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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on alloplasmic and euplasmic heterosis in Brassica juncea L.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Rashmi; Ram BhajanThe present investigation was aimed to estimate heterosis and combining ability in Ogu alloplasmic hybrids as well as euplasmic hybrids, determine specific cyto-nuclear interactions and influence of ogu cytoplasm on hybrid performance. Experimental material consisted of 30 euplasmic hybrids generated by crossing 10 lines viz. PRL-2008-5, PBR-357, Maya, PRKS-28, Rohini, Sej-2, Vaibhav, EJ-22, PYR-2009-5 and PYR-2009-13 and three testers viz. IC-414317, IC-414322 and PR-2006- 14. Besides, same set of lines converted into ogu CMS background was used to develop 30 alloplasmic hybrids by crossing with three restorers (same set of testers carrying restorer gene). The parents, euplasmic and alloplasmic hybrids were evaluated in Compact Family Block Design with three replications during rabi 2016-17 at N.E.B.C.R.C., G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The data recorded on 13 characters was subjected to combining ability analysis (Kempthorne 1957), heterosis over mid parent as well as better parent (Hayes et al., 1955) and difference of mean values of two set of F1’s to determine extent of biological penalty. ANOVA revealed that mean squares due to families were significant for all characters while within family variance were found non-significant only for siliqua density. ANOVA for line × tester performed separately for both sets showed that treatment variance was significant for all characters in both the sets. Further partitioning of total variance into parents, crosses and parents vs crosses revealed that variance due to parents was significant for all characters except 50 % flowering and days to maturity in euplasmic set; and number of primary branches in alloplasmic set. Partitioning of variances due to crosses into lines, testers and line × tester in both sets showed significance mean squares for most of the characters. Mean squares due to testers were significant for number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, yield per plant and 1000 seed weight in alloplasmic set and for number of secondary branches and yield per plant in euplasmic set. For lines in euplasmic set, characters like plant height, length of main raceme, siliqua length and yield per plant showed significant differences while in alloplasmic set only yield per plant exhibited significant mean square. Variances due to line × tester interactions were significant for all characters in alloplasmic as well as in euplasmic set except siliqua length and number of seeds/siliqua in the latter. Based on desirable GCA effects, PBR-357, PYR-2009-5 and EJ-22 were identified as promising lines in euplasmic set while PBR-357A and PRL-2008-5A were high GCA lines in alloplasmic set for seed yield per plant. Among testers, IC-414317 and it’s A-line were found to be good general combiner in euplasmic and alloplasmic sets. The lines PBR-357, Maya, PR-20 in euplasmic and PBR-357A, PR-20A and RohiniA in alloplasmic set were identified as promising donors for oil content. Among testers IC-414322 was found to be good donor for oil content in both sets. Of these PBR-357, was found to have high GCA for seed yield per plant as well as oil content converged with key components. In euplasmic set, two crosses PBR-357 × PR-2006-14 & PR-20 × PR-2006-14 showed significant SCA for seed yield per plant and oil content. On the same analogy, three crosses MayaA × IC-414317, RohiniA × IC-414317 and EJ-22A × IC-414322 in alloplasmic set manifested significant SCA effects for these end products in desirable direction. The heterosis of high magnitude was manifested by large number of crosses for seed yield per plant in euplasmic as well as alloplasmic sets. Maya × IC-414317 manifested highest heterosis followed by Maya × IC-414322 and PBR-357 × PR-2006-14 in both of the sets while PBR-357 × IC-414322 and PBR-357 × PR-2006-14 for oil content were two promising combinations in both sets, respectively. The results revealed considerable amount of biological penalty which varied with cross combination and the characters. All crosses exhibited biological penalty for one or more characters under study. However, five alloplasmic cross combinations viz. PBR-357A × IC414317, PBR-357A × IC-414322, EJ-22A × IC-414322, PYR-2009-5A × IC414317 and PYR-2009-13A × PR-2006-14 performed better than corresponding euplasmic cross combinations for seed yield per plant indicating a positive cytoplasmic effect i.e. effect of cytoplasm was negated by restorer. Such combinations appear promising for commercial hybrid crop production. In the present study, influence of cyto-nuclear interaction was studied by comparing the estimates of GCA, SCA and manifestation of heterosis in euplasmic vis-à-vis in alloplasmic set of crosses. Comparison of GCA, SCA and heterosis estimates for different characters showed that it may or may not be affected by the cyto-nuclear interactions. There was complete change in the GCA status (Good to Poor or Poor to Good) of different lines for 3 or more characters. For example, PBR-357 exhibited changed GCA status for 9 characters, Maya for five characters; and PR-20 for only three characters i.e. siliquae on main raceme, number of secondary branches and siliqua length. GCA status nine lines were consistent in euplasmic as well as in alloplasmic sets for seed yield and six lines for plant height. Similarly visible influence of cyto-nuclear interaction was observed on SCA and heterosis in large number of crosses for different characters.