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ThesisItem Open Access Postharvest disease management of guava caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) penz. and sacc.(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Singh, Himanshi; Singh, K.P.Guava anthracnose caused by (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.) is one of the most destructive post harvest disease in India causing huge economic losses during transit and storage at market level. In Uttarakhand, the disease showed an increasing trend in all the fruit markets from 2021 to 2022.The disease severity of anthracnose in different locations in Uttarakhand market varied from 5.20 to 26.50percent. The highest mean disease incidence ranged from 15 to 50 percent was observed in both of the year. The disease was more severe in Dehradun and least in Lalkuan (Nainital) district. Biochemical changes in guava like total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, sugars, total flavonoids content, phenolic content, antioxidants were recorded under each treatment overa storage period of 12 days. Chitosan (1.5%), calcium chloride (1.50% and 2.50%) and Aloe vera1:1 gel treatment was most effective in maintaining shelf life, enhancing biochemical quality and in reducing postharvest losses in guava fruits. Among the post harvest dip treatment of fungicides, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin at 0.15 per cent concentration was found most effective in respect of checking the anthracnose severity development in treated fruits of guava cv. L- 49.Antagonistsevaluations revealed that the Trichoderma +Pseudomonas fluorescens at 15 g/l concentration was found promising against the pathogen in reducing severity (79.70%) in guava. In addition the activity of inorganic salts, Calcium chloride at 2.50percentwas found highly effective in reducing disease severity (72.24%) over check. Among the plant extracts Aloe vera (1:3) was found to be the best in checking the severity of anthracnose providing (56.13%) reduction over check. Zinc oxide (0.50%) was found to be more effective among all the nano particles in reducing the disease severity. Hot water treatment at 57ºC was found effective than UV irradiation showing least disease severity. Among the elicitors Salicylic acid at 2mM concentration was found to be most effective in reducing disease severity in cv. L-49 during storage. Our results suggested that susceptibility of guava cv. L-49 to anthracnose during storage is dependent on the high temperature which favours the attack of fungal pathogens causing post harvest anthracnose. Further our results indicate that effective management strategy helps in reduction of anthracnose disease as well as maintains quality of fruit.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-molecular characterization and hybridization studies in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Rajender Kumar; Dimri, D.C.The present investigation entitled “Morpho-molecular characterization and hybridization studies in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]” was performed at HRC, Patharchatta, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar and MBGE Laboratory of UCB, Haldi, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand from January, 2021 to June, 2022. The whole study was completed in 3 different experiments. In the 1st experiment the low chill peach cultivars (12 Nos) maintained at HRC, Patharchatta were estimated for their morphological and biochemical characters. In the 2nd experiment the same peach cvs. as well as the high chill peach cvs. (29 Nos) collected from ICAR-NBPGR (RS), Bhowali, Nainital were characterized at molecular level. While, in the 3rd experiment the hybridization studies among selected low chill peach cultivars were carried out at HRC, Patharchatta and further hybridity was tested at MBGE Laboratory, UCB, Haldi. The results showed adequate amount of genetic variability among the different cultivars of low chill peaches. The fruiting characters namely; fruit length, diameter, weight and pulp: stone ratio varied from 39.14-66.30 mm, 32.82-62.63 mm, 30.24 to 123.70 g and 9.47-23.41, respectively. The ranges of total soluble solids (10.34-13.61 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.44-0.98%), ascorbic acid (9.58-14.58 mg/100g), total sugars (8.69-12.06%), anthocyanin (0.33-2.33 mg/100 g), total phenols (29.16-68.67 mg GAE/100g FW), flavonoids (6.79-61.90 mg/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (36.40-72.24%) was recorded among the various low chill peach cultivars. Among the various cultivars tested, Shan-i-Punjab was found to be most productive (20.52 kg/tree), while Saharanpur Prabhat estimated the highest yield efficiency (0.080 kg/cm2). Genetic diversity among 41 genotypes of low and high chill peaches was examined