III and cluster IV (1296.87), cluster I and cluster V (1235.69) and lastly cluster II and cluster III (1163.80) indicating very clearly that the genotypes of these clusters could be used in hybridization programs. Inter character correlation coefficient at phenotypic level indicates that panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.459), panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with thousand grain weight (0.486). Thousand grain weight has a highly significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.849). On the analysis of quality traits of M2 generation, Pearson’s correlation revealed that a number of quality traits are having a highly significant and positive correlation with the other quality traits. Divergence analysis resulted in the grouping of genotypes into four clusters. Cluster I has the largest number of genotypes (twelve) whilst cluster IV has lowest number of genotypes (only one). Cluster III has the highest intra cluster D2 value (302.37) followed by cluster II (226.61) and cluster I (216.49). The highest inter cluster D2 value was observed between cluster II and IV (1160.31) followed by cluster III and IV (919.46), cluster I and II (765.10) and ultimately cluster II and III (473.90). The genotypes of these clusters could be used in the hybridization programs. Among various quality traits in M2 generation, highest contribution to diversity was given by head rice recovery percentage (48.599 %) followed by kernel length (24.489 %), gel consistency % (9.919 %) and alkali digestion value (7.517). In M3 generation ANOVA revealed significant differences for all the traits under study. The diversity analysis of quantitative traits of M3 generation revealed that cluster IV had the highest intra cluster D2 value (98.071) followed by cluster I (96.678) and cluster III (92.376).The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster III (1496.967) followed by cluster II and cluster V (1039.585) and cluster III and cluster VI (941.687). This indicates that the genotypes of most distant clusters will serve as potential parents in the hybridization programs.Maximum contribution to the genetic divergence was provided by the trait days to maturity (30.04%) followed by thousand grain weight (27.30%), days to flowering (21.04 %), number of panicles per plant (4.81%) and yield per plant (4.25%). The genotypes were grouped into six clusters with cluster I being the largest having 13 genotypes and cluster V and VI being the smallest clusters, having one genotype each. Inter character correlation coefficients between different characters at genotypic level in M3 generation reveals that panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.422) and thousand grain weight has a highly significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.828). Direct selection for these traits can lead to enhancement in the yield of grains per plant. Pearson’s correlation has been worked out to find out the correlation among various quality traits. Most quality traits have a highly significant and positive correlation with the other quality traits. The divergence analysis of quality traits in M3 generation on the basis of D2 statistics resulted in the grouping of genotypes into six clusters. Cluster II being the largest (sixteen genotypes) and cluster V and VII being the smallest clusters (one genotype each).In terms of quality in M3 generation maximum intra cluster distance was observed in case of cluster IV (297.19) followed by cluster II (225.49) and cluster III (190.09). Maximum inter cluster distances was observed between cluster III and IV (2322.47), cluster III and V (1336.40) and cluster I and IV (1251.92). Crosses can be made among the genotypes of the most diverse clusters. Maximum contribution to the total diversity in terms of quality is made by head rice recovery percentage (32.75%) followed by kernel length after cooking (27.53 %) and gel consistency (16.08 %). In the phenotypic screening for BLB in M2 generation five resistant types mutants have been found among twenty-one lines namely, UPR-7029- 10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-20 kR, Jhumri selection-7-10 kR and Jhumri selection-7-20 kR. Furthermore, in M3 generation eight resistant types have been screened among the twenty- six lines namely, UPR-7029- 10 kR-12, UPR-7029- 20 kR-4, UPR-7029- 20 kR-2, UPR-7029- 20 kR-3, Jhumri selection-3-10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-20 kR, Jhumri selection 7- 10 kR and Jhumri selection -7 -20 kR dose. In the second experiment Analysis of variance for assessing the effect of the split doses of GA3 on the female parental line revealed that on increasing the dose of gibberellic acid there was a corresponding increase in the plant height. Number of tillers per plant also increased on increasing the dosage of gibberellic acid. Similar trends were observed in case of length of exerted panicle, panicle exertion percentage, number of filled spikelets per panicle, seed setting percentage and seed yield.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic components in biparental progenies using NC-III mating design in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Chauhan, Charupriya; Verma, S.K.Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is a kharif season legume crop. The present investigation was undertaken at Pulse Breeding Block of N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India during kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20 crop season. The main objectives of the present study were to study the nature and estimates of gene action by using North Carolina Design III, to study the extent of heterosis and variability parameters among divergent crosses in pigeonpea, and to study morphological and molecular diversity among pigeonpea genotypes. Biparental progenies (BIPs) were developed from four different pigeonpea crosses viz., AH 09-47 x Pusa 2013-1, AH 09-47 x Pusa 2013-2, Pusa 992 x AL 1843 and Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38 as per North Carolina Design III during kharif 2018-19. