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20213
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Subject: Food and Nutrition × End date: 2021 × Start date: 2021 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of obesity and derivation of simple screening measure to identify obesity among school going adolescents in Rudrapur city, Dist. U.S. Nagar
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Anugya Bharti; Kushwaha, Archana
    The present study was undertaken for determining the prevalence of obesity among school going adolescents and to assess the dietary intake and its adequacy and level of physical activity among adolescents. The study also aims to determine the simple screening measure for identifying adolescents with overweight and obesity. A school based cross-sectional study was done in Rudrapur city. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 10.4% and 4.1%, respectively considering IAP reference standards as cut – offs with higher prevalence among boys than girls. Result of multivariate analysis showed that type of school and mother’s educational level were the factors that were found to be significantly associated with overweight. Only type of school was found to be significantly associated with prevalence of obesity. The odd of overweight and obesity was almost 1.7 times and 2.2 times, respectively higher in private school in comparison to government school. Energy, carbohydrate, sugar and fat intake was significantly higher in obese subjects in comparison to their overweight and normal weight counterparts. On comparing the nutrient intake of subjects with the RDA suggested for Indian adolescents, the adequacy of CHO and protein intake was found in more than 80% of the subjects whereas the adequacy of ascorbic acid and magnesium intake was found in 77.7% and 67.2%, respectively of the study population. The inadequate intake of iron and zinc was found in more than 40% of the study population. More than 50% of the subjects had inadequate intake of calcium, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. Boys were having significantly higher physical activity in comparison to girls. In comparison to active child, inactive child (>60 min/day of MVPA) had 1.5 times more chance to become overweight. Similarly, in comparison to active child, inactive child had 2.4 times more chance to become obese. ROC curve analysis was done and on the basis of Youden index (sensitivity + specificity -1), Tri ponderal mass index (TMI) was found as best screening measure for identifying overweight and obesity among adolescents. The optimal TMI cut off value for screening overweight among adolescents were >12 kg/m3 and >13 kg/m3 for boys and girls, respectively. The optimal TMI cut off value for screening obesity among adolescents were >14 kg/m3 and >16 kg/m3 for boys and girls, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Iron deficiency anaemia among children (3-6 years) in U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand & development of iron rich ready to eat extruded snack
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Suri, Shweta; Dutta, Anuradha
    The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of anaemia among children aged 3-6 years in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhandand develop an Iron-rich Ready to Eat (RTE) extruded snack, evaluate its quality characteristics and assess its in vitro iron bioavailability. Barnyard millet, defatted soy flour, amla (Indian gooseberry) powder and rice flour were used for development of the extruded snack. Results showed that prevalence of anaemia among subjects in the study area was 70.51 % with a mean haemoglobin level of 9.91g/dl (±1.9g/dl). Majority of subjects were moderately anaemic (59.28 %), followed by mildlyanaemic (31.27 %) and severelyanaemic (9.45 %). Cross-sectional survey showcased that majority of the subjects belonged to lower middle-class families having per capita income of 1130-2259 Rs./month (36.93 %). About 84.36 % of subjects belonged to nuclear familyand majority of families (47.18 %)had 3-4 children. Anthropometric assessment revealed that mean weight and height of the subjects was 16.62 ±4.02kg and 106.18±11.33cm. About6.41% subjects were underweight (low weight for age), 7.95% were stunted (low height for age) and 4.10% subjects were wasted (low weight for height). Dietary assessment revealed that majority of subjects were non-vegetarian (51.03%) and consumed three meals a day (73.33 %). Around 72.82% subjects consumed eggs and 71.79 % consumed milk regularly. About 32.31 % of the subjects had the habit of skipping meal. Clinical assessment showed that majority of subjects had normal hair, eyes, lips, tongue, teeth, gums, skin and nails. Personal hygiene data revealed that 88.21% subjects bathed daily. Majority of subjects used to walk barefoot (53.59%) and 30.51% subjects had intestinal worm infestation. Factors such as mother's illiteracy, monthly income of the household, history of anaemia among mothers, child barefoot walking, history of worms in child's stool, and lack of habit of hand washing were closely associated with the increased risk of anaemia among children as assessed inmultivariate regression analysis. Nutrient estimation of raw materials used for development of extruded snack revealed that defatted flour had the highest crude protein (48.34g/100g), crude ash (6.85g/100g), and calcium (157.74mg/100g) content. Barnyard millet showed highest crude fibre (11.25g/100g), crude fat (2.15g/100g), iron (16.49 mg/100g), total dietary fibre (28.00g/100g), total flavonoid (163.08mg RE/100g),and total antioxidant activity (60.54%).Amla was observed to have highest ascorbic acid (488.29mg/100g) and total phenol (208.04mg