with 25 SSR primers, which indicated that beside two markers all showed polymorphism, resulted into 108 polymorphic bands. The highest polymorphic information content (PIC) was revealed by SSR marker BPPCT 033 (0.770) and lowest by MA020a (0.337). Jaccard’s similarity coefficients varied from 0.537 to 1.000 with an average value of 0.739. Among the 41 genotypes, the IC-360682 and IC-360683; IC-360691 and IC-360680 and; Totapari and IC-247431 were found to be the most similar with a similarity coefficients of 1.0, however, the minimum Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was found between IC-209014 and Red June (0.537). In hybridization studies, crosses were made between selected low chill peach cultivars. The maximum fruit set (76.74%) was noted for hybrid H2 (Saharanpur Prabhat × Pratap) and minimum (55.93%) in H5 (Sharbati Surkha × Pratap). Maximum fruit retention was registered in hybrid H4 (Sharbati Late × Florida Red) i.e., 71.15%, whereas, hybrid H2 showed minimum fruit retention (39.85%). Among 25 markers employed for hybridity confirmation, only 3 primers set (CPPCT-022, UDP96-005 and UDP98-407) were able to confirm the hybridity of the F1 seedlings. The cultivars identified to be promising in the investigation may prove to be potential genetic resource in low chill peach improvement programme. Further, SSR diversity may be used as a criterion for selection of parents in the improvement of peach using hybrid breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-molecular characterization and hybridization studies in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Rajender Kumar; Dimri, D.C.The present investigation entitled “Morpho-molecular characterization and hybridization studies in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]” was performed at HRC, Patharchatta, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar and MBGE Laboratory of UCB, Haldi, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand from January, 2021 to June, 2022. The whole study was completed in 3 different experiments. In the 1st experiment the low chill peach cultivars (12 Nos) maintained at HRC, Patharchatta were estimated for their morphological and biochemical characters. In the 2nd experiment the same peach cvs. as well as the high chill peach cvs. (29 Nos) collected from ICAR-NBPGR (RS), Bhowali, Nainital were characterized at molecular level. While, in the 3rd experiment the hybridization studies among selected low chill peach cultivars were carried out at HRC, Patharchatta and further hybridity was tested at MBGE Laboratory, UCB, Haldi. The results showed adequate amount of genetic variability among the different cultivars of low chill peaches. The fruiting characters namely; fruit length, diameter, weight and pulp: stone ratio varied from 39.14-66.30 mm, 32.82-62.63 mm, 30.24 to 123.70 g and 9.47-23.41, respectively. The ranges of total soluble solids (10.34-13.61 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.44-0.98%), ascorbic acid (9.58-14.58 mg/100g), total sugars (8.69-12.06%), anthocyanin (0.33-2.33 mg/100 g), total phenols (29.16-68.67 mg GAE/100g FW), flavonoids (6.79-61.90 mg/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (36.40-72.24%) was recorded among the various low chill peach cultivars. Among the various cultivars tested, Shan-i-Punjab was found to be most productive (20.52 kg/tree), while Saharanpur Prabhat estimated the highest yield efficiency (0.080 kg/cm2). Genetic diversity among 41 genotypes of low and high chill peaches was examined with 25 SSR primers, which indicated that beside two markers all showed polymorphism, resulted into 108 polymorphic bands. The highest polymorphic information content (PIC) was revealed by SSR marker BPPCT 033 (0.770) and lowest by MA020a (0.337). Jaccard’s similarity coefficients varied from 0.537 to 1.000 with an average value of 0.739. Among the 41 genotypes, the IC-360682 and IC-360683; IC-360691 and IC-360680 and; Totapari and IC-247431 were found to be the most similar with a similarity coefficients of 1.0, however, the minimum Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was found between IC-209014 and Red June (0.537). In hybridization studies, crosses were made between selected low chill peach cultivars. The maximum fruit set (76.74%) was noted for hybrid H2 (Saharanpur Prabhat × Pratap) and minimum (55.93%) in H5 (Sharbati Surkha × Pratap). Maximum fruit retention was registered in hybrid H4 (Sharbati Late × Florida Red) i.e., 71.15%, whereas, hybrid H2 showed minimum fruit retention (39.85%). Among 25 markers employed for hybridity confirmation, only 3 primers set (CPPCT-022, UDP96-005 and UDP98-407) were able to confirm the hybridity of the F1 seedlings. The cultivars identified to be promising in the investigation may prove to be potential genetic resource in low chill