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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on compatibility of tyre pyrolysis oil as fuel for diesel engine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Wankhade, Ratnakiran Dnyandeo; Bhattacharya, T.K.The development of alternative renewable liquid fuel has become nowadays necessity for better economy of the country and saving the environment from further deterioration. The pressure of increasing fuel prices, deteriorating global supplies of crude oil demand an urgent need of finding alternative resources. The studies were conducted to assess the performance and combustion characteristic of a CI engine on formulated fuels. Eight different fuel blends were prepared by blending high speed diesel and ethanol with distilled refined tyre pyrolysis oil in 10, 20, 30, 40, and 5, 10, 15 and 20 % ratio, respectively. The distilled refined tyre pyrolysis oil was obtained by acid treatment with different levels of H2SO4 and distillation after the moisture removal. The fuel properties like relative density, kinetic viscosity, high heat value, ash content, carbon residue, flash point, fire point, pH and copper strip corrosion were studied at every stage of refining process like initial, acid treatment, distillation and blending and compared with high speed diesel to check its suitability as fuel in CI engine. The performance of multi cylinder CI engine in terms of brake mean effective pressure, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, fuel consumption, air-fuel ratio, heat input, heat equivalent to brake power, heat carried away by water jacket, heat carried away by exhaust gas and heat un-accounted was compared on high speed diesel as well as selected fuel blend to assess their suitability as engine fuel. The observed results of the experiment indicate that the raw tyre pyrolysis oil contain 10 to 14% moisture. Also there was improvement in the fuel properties by acid treatment but high concentration of acid resulted in low pH of the sample. Hence, acid concentration up to 6% level was most effective. It was also observed that after distillation there was also improvement in the fuel properties because of removal of suspended contaminants. It was also observed that there was positive effect of blending the distilled refined tyre pyrolysis oil with high speed diesel and ethanol which shows the non-significant differences in fuel properties. It was also clear from the performance of engine on high speed diesel blend with refined tyre pyrolysis oil that engine had similar power producing capacity from all blend compared to the diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption on blended fuels was higher than diesel. The air-fuel ratio of blends was found much lower than that of diesel at high load which indicate the poor combustion. Also, in case of ethanol engine developed same power on blends as well as diesel on all load conditions. The fuel consumption of engine increases with increase in anhydrous ethanol in blend. The air-fuel ratio was lower than diesel at all load condition. Hence, it required combustion booster as an additive and certain change in injection timing to allow more time for combustion of fuel.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on dynamic balancing of thresher drum and its effect on vibration and power consumption(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Negi, Rohit; Arun KumarFarm mechanization and adoption of latest techniques have played an important role in increasing the agricultural production, due to which the number of agricultural equipment and machines has increased. One of the agricultural machines is thresher which is used for loosening and detaching the grains from ear heads. Threshers have played a special role in the post-harvest operations of the crop which results in the increase in production. With the functional design, there is a need of improvement in the dynamic performance of the thresher. To improve the dynamic performance of thresher, dynamic balancing of the thresher drum was performed. Dynamic balancing was conducted on thresher drum of a small multi crop thresher and a small wheat thresher. For dynamic balancing of thresher drum a set-up was developed. The vibration amplitude and power consumption of thresher was measured and compare before and after the balancing of thresher. The vibration amplitude and power consumption were analyzed at five levels of cylinder speed (300 rpm, 360 rpm, 420 rpm, 480 rpm and 540 rpm) in multi crop thresher and at four levels of cylinder speed (720 rpm, 870 rpm, 1080 rpm and 1160 rpm) in the wheat thresher on load and no load conditions. It