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of brown planthopper resistance and assessment of relative efficiency of different emasculation methods in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Rather, Shoukat Ahmad; Indra DeoBrown planthopper (BPH) is one of the destructive insect pests causing significant yield losses in rice. BPH causes direct damage to the rice plants by sucking the sap from phloem, causing hopper burn and transmitting viral diseases like grassy and ragged stunt viruses. Several resistant donors have been identified from time to time, but the new biotypes of the pest arise to defeat the extended use of resistance genes in a single variety. This necessitates the regular identification of new resistant donors along with their characterization at genetic and molecular level. Such characterization facilitates their easy and efficient utilization in crop improvement programmes. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India to identify and genetically analyze the new BPH resistance sources using classical and molecular tools. In addition, some other objectives like characterization of advanced breeding lines of rice and assessment of relative efficiency of different emasculation methods were also undertaken. The phenotypic evaluation of advanced and stable lines of rice using standard seed box screening technique revealed that genotypes PHS 29, MRST 3 and RP 2068-18-3-5 were resistant to BPH whereas, all the advanced lines were susceptible except for UPR 3943-8-1-1, UPR 3947-23-2-2, UPR 3871-8-1-2-2, UPRI 2013-10, UPR 3906-18-2-1, UPR 3951-1-1-2-1, UPR 3957-5-2-2 and UPR 3960-2-1-1, which were moderately susceptible. The molecular analysis of mapping populations (F2:3) derived from TN 1 x PHS 29 and Pusa Basmati 1 x MRST 3 crosses revealed that putative SSR markers RM3355 and RM50 were associated with BPH resistance. Primer RM50 was also confirmed to be associated with the trait using a representative pool of advanced breeding and stable lines for molecular analysis. The inheritance studies carried out on the basis of goodness of fit of segregation ratios of BPH resistant and susceptible plants in F2 generation revealed that the resistance in PHS 29 and MRST 3 genotypes is conditioned by one and two recessive genes, respectively. The gene action of BPH resistance in PHS 29 was found to be additive in nature. Whereas, in MRST 3 genotype, it was found to be dominance in nature. As far as analysis of yield and yield contributing traits is concerned, genotypes reflected significant differences and superior grain yield per plant was recorded in genotypes UPR 3906-18-2- 1, UPR 3837-7-2-1-1, UPRI 2013-4 and UPR 3819-9-1-1-1 over the years. Among various emasculation methods, hand emasculation was found to be the most efficient with pooled mean efficiency of 84.05%. Suction method was identified as the second most efficient emasculation technique after hand emasculation with pooled mean efficiency of 75.74%. The results also indicated that emasculation efficiency is genotype- independent. Concluding the results of the present endeavour, the new resistance donors can be very useful in tackling BPH attacks on rice, especially in this part of the world. However, there is a need to conduct allelic tests of the identified resistant lines by crossing them with already characterized BPH resistant sources in order to know whether the identified BPH resistant sources in the investigation are different from previous sources. Furthermore, fine mapping analysis of these possibly new genes of resistance can be carried out using the linked markers identified during the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic diversity based on morphology, SSR markers and reproductive biological parameters in Bamboo species(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Mohammed Talha; Tewari, Salil K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on Genetic Diversity Based on Morphology, SSR Markers and Reproductive Biological Parameters in Bamboo Species” was carried out during 2014-17 at G.B.P.U.A & T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The research materials consisted of 10 species of bamboo for quantitative and qualitative parameter studies and 20 species for molecular diversity analysis based on rice SSR markers. The experiment was laid out in RBD with four replications. The data recorded on 21 quantitative characters were statistically analyzed through appropriate statistical procedures for means and variances, heritability, genetic advance and inter-character association. Genetic divergence was estimated using quantitative, qualitative parameters and rice SSR markers. Reproductive biology of Dendrocalamus giganteus, Bambusa bambos and Bambusa balcooa was studied. Seed characteristics, germination and seedling characteristics