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of BIPs for nine different traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g), revealed that the families were significantly different from each other in all four crosses, justifying that a sufficient amount of latent genetic variability was released. The genetic analysis of BIPs indicated the importance of both additive, as well as dominance variance for all the nine morphological traits. Seed yield per plant registered a significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and hundred seed weight (g) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels among BIPs derived from cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-1. Among the BIPs derived from cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-2, component traits viz., days to maturity, number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight (g) showed a significant positive association with seed yield per plant (g) at both, genotypic and phenotypic levels. In the BIPs derived from cross Pusa 992 x AL 1843, except for days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, and plant height, which showed significant and positive phenotypic correlation with seed yield per plant (g) most of the component traits were found to be highly significant and positively correlated with seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.. Except for days to 50% flowering and hundred seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g) exhibited a significant positive correlation with all the studied traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels in the BIPs derived from the cross Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38. The path coefficient analysis suggested that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to maturity and hundred seed weight (g) for cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-1, hundred seed weight (g), days to maturity and the number of primary branches per plant for cross AH09-47 Pusa 2013-2, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and hundred seed weight (g) for cross Pusa 992 x AL 1843 and number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and number of seeds per pod for cross Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38, were most important component characters since these have considerable direct effects towards seed yield per plant (g). None of the crosses derived from all four populations possessed significant heterosis for all the traits over both mid and better parents. Significant desirable heterosis over mid parent was recorded in 26 crosses for days to 50% flowering, 20 crosses for days to maturity, 21 crosses for plant height (cm), 37 crosses for the number of primary branches per plant, 29 crosses for the number of secondary branches per plant, 28 crosses for the number of pods per plant, 28 crosses for the number of seeds per pod, 39 crosses for hundred seed weight (g) and 38 crosses for seed yield per plant (g) throughout the BIPs derived from all four different populations. During the year 2019-20, 75 pigeonpea genotypes were planted in an augmented block design-II with 10 blocks with each block consisting of twelve genotypes including 5 checks viz., UPAS 120, PARAS, Pusa 992, AL 201 and PA 421 to determine the extent of morphological divergence among them by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The analysis of variance for nine quantitative characters revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the studied characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight (g) and yield per plant (g) and also among blocks. Genetic diversity analysis based on HCA grouped the genotypes into six clusters. The genotypes found as most desirable to be exploited as superior donors for different characters includes PA 435 and PA 476 (Early flowering), PA 449, ICPL 98024 and PA 493 (Early maturity), PA 455 (Short plant height), PA 465 (Number of primary branches per plant), PA 288 and PA 426 (Number of secondary branches per plant), RKPV 310-03, PA 288, Pusa 2014-1 (Number of pods per plant), ICPL 85010, PA 444 (Number of seeds per pod), PA 288 and PA 443 (Hundred seed weight) and RKPV 310-03, PA 288 and Pusa 2014-1 (Seed yield per plant). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for seed yield per plant(g), number of pods per plant number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height (cm.) The seed yield per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant (g). Path coefficient analysis concludes that the number of pods per plant had the highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by hundred seed weight (g). The molecular analysis with SSR markers grouped 75 genotypes into15 distinct clusters. Cluster I contained 3 genotypes, cluster II had two genotypes, cluster III was the largest cluster containing a maximum of 40 genotypes, cluster IV had seven genotypes, cluster V had six genotypes, cluster VI had a single genotype, cluster VII and cluster VIII both had two genotypes each, cluster IX had five genotypes whereas cluster X had only one genotype, cluster XI had just two genotypes. Genotypes AL 1843, PUSA 2014-2, ICPL 88039 and ICPL 288 were grouped separately into clusters XII,XIII, XIV and XV respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation, identification and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes for resistance to Botrytis grey mould disease(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Gautam, Ashish; Panwar, R.K.Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important multi-purpose leguminous nutritional food crop known for its highly valued protein and starch, and its use in food, feed and industrial applications. The present investigation was carried out at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, and Pulse Breeding Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 for evaluation, identification and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes for resistance to Botrytis grey mould disease. The field experiment was conducted in an augmented block design-II. During year 2017-18, 225 experimental chickpea genotypes were planted in 9 blocks with each block consisted of 30 genotypes including 5 checks viz., PG-5 (Moderately resistant), PG-3 (Moderately resistant), H 208 (Susceptible), DCP 92-3 (Susceptible) and GL10006 (Resistant). During year 2018-19, 135 genotypes was planted in 9 blocks, each block consisted of 20 genotypes including 5 checks while during the year 2019-20, 100 genotypes was planted in 4 blocks, each block consisted of 30 genotypes including 5 checks. The objectives of the present study were screening of chickpea genotypes against Botrytis grey mould (BGM) disease in natural field condition for various morphophysiological traits, estimation of genetic diversity by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), genetics of variability parameters, correlation and path coefficient analysis, molecular marker validation of Botrytis grey mould resistant chickpea genotypes using microsatellite / STMS markers and estimation of G × E interaction by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model for identification of stable resistant genotypes against Botrytis grey mould in chickpea. These genotypes were evaluated against Botrytis grey mould disease under natural epiphytotic condition by following disease rating and observations were recorded for 13 yield and yield attributing traits. Out of these genotypes which were screened for three consecutive years, the best 20 genotypes were chosen based on yield and disease rating, and molecular analysis was performed using microsatellite / STMS markers. A parallel experiment AMMI stability analysis was conducted to test the genotypes adoptability in three different environments along with three replications. This was conducted in Randomised Block Design during rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experimental material consisted of 35 genotypes, including five checks (PG-5, PG-3, H 208, DCP 92-3, and GL10006), which were used for three years in a row. The results of field screening against BGM disease revealed that 17 chickpea genotypes with disease score 3 (resistant) were identified out of 225 during rabi, 2017-18. Furthermore, 13 out of 135 chickpea genotypes got a disease score of 3 (resistant) in the during rabi, 2018-19 and 11 out of 100 genotypes had a disease score of 3 (resistant) during rabi, 2019-20. The analysis of variance for 13 quantitative characters during all the studied years revealed significant differences among genotypes for characters viz., plant height, number of primary branches per plant, first pod height (cm), number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight (g), biological yield per plant (g) and seed yield per plant (g), and also among blocks. Genetic diversity analysis based on HCA for rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 grouped the genotypes in 15, 10 and 8 clusters respectively. The genotypes found as most desirable to be exploited as superior donors for different characters includes PG 17-125 (early flowering), PG 17-119 and PG 17-120 (early maturity), PG 17-49 (tall plant height), PG 17-119 (number of primary branches per plant), PG 17-119 (number of secondary branches per plant), PG 17-146 (first pod height), PG 17-118 and PG 17-119 (pod size), PG 17-9, PG 17-120, PG 17-145 (number of pods per plant), PG 17-9 (number of seeds per pod), PG 17-48 (100-Seed weight), PG 17-120 and PG 17-145 (biological yield per plant), PG 17-9, PG 17-205, PG 17-212, PG 17-218 (Harvest index), PG 17-9, PG 17-145, PG 17-212, PG 17-218 (seed yield per plant). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant during rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. The seed yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, pod size, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield and harvesting index during rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. Path coefficient analysis of rabi, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 reveals that biological yield and number of pods per plant followed by pod size are the traits which show the high direct effects as well as significant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant. The molecular analysis reveals PG 17-9 (130 bp), PG 17-119 (130 bp), and PG 17-145 (130 bp) as resistant, PG 17-120 and PG 17-121 moderately resistant and remaining genotypes were found as susceptible. Field disease screening data corroborated with the banding pattern of different genotypes revealed by markers TR29 and TA144. TR29 and TA144, both have polymorphism Information Content (PIC) more than 0.5 indicating that they can be deployed in the molecular tagging of Botrytis grey mould resistance genes in chickpea. The genotypes such as PG 17- 9, PG 17-54, PG 17-83, PG 17-119, PG 17-145, PG 17-146, PG 17-212 and PG 17-218 were found high yielding and most stable on the basis of mean seed yield per plant and AMMI stability value (ASV) score over the resistant check in all the three consecutive years / environments. Hence, these chickpea genotypes can be used in future as a donor as they are stable and high yielding in crop improvement programme against Botrytis grey mould disease.ThesisItem Open Access Mapping genomic regions for different morphological traits and resistance to Maydis leaf blight and red flour beetle using teosinte derived maize backcross inbred lines (BILs)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-01) Joshi, Anjali; Singh, N.K.The investigation was undertaken with the objective to map genomic regions governing morphological traits and resistance to Maydis leaf blight and red flour beetle. The field experiments pertaining to development of BC1F5 mapping population were conducted during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. While phenotyping of mapping population for morphological traits and MLB disease resistance was conducted during Kharif 2018. The BC1F5 lines were phenotyped for red flour beetle resistance in Kharif 2018 under laboratory conditions. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation amongst the evaluated BC1F5 lines for MLB resistance under both E2 and E4. Under E2, 26, 77, 51 and 15 lines were categorised as susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant. While under E4, 64, 91, 10 and 4 lines were grouped as susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant, respectively. Seven lines (MT-26, MT-95, MT-148, MT-190, MT-195, MT-73 and MT-115) belonged to resistant category in both the environments. Significant differences amongst the evaluated lines were detected for all the morphological traits in all four environments as revealed by ANOVA. There was presence of significant variance between E1 and E2 for days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silking, flag leaf length, plant height, ears per plant, node bearing first ear, ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and grain yield per plant. For E3:E4, significant differences were identified for days to anthesis, days to silking, flag leaf width, ear per plant, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and grain yield per plant. Presence of significant differences indicates substantial impact of disease stress on these characters. Significant negative correlation was observed between MLB disease score and days to 50 per cent silking, plant height, ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row, test weight and grain yield per plant in E2. While in E4, significant negative correlations of MLB disease score with plant height, ear length, kernels per row and grain yield per plant were noted. Single marker analysis method facilitated identification of 6 and 5 MLB resistance QTLs in E2 and E4, respectively. The disease resistance QTLs identified in E2 consisted of two major QTLs and four minor QTLs located on chromosome 2, 4 and 7. In E4 one major and four minor QTLs conferring disease resistance were found on chromosome 3 and 7. Two QTLs linked with marker umc2392 and umc1393 were detected in both E2 and E4 and were stable. A total of 203 QTLs (9 major and 194 minor) for fourteen morphological traits in four different environments were also identified on all ten maize chromosome. Maximum number of QTLs were noted on chromosome 2 (45 QTLs) followed by chromosome 1 (33 QTLs) and chromosome 4 (25 QTLs) in all four environments. Further, a total of 19, 19, 14, 14, 12, 12 and 10 QTLs were localised on chromosome 3, 10, 6, 7, 5,8 and 9, respectively. A total of 20 QTLs were detected in more than one environment with 13, 5 and 2 QTLs being spotted consistently in two, three and four environments, respectively. All of the eleven MLB resistance QTLs colocalized with twenty-five QTLs affecting eleven morphological traits in maize including days to anthesis, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, plant height, ear per plant, node bearing first ear, ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and grain yield per plant. Maximum number of four disease resistance co-located QTLs were found with flag leaf width, node bearing first ear and ear length. The BILs when assessed for red flour beetle resistance showed significant differences for four flour beetle resistance parameters namely, grain weight loss (WL), number of insect progeny (NIP), kernel damage (KD) and flour produced (FP). No positive transgressive segregants were observed for all the four resistance parameters and CSI. Whereas, 7, 20, 9, 9 and 10 BILs showed inferior performance than maize line for WL, NIP, KD, FP and CSI, respectively. Based on CSI, 24, 36, 33 and 50 inbred were categorised as highly susceptible, susceptible, resistant and highly resistant to red flour beetle damage. Highest phenotypic correlation was observed between NIP-FP (0.633) followed by WL-FP (0.571), KD-FP (0.398), WL-NIP (0.393) and NIP-KD (0.330). A total of 18 marker linked genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were found to be significantly associated with red flour beetle resistance in the BIL mapping population. Three QTLs each were localized on chromosome 1, 2, 4 and 10 while 2 QTLs each were marked on chromosome 3 and 8 whereas 1 QTL each was located on chromosome 7 and 9. QTLWL01, QTL KD02, QTL FP01 for WL, KD and FP, respectively, were linked to marker umc1024 and was colocalized. Umc1245 linked QTLNIP02 and QTL KD01 for NIP and KD, respectively co-localized on chromosome 1. Highest number of colocalized QTLs i.e., QTL KD02 and QTL FP01 (linked with umc1024), QTL KD03 and QTL FP02 (linked with bnlg197) and QTL KD06 and QTL FP04 (linked with umc1152) were observed for KD and FP. PCA showed five principal components which together explained 66.50% of the total phenotypic variation present in the data. Based on morphological diversity, at a Euclidean distance of 62.5, 171 genotypes including two parents were grouped into fourteen clusters. The maximum distance of 366.88 was observed between teosinte and inbred line MT-11 Mantel test revealed significant positive correlation of 0.499 between morphological and molecular marker information. The presence of significant correlations indicates that these two independent sets of data likely reflect the same pattern of genetic diversity and both of them should be utilized simultaneously and in conjugation to capture actual genetic diversity present in maize germplasm.ThesisItem Open Access Classical and molecular approaches of brown planthopper resistance and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Aparna; Indra DeoRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one amongst the foremost cereal crop for over 50 percent of the world’s population. Approximately 