was observed that the vibration amplitude and power consumption reduced after the balancing of thresher drum of both the threshers. In multi crop thresher the maximum reduction in vibration amplitude on no load and on load was noted as 41.62% at the frame adjacent to the bearing of the thresher drum shaft (LM4) and 38.38% at the second upper corner of the frame supporting the thresher drum (LM2), respectively. In wheat thresher the maximum reduction in vibration amplitude on no load and on load was noted as 52.10% at the third upper corner of the frame of thresher (LW3) and 58.33% at feeding chute (LW6). Maximum reduction in power consumption on no load was measured 6.08% and 7.76% in multi crop and wheat thresher, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of rotary plough for hills(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Bist, Vijendra Singh; Singh, JayantBy keeping in mind the problem faced by the farmers in hilly areas and to promote farm mechanization a new type of rotary plough is designed. The designed rotary plough has straight knife edge blades which were attached on circular flange. Power from main engine shaft is transmitted to the rotary blades by using bevel and spur gear transmission system. The effect of forward speeds, depth of operation and soil moisture content on fuel consumption, actual field capacity, field efficiency, energy required per unit area and total cost were studied. Two soil moisture content (12.73 and 14.56 %), two forward speeds (1.5 and 2 km/h) and three depths of operation (5.5±0.5, 7.5±0.5 and 9.5±0.5 cm) have been chosen. The results showed that, the minimum value of fuel consumption was 0.98 l/h and recorded when the forward speed was 1.5km/h at depth of 5.5±0.5 cm and soil moisture content 14.56 %. The minimum value of effective field capacity was 0.038 ha/h when forward speed was 1.8 km/h, soil moisture content 12.73% and under depth of operation 9.5±0.5 cm. The highest field efficiency was 86.90% with 1.5 km /h forward speed at 5.5±0.5 cm depth of operation mm and soil moisture content 14.56%. The lower value of total cost was 2740 ₹/ha and was obtained when the forward speed was 2 km/h at 5.5±0.5 cm depth of operation and soil moisture content 14.56 %. The lowest value of energy required per unit area 181.47 MJ/ha was obtained at 2 km/h forward speed and soil moisture content of 14.56% at 5.5±0.5 cm depth of operation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feed and load on methane emission from the rumen of he-buffalo(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Akanksha; Singh, JayantThesisItem Open Access Studies on energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mounica, Sappogu Leena; Bhattacharya, T.K.Energy is the key input in an agricultural production. Crop yield dependent upon both direct and indirect energy sources i.e. human beings, fuel, electricity, seed, fertilizer, chemical, and machinery. Paddy-wheat is the major crop rotations in Tarai region of Uttarakhand and production system of both the crops is highly mechanized. The study also compares energy requirement in raising paddy and wheat crops using more efficient methods and equipment. An attempt has therefore, been made in the experimental, commercial and farmer’s field to analyse the energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The total energy requirement in paddy cultivation was observed as 32278.8, 23985.6, 25341.4, 25802.9, 26228.5 and 31728.7 MJ/ha with corresponding crop yield of 5.27, 7.67, 8.03, 9.11, 9.30, 9.71 t/ha under the treatment DSR (TP1), transplanting in unpuddled soil (TP2), transplanting in puddled soil with paddy harrow (TP3), rotavator (TP4), spiked puddler (TP5) and combination of paddy harrow, rotavator, patela (TP6), respectively. The requirement of electrical energy was highest in all treatments which was used for operating irrigation pumpset. The energy productivity and energy ratio for high yielding practices has been found to be 0.35 kg/MJ and 5.21 in treatment TP5 with a yield of 9.3 t/ha whereas at a yield of 9.71 t/ha in farmer’s field in (TP6), the energy productivity and energy ratio was 0.3 kg/MJ and 4.49 respectively. The production of paddy crop in a larger area TP5 (4.8 ha) and TP6 (8 ha) indicated the consumption of diesel at the rate of 84.2 l/ha and 117.9 l/ha. The total energy requirement in wheat cultivation was observed as 18146.0, 18650.9, 16646.3, 16745.5, 18491.3, 19132.7, 19760.3 and 21833.6 MJ/ha and the crop yield was 2.96, 3.32, 3.46, 2.75, 2.80, 3.21, 4.70 and 6.20 t/ha under the treatments TW11, TW12, TW13, TW2, TW3,TW4, TW5 and TW6, respectively. The highest share of energy in all treatments was