of Dendrocalamus giganteus were also investigated. Wide range of variation was observed for characters like bud length, culm diameter, leaf area, culm to culm distance, clump circumference, number of clums per clump and number of young shoots per clump. The culm sheath parameters varied immensely among the species and hence constitute important diagnostic feature for taxonomic characterization. High values of economic traits shows the commercial utility of these species for special requirement like thick culms (D. giganteus), total number of clums (D. hamiltonii) and total culm length (B. nutans). Other species like B. bamboos can be used for fodder purpose as it showed highest number of leaves per node and B. tulda produced maximum number of young shoots per year. High estimates of heritability with high genetic advance were recorded for culm to culm distance, culm diameter, culm height and leaf area which indicated that these characters are controlled by additive gene action and suggest the importance of employing direct selection for the improvement of such characters. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations were in same direction. The genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations for most of the character combinations which ensures the effectiveness of selection for these characters in order to maximize yield. D2-analysis showed maximum divergence between the species of cluster II and cluster III indicating these to be genetically different. Character inter-nodal length contributed maximum towards divergence. Hierarchical clustering of ten accessions on the basis of quantitative parameters, 30 qualitative characters and SSR markers revealed genetic dissimilarity between bamboo species. Resolving power of qualitative characters was better in species discrimination than quantitative characters. On the other hand, SSR based dendrogram was more accurate than the above two approaches in species delineation with exception in only one cluster. This study reveals superiority of molecular based phylogenetic studies in bamboos over traditional methods centred on morphological traits. Present investigation shows that rice SSR markers are transferable to bamboo species which can be used to distinguish different genotypes including albino seedlings, flowering and non-flowering clumps within species. Isolated flowering of two D. giganteus clumps was preceded by death of culms though reversion to vegetative state was also reported. B. bambos flowered gregariously followed by heavy seed set and dried completely. Partial flowering with no seed set was reported in B. balcooa. In all the three species flowering occurred only in some of the populations indicating that there are different flowering cohorts for the same species. Observations on floral morphology of all three species showed differences in the reproductive structures. Seeds of D. giganteus showed variation for various seed characters. Low germination percentage and drastic reduction in seed viability on short term storage demands further research in defining optimum storage conditions for seeds to promote its use as propagating material and fresh regeneration of bamboo plantations. Albino seedlings were frequently detected in D. giganteus which can be used in further genetic analysis on albinism and can be useful as marker in population genetic studies.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Singh, Mithilesh Kumar; Singh, SurendraThe present investigation was conducted with 28 F1 hybrids, 8 parents and one check variety (Improved Pusa Basmati-1) during kharif, 2016 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar to study the combining abilities, gene action and their genetic parameters for yield and quality traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits indicating the presence of ample amount of variability. The magnitude of the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. The highest estimates of broad sense heritability were observed for plant height. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for alkali digestion value and number of panicles per plant. The standard heterosis for grain yield per plant varied from 17.10% (Pusa Basmati-1×Pusa Sugandh-4) to 193.87% (Pusa Sugandh-6×PSD-15). The top three promising hybrids for grain yield per plant were Pusa Sugandh-6×PSD-15, Pusa Basmati-1×PSD-15 and Pusa Sugandh-6×Basmati-370. For superfine aromatic rice quality traits; top three promising hybrids for kernel length were PSD-15×Pant Basmati-1, Pusa Sugandh-6×Tarori Basmati-1 and Pusa Basmati-1×Tarori Basmati-1 whereas, Pusa Sugandh-6×Tarori Basmati-1, PSD-15×Pant Basmati-1 and Pusa Basmati-1×Tarori Basmati-1 were top three hybrids for kernel length/breadth ratio. Top three promising hybrids, Pusa Sugandh-4×Tarori Basmati1, Pusa Sugandh-4×Pant Basmati-1 and Basmati-370×Tarori Basmati-1 expressed highest estimates of positive heterosis over standard check for kernel elongation ratio. Combining ability analysis revealed that the GCA and SCA variance were significant for all the traits indicating importance of both additive and nonadditive genetic variance in trait expression. The GCA effects of the parents indicated Pusa Basmati-1 as best general combiner for 13 traits