52% of world rice yield is destroyed annually due to biotic factors. Insects solely accounts for nearly 21 % of the total loss caused by living organisms. Brown planthopper is a serious threat to rice crop. Most consequential symptoms of brown plant hopper is ‘‘hopperburn’’. Rice displays huge range of genetic variation for agro-morphological and quality traits (including micronutrients). Present investigation entitled “Classical and molecular approaches of brown planthopper resistance and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” has been conducted with the objective to study agro-morphological traits, quality traits, marker trait association for brown planthopper resistance and iron and zinc contents in rice. Fifty advanced Basmati breeding lines, popular Basmati, scented and non-Basmati varieties were used for screening against brown planthopper resistance, agro-morphological characterization, estimation of quality traits (including iron and zinc) and molecular characterization. 136 genotypes which include 132 lines of IIRON (International Irrigated Rice Observation Nursery) and 4 local checks were used for agro-morphological characterization using augmented design. All the field experiments were conducted at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Screening of genotypes for BPH resistance was performed at Department of Entomology, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Molecular work and most of the quality works were performed at Cyto-genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Phenotypic evaluation of rice genotypes using standard seed box screening technique revealed that only one line RP2068 was resistant to brown planthopper and most of the genotypes exhibited susceptible response. Upon marker trait association analysis for BPH resistance, significant association was observed for markers RM 589 and RM 216. Evaluation of F2 population for BPH resistance yielded 1(resistance):15 (susceptible) ratio. This indicated digenic recessive inheritance of BPH resistance gene in the present investigation. There was significant variation for agro-morphological and quality traits including micronutrients (iron and zinc) in 50 rice genotypes. In present investigation, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance obtained for plant height, days to 50% flowering, leaf length, number of effective tillers, gel consistency, kernel breadth, kernel length breadth ratio and kernel length after cooking. Results revealed the presence of additive genetic variance and hence selection for above mentioned traits may be effective. Upon principal component analysis for nines agro-morphological traits, four principal components were obtained. Initial four principal components described 69.38 % of the total phenotypic variance. In the present experiment, significant difference was obtained for iron and zinc contents in rice genotypes using Duncan multiple range test at 5 % level. Concentration of zinc was found to be higher than iron in rice grain. High correlation was obtained between iron and zinc content in brown rice. It was found that milling depression was more in case of iron as compared to zinc. SSR markers indicated considerable genetic diversity among genotypes studied for iron and zinc contents. Highest PIC value obtained for Os NRAMP 7, OsVIT1 and RM152 markers. SSR marker genotyping classified genotypes into two broad clusters based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. Analysis of variance for augmented block design exhibited significant variation for 14 agro-morphological traits for IIRON lines.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of morphological and quality parameters of barnyard millet [Echinocloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link)] germplasm collected from Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-02) Ranjana; Jeena, A.S.The present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of morphological and quality parameters of barnyard millet (Echinocloa frumentaceae (roxb.) Link) germplasm collected from Uttarakhand” was conducted with 87 germplasm accessions of barnyard millet at G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar during Kharif 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid in RBD along with two checks (VL181 and PRJ-1) in three replications. The data was recorded for 13 morphological and 10 yield attributing traits. Allaccessions were observed to have erect growth habit and one-sided spikelet arrangement with complete absence of lower raceme branching. Majority of germplasm entries exhibit presence of culm branching and concave grain shape. Most of the accessions exhibit pyramidical inflorescence of green colour and compact panicle having grey or light grey grain, thick lower raceme and absence of lodging. Intermediate, phenotype was exhibited by germplasm with respect to presence or absence of pigmentation at internodes and leaf sheath, and straight or curved lower raceme shape. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all the quantitative traits, suggesting presence of sufficient variability. A wide range of mean values were exhibited by the accessions for all the characters. High PCV and GCV was recorded for lower raceme length and peduncle length along with high heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean, indicating predominance of additive effects in expression of these traits and high efficiency of phenotypic selection for these characters. Basal tiller number showed highly significant positive correlation with yield/plot and was the main positive medium to affect the yield by various characters as revealed by path analysis. Eighty-seven germplasm accessions of barnyard millet were grouped into four clusters using Mahalanobis D2 analysis, among which cluster I was the major cluster, comprising 85% of the total germplasm accessions while cluster II with 9 and Cluster III and IV with one accession each. The inter-cluster distance was observed to be highest between cluster I and cluster IV (23.15) followed by cluster II and III (17.51). Highest cluster mean values for most of the traits were exhibited by cluster III. Lower raceme length presented maximum contribution (30.18%) towards diversity which was followed by peduncle length (26.69 %) and 1000 seed weight (25.18 %). The results from analysis of micronutrient content recorded highest amount of iron in SANWA 7874 (28.19 mg/100g), highest zinc content in SANWA 7877 (5.93mg/100g), highest manganese content in PGR-SA-13-07 (4.70mg/100g) and copper content was found to be highest in GP-2011-129 (0.72mg/100g).ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis for grain yield and quality characters in crosses of basmati and aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Budhlakoti, Vartika; Baskheti, D.C.The present investigation aimed to estimate selection parameters for various characters, heterosis and combining ability for various quantitative and quality characters and to determine the role of epistasis in the genetic control of grain yield, yield component traits and quality characters. The study comprised of two separate but related experiments. The material for Experiment-I, comprised of 36 all possible crosses (excluding reciprocals) among 9 diverse genotypes of rice viz., Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Sugandh 5, Pusa Basmati 6, Pant Sugandh Dhan 15, Pant Sugandh Dhan 17, Pant Basmati 1, Pant Basmati 2, Pusa Basmati 1 and Taraori Basmati. The parents along with their 36 F1's including one standard variety (Improved Pusa Basmati 1) were evaluated in RBD with three replications during kharif 2018-19 at N.E.B.C.R.C, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar. The data on 25 characters were analyzed following Griffing (1956) method 2, model I, to estimate GCA and SCA variances. Heterosis was estimated over better parent (Heterobeltiosis) and Standard variety as suggested by Hayes e t a l. (1955). Six generations of five crosses viz.; Pusa Basmati 4 × Pant Basmati 1 (Family A), Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pant Basmati 1 (Family B), Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pusa Basmati 1 (Family C), Pusa Basmati 6 × Pant Basmati 2 (Family D) and Pant Basmati 2× Pusa Basmati 1 (Family E) selected from above diallel set, formed experimental material for Experiment-II. The material was evaluated in Compact Family Block design with 3 replications. The data were subjected to generation mean analysis by joint scaling tests to test the adequacy of different genetic models and to estimate various gene effects (Cavalli, 1952). Results of ANOVA showed that mean squares due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for all the characters. The magnitude of former was higher than later for all characters. Relative estimates of 𝜎2D and 𝜎2H for various characters revealed predominance of additive gene action for the expression of all the characters except 1000 grain weight, harvest index, hulling percent, milling percent, head rice recovery and length/breadth ratio after cooking, which also gains ground from higher value of predictability ratio (>1) and lower value of degree of dominance (<1) for all the characters except the above mention 6 traits.The narrow sense heritability (h2 n) was high for 17 characters including grain yield and moderate estimates for 5 characters viz., number of grains per panicle, harvest index, hulling percent, panicle length and 1000 grain weight; and low for milling percent, head rice recovery and length/breadth ratio after cooking. A summon of general combining ability showed that overall parent Pusa Sugandh 5 emerged as the best donor parent as it exhibited significant and favourable GCA effect for most (i.e., 21 characters) of the yield and quality traits under study. So, this line can be utilized to create a population with favourable genes for grain quality and yield component traits. The second-best general combiner is Pusa Basmati 6 for nineteen, followed by Pusa Basmati 1 for sixteen, Pusa Basmati 4 for twelve, Pant Basmati 2 for ten, Pant Basmati 1 for nine, Pant Sugandh Dhan 15 for seven, Pant Sugandh Dhan 17 for six and Taraori Basmati for six characters. Considering all the characters under study, the best six crosses on the basis of results of SCA effect were Pant Basmati 2 × Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pant Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 6 × Pant Basmati 2, Pusa Basmati 4 × Pusa Basmati 6 and Pusa Basmati 4 × Pusa Basmati 1. Further, it was revealed from the present investigation that there was no consistency in GCA status of the parents involved in the crosses having significant SCA effects. The superior crosses identified for grain yield per plant are having G×G, G×A, G×P and P×P GCA parents. The evaluation of heterosis over better parent (BPH) as well as standard variety (SVH) revealed that the magnitude of heterosis was in general low for quality traits as compared to grain yield per plant and yield component traits. For grain yield per plant, 15 crosses over better parent (5.74 to 56.23%) and 13 over standard variety (7.20 to 40.18%) manifested significant desirable heterosis. Of these twelve crosses displayed heterosis over both better parent as well as standard variety for grain yield per plant and also showed desirable BPH and SVH for yield component traits and various quality traits. Five potential crosses namely Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pusa Basmati 6, Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pant Basmati 1, Pusa Sugandh 5 × Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 6 × Pant Basmati 2, Pant Basmati 2 × Pusa Basmati 1 could be identified for grain yield per plant, yield component traits and quality traits based on the magnitude of improvement in grain yield per se over better parent and check variety along with significant desirable SCA for