peach improvement programme. Further, SSR diversity may be used as a criterion for selection of parents in the improvement of peach using hybrid breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of time and conditions for wedge grafting during spring season in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Vipin Kumar; Singh, A.K.The experiment entitled “Standardization of time and conditions for wedge grafting during spring season in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar” was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during the year 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in two Factorial Randomized Block Design with 15 treatment combinations consisting of five dates of grafting T1 (second fortnight of January), T2 (first fortnight of February), T3 (second fortnight of February), T4 (first fortnight of March) and T5 (second fortnight of March), and three different growing condition C1 (polyhouse), C2 (shade net) and C3 (open condition). Each treatment was replicated thrice and thirty plants were taken under each replication. During the investigation, observations on different characteristics like first leaf emergence, percentage of scion sprouting, graft survival & mortality, height of shoot, diameter of graft, number of primary shoots, length of primary shoot, number of leaves per shoot, total number of leaves per graft, leaf size, leaf area, leaf area index were recorded in the grafts/plants grafted in different times and conditions by wedge method of grafting. The parameter like- plant height, diameter, number of shoots and number of leaves were also recorded exactly at 150 days after grafting. The experimental results on the basis of interaction effect between time and condition revealed that the wedge grafting performed in second fortnight of February under polyhouse condition (T3C1) has registered the higher values for almost all the parameters. However, the effect of wedge grafting performed during second fortnight of February to first fortnight of March under polyhouse, shade net and open condition were found statistically at par with respect to scion sprouting percentage, survival percentage, number of leaves per graft and leaf area index. Thus, keeping in view the involvement of low cost of production, the wedge grafting performed during second fortnight of February to first fortnight of March under open condition may be recommended for mass multiplication of guava plants. If the facilities of polyhouse and shade net are available with the nurserymen then the wedge grafting during second fortnight of February to first fortnight of March may also be adopted for commercial multiplication of plants with little bit higher success rate of grafts in comparison to open condition.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of different potassium and calcium compounds on fruit yield, quality and shelf life of winter season guava(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Dangwal, Vivek; Singh, V. P.The present investigation was carried out in the mrig bahar of year 2021 at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta as well as in Postharvest Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and complete randomised design with three replications comprising of 13 treatments (Potassium nitrate and potassium sulphate @ 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% each, calcium nitrate and calcium sulphate @ 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% each and control). The results showed that the maximum leaf and fruit nutrient (N, P and K) content, leaf length, breadth, area and total chlorophyll were recorded in T3 (potassium nitrate @ 3.0 %). Maximum fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, fruit retention and fruit weight as well as least amount of fruit drop and fruit cracking were recorded in T2 (potassium nitrate @ 2.0%). The fruits were stored in ambient condition after harvesting for further observations. The result revealed that pre-harvest sprays of potassium and calcium compounds were effective in increasing fruit yield, quality and shelf life of winter season guava fruit. T9 (calcium nitrate @ 1.5%) treatment recorded the highest fruit length, breadth, inner diameter, thickness of the flesh, seed weight, pectin content and shelf life. T2 treatment (potassium nitrate @ 2.0%) recorded maximum fruit weight, fruit volume, specific gravity and biochemical parameters i.e. total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and ascorbic acid. Over all, it can be concluded that pre-harvest foliar spray of potassium nitrate @ 2.0 per cent i.e. first spray at fruit set and second spray at one month after first spray, is beneficial for increasing fruit yield, quality, shelf life and reducing fruit cracking of winter season guava cv. ‘VNR Bihi’ under Tarai conditions of Uttarakhand.