GAE/100g) content. BoxBehnken design of Response Surface methodology was used for optimization of process variables. Optimization revealed that blend ratio (6:1), barrel temperature (115°C) and amla (12.25g/100g of the total flour) was found to be highly acceptable combination for preparation of extruded snack. Optimized extruded snack was significantly superior than the control rice based extruded snack in terms of crude protein (18.91g/100g), crude fibre (2.33g/100g), crude ash (1.89g/100g) and crude fat (1.55g/100g). However, control snack had significantly higher carbohydrate (86.86g/100g) and physiological energy value (380.67Kcal/100g). Iron (15.71mg/100g), calcium (68.80mg/100g) and ascorbic acid (30.61mg/100g) content of optimized snack was significantly higher. Total phenol, total flavonoid and total antioxidant activity of optimized snack were significantly higher than the control snack. Physical parameters (length, diameter &volume) and textural property (crispiness) of control snack were better than the optimized snack. A non-significant difference was found between sensory properties of optimized and controlsnack. Keeping quality results of optimized extruded snack showed that microbial quality, moisture, free fatty acid, peroxide value and sensory quality were under acceptable limit for over 2 months storage at ambient temperature in both aluminum laminated and LDPE packets. Optimized extruded snack showcased significantly high in vitro iron bioavailability (42.61 per cent) as compared to control snack and composite flour. Therefore, it can be concluded that blend of barnyard millet, defatted soy flour, amla powder and rice flour can be successfully utilized for the development of iron rich Ready to Eat (RTE) extruded snack for improving the iron status of the population.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Corn silk (Stigma maydis): Nutritional quality evaluation, product formulation and suitability for constipated population
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Singh, Akanksha; Raghuvanshi, Rita Singh
    In today’s lifestyle, by-products are considered to be a promising source of functional compounds. Furthermore, consumers are increasingly aware of diet related health problems, therefore demanding natural ingredients which are expected to be safe and health-promoting. The agricultural processing industries produce substantial quantities of by-products, which are generally treated as waste of industry. This practice is not only a waste of resource, but also causes environmental pollution. In the present study corn silk, one of the byproducts of maize cultivation has been studied for its nutritional qualities to provide health benefit for the community and to enhance farmer’s income. In this study functional properties, nutritional composition and phytochemical analysis of processed corn silk powder of three corn varieties VL Baby Corn-1, CMVL Sweet Corn-1 and Hybrid Pant DH-291 were done. As per the results of nutritional composition corn silk powder reported to have good protein, crude fiber and mineral content especially calcium and iron. Corn silk showcased appreciable phytochemical composition in terms of total antioxidant activity and dietary fiber content. V.L Baby corn-1 reported highest antioxidant content whereas dietary fiber content especially insoluble dietary fiber was found in abundance in CMVL Sweet corn-1 in comparison to other two varieties. All the above-mentioned verities of corn silk have their individual significance which plays an important role in designing functional products. On the basis of result on analysis of corn silk powder of VL Baby Corn-1 was used in formulation of different flavoured herbal corn silk tea and corn silk powder of variety CMVL Sweet Corn-1 was for in (5 and 10 percent level along with control) development of various functional food items namely Chapatti, Parantha, Dal, Raita and Laddoos (Rice flour Laddoo, Papaya Laddoo, Sesame seed Laddoo). Results of sensory parameters showed upto 10 percent level of corn silk in all products were acceptable, also eight combination of corn silk tea along with control corn silk tea were accepted. Computed nutritive value of developed products got increasing trend in its nutritional value mainly protein, ash, fiber and mineral content with the increased level of corn silk powder upto 10 percent. Total antioxidant activity analysis of all teas combination showed blends with with Clove, Timur and Gandhraini found higher value than other blend of teas with corn silk..Result of prevalence study in U.S. Nagar showed 24% adult population was constipated among 995 subjects and females had more prevalence than males, contributing factors like insufficient intake of water, fiber and less physical activity were also associated with constipation. A fiber supplement in the form of corn silk powder sachets of 5 and 10 g were used in selected experimental groups of constipated subjects for 2 weeks to check suitability of corn silk powder for constipated population. During the dietary intervention, continuous monitoring was done daily by using Bristol Stool Form Scale upto 15th day. Result showed supplementation of corn silk fiber in the quantity of 5g and 10g was found beneficial. In case of 5 g supplement. symptoms got relieved between 48-72 h of consumption where as in case of 10g symptoms improved in 24-48 hours has therefore fiber supplement could be good strategy for treatment of constipation. Thus, it can be concluded that corn silk fiber has ameliorative characteristics towards improvement of defecation pattern and has potential for utilization as functional ingredient in health foods constipated population without additional input corn silk price may be added income for farmers.