grain yield, yield component traits and quality traits. GCA status of both the parents was good for these crosses. Thus, these crosses are amenable for improvement through conventional breeding procedures and can also be exploited by heterosis breeding. The results Experiment II showed that there existed significant differences among progenies in all the families. The families comprising of five crosses six generations each also showed significant variability for all the characters barring panicle length. Adequacy test of different models for characters showed that an epistatic model was adequate for all the characters in most of the families. Additive–dominance (3PM) model was found adequate in some of the families for various characters viz.; 3 characters for Family-A, 6 characters for Family-B, 1 character each for Family-C and Family-D and 6 characters for Family-E. Direct selection may be effective for these traits in case of the above mentioned crosses. In respect of epistatic effect, duplicate epistasis was predominant for all the traits except for biological yield in Family-D, hulling percent in Family-A and milling percent in Family-A which showed complimentary epistasis. In the case of good × good general combiners there are possibilities of complementary epistatic interaction acting in the direction of additive effects of the good combiners. The crosses would be utilized for target trait through single plant selection in segregating generations. Results showed significance of additive components besides duplicate epistasis which suggest chances of recovering transgressive plants effect for the characters governed by non additive gene actions and epistasis through recurrent selection methods. Exploitation of duplicate epistasis in self-pollinatedcrops like rice, can be done through biparental mating in early generation followed by selection besides repeated back crossing.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seed longevity and genetic diversity in soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] germplasm(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-02) Bairwa, Anil Kumar; Shukla, P.S.Soybean ranked first among all the oilseed crops grown in India. It is highly adapted in varied agroclimatic conditions of plain as well as hills of the country. Non availability of good quality seed longevity soybean for sowing is one of the major constrain in soybean cultivation. Loss of seed longevity results in destitution of plant stand which is important for appropriate production and expansion of the crop. Planned utilization of genetic diversity present in land races, cultivars and wild relatives for any of the economically important traits aims at pyramiding of genes for higher productivity, better quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to ultimately develop high yielding varieties. The amount of variability present in breeding material plays an important role in the progress of improvement of crop plants through selection. Genetic diversity and heterotic pooling are important parameters in selecting diverse parents to obtain heterosis.The present investigation was carried out during kharif-2016 and 2017 in augmented block design at N.E. Borlaug Crop research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to screen soybean germplasm for seed longevity and genetic diversity along with study of various genetic parameters. Two hundred eighty diverse germplasm lines were tested in completely randomized design with three replications for seed longevity on the basis of standard germination, methanol stress and seed morphological test. The analysis of variance for different characters revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the characters studied indicating the presence of sufficient variability among the experimental material. The genotypes CAT 451, CAT 2858, CAT 703, G 288, PP 26, CAT 953 and CAT 984 exhibited good germination percentage at both standard germination and after methanol stress test. The genotype G 288 showed maximum mean germination % after 18 month of storage with methanol stress test hence had maximum storability period than other genotypes. The genotypes CAT 451, CAT 2858, CAT 703, G 288, PP 26, CAT 953 and CAT 984 can be utilized in soybean crop improvement programme as a donor for high seed longevity and seed yield. All the studied traits revealed the presence of additive gene effect as these were considered highly heritable as they revealed to be connected with high broad sense heritability. The analysis of genetic diversity was performed by using Hierarchical method of cluster analysis. In pooled analysis 10 clusters were obtained and out of them cluster VII had the highest number of genotypes i.e. 162. Highest intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster IV while the inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters I and cluster III. Cluster I, III and X showed highest cluster mean for the maximum number of trait. Selection of parents for hybridization could be made from these clusters to get desirable recombinants in order to improve the yield of soybean. Accessions of cluster I, III, IV, V, VI, IX and X can be included in the breeding program as donor for improving yield and yield contributing traits. Seed yield per plant was observed higher for germplasm lines CAT 2239, CAT 883 and CAT 294, which also shows superiority over best check. The study of pooled analysis revealed that two viz. numbers of pods per plant and dry matter weight per plant had high direct effect as well as significant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant hence direct selection for these traits will be beneficial and result in yield improvement. During amplification of SSR markers different genotypes like CAT 275, CAT 451, CAT 993 A, PP26, CAT 703 and CAT 748 were found significantly associated with markers for good seed longevity.