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of composite edible coatings on postharvest quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Pant Prabhat(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Tewari, Esha; Singh, OmveerThe present investigation on the: “Effect of composite edible coatings on postharvest quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Pant Prabhat” was conducted in the Post-harvest Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand). The main aim of the study was to study the effects of Aloe vera, sodium alginate and arabic gum based composite edible coatings with incorporation of calcium chloride as texture enhancer and hydrogen peroxide as an anti-microbial on physico-chemical attributes and shelf life of guava fruits during storage. The experiment was conducted on 2-Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 13 treatments and 3 replications under ambient room temperature storage in November-December, 2021. The changes in fruit weight, fruit diameter, physiological loss in weight, percent shrinkage, percent decay, fruit firmness, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total carotenoids content and sensory parameters (appearance/colour, texture, flavour, taste and overall acceptability) were recorded under each treatment over a storage period of fifteen days at ambient room storage conditions. It was observed that most of the coating formulations of Aloe vera and gum arabic incorporated with calcium chloride as texture enhancer and hydrogen peroxide as anti-microbial substance significantly helped in reducing physiological loss in weight, fruit decay, shrinkage and in maintaining various biochemical and sensory quality characteristics than control untreated fruits over a storage period of 15 days. Mainly coating formulations of 10% gum arabic based composite coatings incorporated 2% calcium chloride as texture enhancer and 1% hydrogen peroxide as an anti-microbial followed by 50% Aloe vera gel with incorporation of 2% calcium chloride and 50% Aloe vera gel with 2% hydrogen peroxide performed best as compared to other coated treatments, maintained the fruit physio-chemical and sensory attributes until 15th days of storage and extended their shelf-life by three times as compare to uncoated control fruits.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of time and environmental conditions for wedge grafting in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) cv. Pant Garima under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Arya, Ganesh Chandra; PratibhaThe current study was conducted at the Horticulture Research Centre Patharchatta, G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) for “Standardization of time and environmental conditions for wedge grafting in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) cv. Pant Garima under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand”. The experiment was laid out in three factorial randomized block design with three replications per treatment. The 12 treatment combinations consisting of three time of grafting T1 (25th February), T2 (10th March) and T3 (25th March), two growing conditions C1 (under open condition) and C2 (under shade net condition) and two conditions for use of polycap P1 (with the use of polycap) and P0 (without the use of polycap). The results obtained from the experiment revealed that there were significant influence of time, environmental conditions and uses of polycap on success and survivality of wedge grafting in jackfruit cv. Pant Garima. Among different treatments wedge grafting done in second fortnight of March under shade net condition with use of polycap was found to be most effective as compared to the other time and condition of grafting with respect to the following attributes such as minimum time taken for bud sprouting (15.10 days), graft bud sprouting percentage (62.23%), percentage of graft success at 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting (72.58%, 69.01% and 62.86% respectively), minimum time taken for feather emergence (24.63 days), number of leaves at 60 and 90 days after grafting (9.64 and 12.94), leaf area index (4.54), fresh weight of shoot (31.29 g), dry weight of shoot (16.16 g), length of primary root (13 cm), length of secondary root (29.36 cm) and fresh weight of root(15.22 g). However, the minimum success was obtained in second fortnight of February under open condition without polycap for all the attributes. Based on the above study, it could be concluded that wedge grafting done in second fortnight of March under shade net condition with polycap uses in jackfruit cv. Pant Garima will be beneficial for obtaining higher success and survivality rate in very less time under tarai condition of Uttarakhand. As the above findings were based on the one-year data further experiments are required to strengthen the above findings.