found be from fertilizer. Comparing the wheat crop production in a large area i.e. 4.8 ha in treatment TW5, (commercial field) and 8 ha in treatment TW6, (farmer’s field), the energy productivity and energy ratio were 0.24 kg/MJ and 3.5 in with a yield of 4.7 t/ha and 0.28 kg/MJ and 4.17 with a yield of 6.2 t/ha respectively. The average diesel consumption was found to be between 75 to 86 l/ha for the above treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Development of patternator and performance evaluation of different nozzles used in agricultural sprayers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Yadav, Hemant Kumar; Arun KumarIn agrarian economy, agriculture plays a vital role to secure the nation and crop production being soul of agriculture highlights its importance. In order to accommodate the requirements of a growing population, agricultural production and protection technology play a vital role. More recently, while estimates of potential global losses due to insect and vertebrate pests, diseases and weeds varies from crop to crop, it has been estimated that these pests possibly cost up to 40% of the world’s production of food by reducing crop yield and causing losses in storage. In India, annual crop loss is estimated to be around 50,000 crores due to pests. Plant protection chemicals currently cover about 30% of the total cultivated area in India, of which insecticides account for 61.39% followed by fungicides (19.06%), herbicides (16.75%) and others (2.80%). The plant protection operations are generally done by hydraulic energy sprayers, gaseous energy sprayers, centrifugal energy sprayers, kinetic energy sprayer. Nozzle selection is one of the most important decisions to be made related to pesticide applications. The type of nozzle affects not only the amount of spray applied to a particular area, but also the uniformity of the applied spray, the coverage obtained on the sprayed surfaces, and the amount of drift that can occur. In pesticide application, accuracy and uniformity of application is most important to avoid adverse effects of pesticides on environment and crop injury, and reduced pest management. A poor choice in spray nozzles selection, or use of under-performing nozzles, can lead to re-spraying and reduced performance, so one should be very particular regarding use of nozzles. Keeping in view the above mentioned problems, a Patternator was developed in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering to evaluate the performance of different nozzles used in agricultural sprayers. Nine nozzles Flat Fan nozzle, Hollow Cone nozzle, Solid Cone nozzle, Flood Type nozzle, NTM, Kishan, NMD, BCN and Plastic speaker were selected and tested in the laboratory to find their volumetric distribution, swath width and spray angle at different pressure and height combinations. The independent parameters for patternator test were operating pressure (1.5, 2, 2.5,3 and 3.5 kg/cm2) and nozzle heights (200, 300,400,500,545 and 600 mm). The most uniform volumetric distribution of manual operated flat fan nozzle was obtained at 400 mm height on 2.5 kg/cm2 operational pressure and C.V. value of the distribution was 33.96%. Among the power operated nozzles, uniform volumetric distribution NTM nozzle and kishan nozzle was recorded at 545 mm height with the operational pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 and Coefficient of variation values were 20.32 and 29.82%, respectively. Highest spray angle 69° for kishan nozzle was calculated at 400 mm height with the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 followed by flood type nozzle 68.08o was recorded at 400 mm height with the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2. Minimum spray angle was calculated for the hollow cone nozzle and plastic speaker nozzle as 28.07o with the operating pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2 at 400 mm height which was similar in both types of spray nozzles. The maximum swath width of NMD nozzle (720 mm) and BCN nozzle (660 mm) was observed at 600mm height and operational pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2. Maximum discharge rate was recorded with flood type nozzle 3.120 l/min at the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 followed by NTM nozzle 1.332 l/min at 3.5 kg/cm2 and NMD nozzle 0.906 l/min at the operating pressure of 3 kg/cm2. It was found that with the increment of operating pressure, the discharge rate was also found to be increased.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feed and load on methane emission from the rumen of he-buffalo(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Akanksha; Singh, Jayant