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasm based on qualitative and quantitative characters(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Dhaka, N.S.; Singh, KamendraThe present investigation was carried out at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during kharif, 2016 and 2017 with 298 genotypes (294 entries and 4 checks) of soybean for eleven qualitative and twelve quantitative characters to assess genetic divergence, genetic variability, inter-character correlation and their direct and indirect effects and molecular genetic diversity. Results showed that qualitative characters played an important role in crop diversity and the characters flower colour and hilum colour contributed maximum towards genetic diversity. The analysis of variance for 12 quantitative characters showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study during all the studies years, which indicated adequate genetic variability among the experimental material. Analysis of variance also showed significant differences among checks for all the characters. Based on Hierarchical cluster analysis, the 294 genotypes were grouped into 21, 17 and 9 clusters during 2016, 2017 and pooled, respectively. The maximum numbers of genotypes 90 were grouped in Cluster XIX (2016), 131 in cluster XV (2017) and 191 in cluster IX (Pooled) minimum (1) in Clusters I, II, III, VI, XIV and XV during 2016, cluster I and VII, 2017 and cluster I and III in pooled analysis. Based on D2 analysis 294 were grouped into 13 cluster. The maximum number of genotypes 254 were grouped in cluster I followed by cluster II and IX (9). The maximum divergence was observed between Clusters II and X (90.12) followed by VII and IX (88.70) and I and X (81.99) during 2016, I and VI (98.43) followed by cluster II and VI (98.40) and cluster and VI (90.60) during 2017 and between cluster I and II (68.29) followed by cluster III and VI (60.70) in pooled analysis. Based on D2 maximum divergence was observed between cluster X and XIII (64.67). Cluster I, VI and II was found to include the most desirable genotypes as it exhibited highest cluster mean values for majority of the characters under study during 2016, 2017 and pooled, respectively and cluster II based on D2 analysis. Days to maturity (18.11) had maximum contribution towards divergence. On the basis of genetic divergence, cluster mean value and per se performance the following genotypes were found most desirable would be exploited as superior donors in hybridization programs for the improvement of different yield attributes in soybean like CAT 1508B and CAT 1533 (earliness), CAT 1508 B and CAT 1439 (number of primary branches per plant), CAT 1816 (number of nods per plant), CAT 1701 and AGS 205 (number of seed per pod), CAT 1539 and CAT 1540 (number of pod per plant), CAT 1701 (100 seed weight), CAT 1759 A (dry matter weight per plant), CAT 1508B (harvest index) and CAT 1587 (seed yield per plant). Based on inter-cluster distance, cluster mean values and per se performance, the potential parental combinations that could be considered for enhancing the overall yield levels in soybean were, CAT 1587 x CAT 1539, CAT 1587 x CAT 1433, CAT 1587 x CAT 178, CAT 1539 x CAT 1433, CAT 1539 x CAT 178, and CAT 1433 x CAT 178. In general, the magnitudes of PCV were higher than those of GCV and ECV for all the characters with a close correspondence between the values of PCV and GCV for majority of the characters under study. This indicated a minimum role of environment in their expression and hence, selection based on phenotype could be rewarding for such characters. Highest values of PCV, GCV and Genetic advance as % of mean was observed for plant population / plot followed by dry matter weight and seed yield per plant, respectively. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were reported for plant population per plot, dry matter weight per plant, plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, , 100-seed weight, harvest index, seed yield efficiency and seed yield per plant which indicated a role of additive gene effects in their expression. Correlation studies showed that seed yield exhibited significant positive correlations with majority of the characters like number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, dry matter weight per plant and Harvest index, seed yield efficiency during all studied years. However, a significant but negative correlation was recorded between plant population with maturity and primary branches per plant. Path analysis indicated that, dry matter weight per plant, harvest index, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, number of seed per pod and number of primary branches per plant exhibited positive direct effect in influencing seed yield. The molecular analysis by using DAF markers revealed that the studied 65 genotypes were divided into major clusters. The markers used in present study clearly divide the genotypes in two major groups A and B. The major group A contains about 62 genotypes while the major group B contains three genotypes at similarity level of 0.55. Hybridization programme can proceed by making cross between distinctly related genotypes having desired traits in order to get a greater number of transgressive segregants. Then selection is practiced to select genotype having desired traits. An un-rooted Neighbor-Joining tree showed the genetic relationships among the soybean genotypes. There were six clusters observed in NJ-Tree and these clusters reveals greater diversity, variation between groups. On the basis of genetic diversity analysis, the genotypes CAT 1587, CAT 1539, CAT 1433 and CAT 178 were identified as superior donors for yield contributing traits, whereas the studies on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis showed that the number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, dry matter weight per plant, were the most important yield attributes to be emphasized during selection programs for increasing the overall yield levels in soybean