followed by Pusa Sugandh-6 for 11 traits. The top 3 specific combiners for grain yield/plant were Pusa Sugandh-6×PSD-15, Pusa Basmati-1×PSD-15 and Pusa Sugandh4×Basmati-370. The hybrids Pusa Sugandh-6×Tarori Basmati-1, PSD-15×Pant Basmati-1 and Pusa Basmati1×Tarori Basmati-1 were top three per se performer for super fine aroma rice quality traits like kernel length, kernel length/breadth ratio and kernel elongation ratio, among which the cross Pusa Sugandh-6×Tarori Basmati-1 also had high SCA effect for all these three traits. The graphical analysis revealed partial dominance for days to 50% flowering while overdominance of rest of the traits. A significant deviation of regression line from unity indicated the presence of epistasis to be involved in expression of all the traits except test weight and number of filled grains per panicle. Array of parental points scattered in Wr-Vr graph for most of the traits indicated that the parents were genetically diverse. The estimates of genetic component of variance indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action for some traits while preponderance of both additive as well as non additive gene action for rest of the traits. The proportion of dominant to recessive genes was not in equal proportion for most of traits in parents. The genes showing positive and negative were asymmetrically distributed among parents for all the traits. Grain yield per plant showed positive and significant correlation with plant height, flag leaf length, panicle length, number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and test at both, genotypic and phenotypic level. Most of the genotypes were strong in aroma as suggested by aroma index.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on agro-morphology, quality traits, blast resistance and QTL detection for iron and zinc contents in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Harsha; Indra DeoThe present investigation entitled “Genetic studies on agro-morphology, quality traits, blast resistance and QTL detection for Iron and Zinc contents in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during kharif, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand and V.P.K.A.S. Almora, Hawalbag, during kharif, 2015-16. The research material consisted of twenty-nine lines of rice genotypes, F2 segregating population of cross Basmati-370 and Taraori Basmati and two cross were taken for inheritance study of rice leaf blast at field and molecular level. Analysis of variance explained highly significant differences among the rice genotypes for all the ten yield and yield component traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance and high to moderate PCV and GCV were observed for number of effective tillers per plant, flag leaf area, grain yield per plant and test weight. At phenotypic and genotypic level grain yield per plant showed the significant positive correlation with number of effective tillers per plant and test weight. The path coefficient analysis revealed at the phenotypic level, number of effective tillers per plant had a highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by flag leaf area, days to maturity, panicle length and leaf length. Analysis of variance exhibited highly significant and usable variability among the genotypes for all the quality parameters. High to moderate values of PCV and GCV, high heritability pair with high genetic advance were observed for most of the characters, i.e. cooked kernel length, kernel length breadth ratio, cooked kernel length breadth ratio, milling recovery (%) and head rice recovery (%). Dunken Multiple Range Test (DMRT) revealed the presence of significant difference among the rice genotypes for micronutrient concentrations. In brown rice iron concentration ranged from 23.13 - 53.38 mg kg-1 whereas, zinc concentration ranged from 23.27 - 54.49 mg kg-1. In white rice iron concentration ranged from 9.04 - 25.11 mg kg-1 whereas, zinc concentration varied from 9.04-25.25 mg kg-1. Per cent loss for the iron and zinc concentration in rice grain ranged from 23.67 - 80.43 and 19.35 - 71.66 per cent respectively. The loss in micronutrient content after milling changed with the grain type as long slender grain type showed more percent loss for micronutrient the short bold grain type. SSR markers were used to estimate molecular diversity among the genotypes for the micronutrients content. Using eighteen SSR markers 53 alleles were detected among the rice genotypes range of 80 to 1000 bp with five rare alleles. PIC value ranged from RM 340 (0.339) to OsNRAMP 7 (0.803) similarity coefficients between the pair of genotypes varied from maximum of 0.67 to a minimum of 0.04. Based on Jaccards similarity coefficients, UPGMA ordered the twenty-nine rice genotypes in to four clusters. Cluster III and IV had a similarity coefficient of 0.31 and genotypes found in those clusters were show diversity. In F2 population, Basmati-370 and Taraori Basmati were taken as parents and showed a range of grain iron and zinc content in brown rice 34.22 ppm, 43.31 ppm and 53.38 ppm, 54.49 ppm, respectively. The F2 population was varied for iron content from 9.56 to 80.73 ppm whereas, for zinc content from 5.37 to 53.96 ppm. Seven polymorphic primers subjected to