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20175
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Subject: Farm, Machinery and Power × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: M.Tech ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production system
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mounica, Sappogu Leena; Bhattacharya, T.K.
    Energy is the key input in an agricultural production. Crop yield dependent upon both direct and indirect energy sources i.e. human beings, fuel, electricity, seed, fertilizer, chemical, and machinery. Paddy-wheat is the major crop rotations in Tarai region of Uttarakhand and production system of both the crops is highly mechanized. The study also compares energy requirement in raising paddy and wheat crops using more efficient methods and equipment. An attempt has therefore, been made in the experimental, commercial and farmer’s field to analyse the energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The total energy requirement in paddy cultivation was observed as 32278.8, 23985.6, 25341.4, 25802.9, 26228.5 and 31728.7 MJ/ha with corresponding crop yield of 5.27, 7.67, 8.03, 9.11, 9.30, 9.71 t/ha under the treatment DSR (TP1), transplanting in unpuddled soil (TP2), transplanting in puddled soil with paddy harrow (TP3), rotavator (TP4), spiked puddler (TP5) and combination of paddy harrow, rotavator, patela (TP6), respectively. The requirement of electrical energy was highest in all treatments which was used for operating irrigation pumpset. The energy productivity and energy ratio for high yielding practices has been found to be 0.35 kg/MJ and 5.21 in treatment TP5 with a yield of 9.3 t/ha whereas at a yield of 9.71 t/ha in farmer’s field in (TP6), the energy productivity and energy ratio was 0.3 kg/MJ and 4.49 respectively. The production of paddy crop in a larger area TP5 (4.8 ha) and TP6 (8 ha) indicated the consumption of diesel at the rate of 84.2 l/ha and 117.9 l/ha. The total energy requirement in wheat cultivation was observed as 18146.0, 18650.9, 16646.3, 16745.5, 18491.3, 19132.7, 19760.3 and 21833.6 MJ/ha and the crop yield was 2.96, 3.32, 3.46, 2.75, 2.80, 3.21, 4.70 and 6.20 t/ha under the treatments TW11, TW12, TW13, TW2, TW3,TW4, TW5 and TW6, respectively. The highest share of energy in all treatments was found be from fertilizer. Comparing the wheat crop production in a large area i.e. 4.8 ha in treatment TW5, (commercial field) and 8 ha in treatment TW6, (farmer’s field), the energy productivity and energy ratio were 0.24 kg/MJ and 3.5 in with a yield of 4.7 t/ha and 0.28 kg/MJ and 4.17 with a yield of 6.2 t/ha respectively. The average diesel consumption was found to be between 75 to 86 l/ha for the above treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of patternator and performance evaluation of different nozzles used in agricultural sprayers
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Yadav, Hemant Kumar; Arun Kumar
    In agrarian economy, agriculture plays a vital role to secure the nation and crop production being soul of agriculture highlights its importance. In order to accommodate the requirements of a growing population, agricultural production and protection technology play a vital role. More recently, while estimates of potential global losses due to insect and vertebrate pests, diseases and weeds varies from crop to crop, it has been estimated that these pests possibly cost up to 40% of the world’s production of food by reducing crop yield and causing losses in storage. In India, annual crop loss is estimated to be around 50,000 crores due to pests. Plant protection chemicals currently cover about 30% of the total cultivated area in India, of which insecticides account for 61.39% followed by fungicides (19.06%), herbicides (16.75%) and others (2.80%). The plant protection operations are generally done by hydraulic energy sprayers, gaseous energy sprayers, centrifugal energy sprayers, kinetic energy sprayer. Nozzle selection is one of the most important decisions to be made related to pesticide applications. The type of nozzle affects not only the amount of spray applied to a particular area, but also the uniformity of the applied spray, the coverage obtained on the sprayed surfaces, and the amount of drift that can occur. In pesticide application, accuracy and uniformity of application is most important to avoid adverse effects of pesticides on environment and crop injury, and reduced pest management. A poor choice in spray nozzles selection, or use of under-performing nozzles, can lead to re-spraying and reduced performance, so one should be very particular regarding use of nozzles. Keeping in view the above mentioned problems, a Patternator was developed in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering to evaluate the performance of different nozzles used in agricultural sprayers. Nine nozzles Flat Fan nozzle, Hollow Cone nozzle, Solid Cone nozzle, Flood Type nozzle, NTM, Kishan, NMD, BCN and Plastic speaker were selected and tested in the laboratory to find their volumetric distribution, swath width and spray angle at different pressure and height combinations. The independent parameters for patternator test were operating pressure (1.5, 2, 2.5,3 and 3.5 kg/cm2) and nozzle heights (200, 300,400,500,545 and 600 mm). The most uniform volumetric distribution of manual operated flat fan nozzle was obtained at 400 mm height on 2.5 kg/cm2 operational pressure and C.V. value of the distribution was 33.96%. Among the power operated nozzles, uniform volumetric distribution NTM nozzle and kishan nozzle was recorded at 545 mm height with the operational pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 and Coefficient of variation values were 20.32 and 29.82%, respectively. Highest spray angle 69° for kishan nozzle was calculated at 400 mm height with the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 followed by flood type nozzle 68.08o was recorded at 400 mm height with the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2. Minimum spray angle was calculated for the hollow cone nozzle and plastic speaker nozzle as 28.07o with the operating pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2 at 400 mm height which was similar in both types of spray nozzles. The maximum swath width of NMD nozzle (720 mm) and BCN nozzle (660 mm) was observed at 600mm height and operational pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2. Maximum discharge rate was recorded with flood type nozzle 3.120 l/min at the operating pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 followed by NTM nozzle 1.332 l/min at 3.5 kg/cm2 and NMD nozzle 0.906 l/min at the operating pressure of 3 kg/cm2. It was found that with the increment of operating pressure, the discharge rate was also found to be increased.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feed and load on methane emission from the rumen of he-buffalo
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Akanksha; Singh, Jayant