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of mulch types and drip irrigation levels on growth and yield parameters in Litchi cv. Rose Scented(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Nautiyal, Prerna; Chand, SatishThe present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, of the University during March 2022 to June 2022. The litchi trees planted at a spacing of 5m × 5m were subjected to drip irrigation with or without mulch along with one control. There were twelve treatment combinations including drip irrigation at 50 per cent, 75 per cent and 100 per cent of estimated water requirement along with black polyethylene (100 micron UV stabilized) and litchi leaf mulch (10 cm thickness). Whereas, the control involved flood irrigation along with unmulched condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising three replications. The objective of investigation were to study the effect of above treatments on vegetative growth, flowering, yield, fruit quality attributes and water use efficiency on 22 year old litchi tree cv. Rose Scented. Non- significant effect of above treatments on vegetative growth and floral characters were recorded. But, significant effect on fruiting, yield and other quality attributes was found. The fruit set and fruit drop percentage also varied significantly due to the effect of mulch and drip irrigation. Further, minimum fruit cracking (8.50%), maximum fruit number (1375.28/tree) and yield (32.28 kg/tree) were recorded under M1DI3 (i.e. black polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation at 100% level). In terms of fruit quality, the treatment M1DI3 was found superior with maximum fruit weight (23.79 g/fruit), length (34.07 mm/fruit), width (29.25 mm/fruit), volume (22.08 ml/fruit), pulp weight (15.48 g/fruit), T.S.S (18.77°B), ascorbic acid (29.04 mg/100g) and total sugars (16.33%). The maximum (15.81 kg/m3) water use efficiency was registered under the treatment M1DI1 (i.e. black polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation at 50% level). Overall, the study revealed that application of black polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level (M1DI3) was better over other treatments but in terms of water use efficiency, the treatment combination M1DI1 was found most beneficial.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of polysaccharide based edible coatings and ascorbic acid on postharvest quality of plum (Prunus Salicina Lindl.) cv. Satluj purple(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Bhandari, Rahul; Uniyal, ShwetaThe present experiment was carried out at Postharvest Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during May 2022 to June 2022. This experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factor comprising of ten treatments (control, 1% chitosan, 2% chitosan, 1% alginate, 2% alginate, 1% ascorbic acid, 1% chitosan+ 1% ascorbic acid, 2% chitosan+1% ascorbic acid, 1% alginate + 1% ascorbic acid and 2% alginate + 1% ascorbic acid) and six storage intervals (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35th day). Thus, 10 treatments combinations were tested in three replications. As soon as the fruits were harvested, they were coated with different edible coatings treatment and stored at low temperature (0 - 4°C) under 80-90% relative humidity for 35 days. During the storage period observations were recorded at seven days intervals. The observations were recorded in respect to fruit diameter, fruit shrinkage, fruit weight, physiological loss in weight, fruit firmness, fruit decay, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar, non reducing sugar phenol content and antioxidant activity. Findings of present investigation revealed that coating of chitosan, alginate and ascorbic acid was effective in maintaining shelf life and physicochemical traits of plum fruit cv. Satluj Purple as compared to uncoated fruits by imparting more durable protective barrier onto the epicarp of the fruit. Among the all treatments T8 (2% chitosan + 1% ascorbic acid) followed by T10 (2% alginate + 1% ascorbic acid) treatment was found effective in reducing physiological loss in weight, fruit shrinkage, fruit decay along with maintaining fruit firmness, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, sugars content, total phenol and antioxidant activity of fruits up to thirty five days of low temperature storage. Thus, it can be concluded that postharvest coatings of plum fruit with 2% chitosan enriched with 1% ascorbic acid was effective in extending the shelf-life and maintaining physico-chemical attributes of plum cv. Satluj Purple for 28 days storage however, they can be stored upto 35 days of storage with minimum changes in physico-chemical quality of plum fruits.