single marker analysis and discovered 14 QTLs associated with morphological traits. RM 21 marker located on chromosome no. 11, explained the maximum phenotypic variation for zinc content which was 17.87 percent and for iron content it showed 6.02 percent phenotypic variation. Inheritance study for rice leaf blast the cross PB-1 X IR-64 only show the genotypic as well as phenotypic ratio in 3:1 for susceptible to resistant reaction.ThesisItem Open Access Parental diversity, heterosis and gene action for yield and yield contributing traits in maize (Zea mays L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Tripathi, Anurag; Verma, S.S.The present investigation was carried out with half diallel mating design involving ten parents under two different plant densities (high plant density and optimum plant density) in kharif 2015, at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Center, Pantnagar. Experimental material consisted of 10 parents, their 45 F1s and two checks, PSM1 and Vivek 43 were evaluated under RBD with three replications in two different plant density environment. Observations on grain yield and yield attributing traits were recorded and analyzed with analysis of variance. The analysis of variance for combining ability over two different plant density environments (OPD and HPD) indicated that mean sum of squares due to GCA was significant for all the characters in OPD and HPD environments. However, the mean sum squares due to SCA was found significant for all the characters in both the environments, except for ear diameter in OPD environment. This suggested that both additive and non additive gene action responsible for expression of traits. For all the traits ratio of variance GCA to SCA was lesser than unity that indicate the presence of non additive gene action. The GCA effects of parents in OPD, P1 for days to 50% tasselling, days to 50 % silking, ear height and in HPD P2 and P8 to be best general combiner for five traits as P2 for days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear diameter, 100 kernel weight, grain yield and P8 for ear diameter, no of kernel rows per ear, grain yield. The promising cross combination for grain yield P1 X P10. For grain yield some promising crosses showing superiority over both mid parent and better parent. Crosses, P1 X P10, P4 X P9, P4 X P10, P5 X P7, P5 X P6, P2 X P9, P3 X P6, P3 X P8,, P4 X P10 showed high estimates of heterosis for grain yield. In the present investigation, the estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than that of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and environmental coefficient of variation (ECV) for all the characters in both the environments. High level of broad sense heritability (h2) estimates (%) were observed for number of kernel rows/ear followed by days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking and plant height whereas moderate heritability estimates were recorded for anthesis- silking interval, ear length, grain yield ear height and ear length showed heritability in HPD. Molecular polymorphism indicated that average number of alleles were 7.24 per marker with a range from 4 to 10 alleles, in which, marker, K2T2 was least informative and marker, K1T5 was highest informative. The most similar parental lines were P2 and P3 (0.80) while least similar parents were P1 and P3 (0.13). Cluster diagram based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficients and UPGMA algorithm showed that major cluster B was having the nine parents while cluster A had only one parent. Clustering of parental lines indicate the presence of enough genetic diversity among the parents.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic and physiological characterization and validation of linked SSR markers for drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-09) Arun Kumar; Prasad, RajendraWheat is one of the important food crops cultivated in different environmental conditions in India. The present investigation was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 to assess the 160 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of GBPUAT, Pantnagar with objective to find out drought tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Five morphological traits namely; leaf morphology, leaf angle, leaf rolling, waxiness on leaf, spike fertility; seventeen genetic traits namely; days to heading, days to anthesis, Days to maturity, Grain filling duration, No. of tillers per plant, Flag leaf length, Flag leaf width, Flag leaf area, Plant height, Peduncle length, Peduncle weight, Spike length, No. of spikelets per spike, No. of grains per spike, Grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, Grain yield per plant and five physiological traits namely; Canopy temperature depression, Normalized difference vegetation index, Flag leaf chlorophyll content, Relative water content percent, Flag leaf senescence percent. Analysis of variance for genetic traits under rainfed condition showed that the mean square of the replications had highly significantly differences for all the traits in both years and pooled data, except No. of tillers per plants, spike length were significant only. Mean square of the treatments had highly significantly differences for all the traits in both years and pooled data, except flag leaf width, flag leaf area were significant only. The estimates of correlation coefficients analysis under rainfed condition showed that the grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive correlation with 1000-grains weight, grain weight per spike, No. of grains per spike, plant height, grain filling duration, No. of tillers of per plant, peduncle length. The direct and indirect effects of different genetic traits on grain yield per plant under rainfed condition showed that highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by days to maturity followed by flag leaf area, No. of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, No. of tillers per plants, plant height. Grain weight per spike, peduncle weight, No. of grains per spike, peduncle length exerted substantial positive indirect effects on grain yield per plant via 1000-grains weight. The clustering pattern for genetic traits under rainfed condition grouped into thirteen clusters, the highest number of genotypes appeared in cluster III followed by cluster IV, cluster II, cluster I and cluster XIII. Cluster V, cluster VI, cluster VII, cluster VIII, cluster IX, cluster X, cluster XI and cluster XII with single genotype. Based on markers scores and grain yield per plant, twenty one tolerant genotypes namely; DBW 39, FLW 13, FLW 7, HD 2833, HD 3093, HI 1500, HI 617, HW 2004, HW 2005, HW 2066, HW 4002, HW 4008, HW 4029, HW 4215, Lok-1, Lok-65, MACS 2496, RAJ 4037, SOKOLL, SSRT 14, VJ 99 were selected and eleven susceptible genotypes using same criteria namely; DBW 14, DBW 28, DBW 88, HD 2824, HD 2877, NW 1014, PBW 343, PBW 373, RAJ 4083, UP 2828, MACS 6272 were identified. Identified tolerant and susceptible genotypes can be used for development of mapping population. Identified tolerant genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in rainfed areas.ThesisItem Open Access Gene Action, inheritance studies and QTL detection for some morphological traits in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Choudhary, Rakesh; Verma, S.K.The present investigation was carried out in rabi seasons during 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, with the objectives to assess genetic variability, inter-character association and their direct and indirect effects, genetic divergence, gene action, inheritance studies and QTL detection for some morphological traits. Genetic variability, inter-character association, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence were studied in 48 lentil genotypes and analysis of variance revealed that sufficient variability was present among genotypes under study. In general, PCV estimates were higher than the corresponding GCV estimates indicating the influence of environment. Moderate to high GCV together with high heritability estimate and high genetic advance as per cent of mean were oberved for seed yield per plant, harvest index and 100-seed weight. Correlation and path coefficient analysis suggested that biological yield per plot and harvest index had high significant phenotypic association and direct effects on seed yield. Therefore, direct selection for these two traits will bring desirable change in seed yield per plot. D2- analysis classified entire genotypes under study into 16 different clusters and cluster VIII was largest with 8 genotypes. Inter-cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and X hence, genotypes from these clusters will give high heterosis and generate variability if crossed together. Seed diameter contributed maximum towards divergence and this was followed by 100- seed weight, harvest index and number of pods per cluster. Generation mean analysis was carried out for three crosses i.e, PL 7 x PL 4, PL 7 x PL 406 and PL 7 x PL 8 and the experimental material consisted of six generations as P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. Thirteen morphological traits were studied to decipher the gene action in lentil. Epistatic gene interaction was found in all the three crosses for number of days to 50 % flowering, number of primary branches per plant, 100- seed weight, seed diameter, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Whereas, for rest of the traits epistasis was present in either one or two crosses only. Epistatic gene interaction along with presence of duplicate gene action was observed for most of the traits including seed yield per plant which suggested for the selection to be used in advance segregating generations. However, complementary gene interaction was observed in cross PL 7 x PL 4 for number of days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and seed diameter. Inheritance studies revealed that rust resistance was dominant and monogenic in inheritance. Complementation for the rust resistance revealed that resistant parent PL 7 and PL 6 had different allele for resistance. Cotyledon colour in lentil was controlled by single gene and pink cotyledon colour was dominant over orange and yellow. Single gene controls the testa mottling in lentil and mottling is dominant over non-mottling. Molecular diversity analysis in 48 lentil varieties/advance lines using 27 polymorphic SSR markers resulted in amplification of 133 alleles. SSR 66 was most informative marker as it recorded maximum PIC value of 0.933 and can be utilized for diversity analysis in lentil. Based on Jaccards similarity coefficients, UPGMA ordered the population of 48 genotypes in to nine clusters. Cluster- III was largest and it was formed at similarity coefficient of 0.32 and it consisted of nine genotypes (PL 038, PL 153, LL 875, IC 201648, L 4188, IC 207709, L 4147, PL 028 and PL 046) followed by cluster- II (K 75, PL029, PL 7, KLS 218, PL 015, DPL 58, IC 201738 and PL 4), cluster- IV (PL 6, FLIP 96-51, DPL 15, IC201675, LL864, PL 5, PL 406 and PL 9.), cluster- V (ICC279032, PL 242, PL244, IPL406, PL225, PL227, PL239 and PL639), cluster- VI (PL 234, PL164, L 4148, PL210, DPL62, PL213 and PL220), cluster- I (IC201627, PL 017, PL 8 and PL 056), cluster IX (PL 221 and LH 84-8), cluster- VII (LL 931) and cluster- VIII (PL 218). Bulk segregant analysis revealed that SSR 204 showed polymorphism for bulks and parents and subjected to single marker analysis for 100- seed weight and seed diameter. Major QTL with marker SSR 204 was found for both seed size and seed diameter and it explains 33.06 % and 32.17 % phenotypic variation for both the traits, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of economic traits in sorghum[( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Rajendra; Shrotria, P.K.The present investigation was undertaken with the objectives of knowing the extent of genetic variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, estimates of general and specific combining ability effects, components of genetic variance and extent of heterosis and inbreeding depression for thirteen characters viz. days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, flag leaf area, panicle length, panicle breadth, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per panicle, grain yield per panicle, stover yield per plant and per plot. Seven parental lines viz. UTMC 543, CSV 15, Pant Chari 6, CSV 21F, Pant Chari 7, Pant Chri 8 and Pant Chri 5 were crossed in 7x7 diallele mating design to develop 21 crosses (excluding reciprocals). Griffing’s, (1956) method 2 and model I was used for combining ability analysis. Seven generations viz. P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2, F2 and F3, needed for generation mean analysis were also developed for ten selected crosses out of 21 crosses. The two simultaneous experiments one in randomized block design (RBD) with 49 treatments (21 F1s, 21 F2s and 7 parents) for combining ability, heterosis and inbreeding depression analysis and another in compact family block design (CFBD) with ten crosses (families) and their seven progenies for generation mean analysis, were planted each in three replications each at the I.D.F, G.B.P.UA & T., Pantnagar during Kharif season of 2013 and 2014. Results of ANOVA for CFBD revealed highly significant differences between crosses (families) and between progenies within family for most of the characters. Additive-dominance (3-parameter model) and digenic-interaction (5 or 6-parameter model) were found to be adequate for most of the characters. For plant height, number of leaves per plant, panicle length, panicle breadth, number of grains per panicle and stover yield per plant by both additive and non-additive gene effects were important. For days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, stem diameter, flag leaf area, 1000-grain weight and grain yield dominance gene effects [h] and [l] were important. Duplicate epistasis was prominently observed. ANOVA for combining ability showed highly significant mean square values for gca and sca for all the characters. The parental lines CSV 15 and Pant Chari 5 for 1000-grain weight, number of grains per panicle, grain yield per panicle and stover yield, CSV 15 for earliness, CSV 21F and UTMC 543 for plant height, panicle breadth Pant Chari 7 for number of leaves, flag leaf area and panicle length, were identified as good combiners. Based on high per se performance, significant desirable sca effects and heterosis the crosses UTMC 543 x Pant Chari 5, UTMC 543 x Pant Chari 7, UTMC 543 x CSV 15, CSV 15 x Pant Chari 6, CSV 15 x Pant Chari 8, CSV 15 x Pant Chari 5, CSV 15 x Pant Chari 7, CSV 15 x CSV 21F, CSV 21F x Pant Chari 5, Pant Chari 6 x CSV 21F and Pant Chari 6 x CSV 21F were identified best for grain and stover yield. The σ2sca was higher than σ2gca for all the characters. Average degree of dominance for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, flag leaf area, 1000-grain weight and number of grain per panicle showed presence of over dominance. For plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, panicle length, panicle breadth, grain yield per panicle, stover yield per plant and stover yield per plot both additive and non-additive gene action were important. Variable magnitude of desirable heterosis and inbreeding depression for all the thirteen traits was observed in different crosses. Six crosses for grain yield and one cross for stover yield showed significant positive estimates for all the three types of heterosis. Comparison of results and findings on gene effects based on generation mean analysis and gene action based on diallele analysis indicated similarity of results for most of the characters.