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ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of a manually operated rice transplanter(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Deepak Kumar; Pateriya, R.N.Rice is a major food grain crop and staple food of millions of people in the world. About 90 per cent of rice grown in the world is produced and consumed only in Asian countries. In India rice crop is planted in almost all the states and the area under rice cultivation was 43.79 Mha and the total estimated rice production of India was 112.91 MT in 2017-18 (Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2018, MA&FW. Rice crop is generally sown by means of two methods in India, i.e. broadcasting of seeds and transplanting of paddy seedlings. Out of these two methods, transplanting of seedlings is the most common practice in India. However the main problem in the production of rice is transplanting operation, which is tedious and labour consuming, because a person has to stand in puddled field and and bend for putting seedlings by hands into the soil. Optimum plant density and timely operation of transplanting has been considered essential for maximizing the yield of rice. During the transplanting season, there occurs an acute shortage of labour. Hence mechanical transplanting has been observed to be most promising option. The power operated transplanter is also available but the socio-economic condition of the Indian farmer dose not to permit them to purchase the same due to its high cost. Hence there is need to design a manually operated, low cost and light weight rice transplanter. Therefore the present study was carried out at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar for the design and development of a manually operated rice transplanter for root washed seedlings. The performance evaluation was carried out with three level of seedling age (20, 25 and 30 days) at three levels of water depth (0-30, 30-60 and 60-100 mm) in three different level of field preparation (low, medium and high). The missing hills, floating hills, damaged hills, buried hills, hill to hill spacing, planting efficiency, actual field capacity and field efficiency were evaluated during experiment. The minimum missing hills (16.7 %) was observed with 20 days old seedlings in 0-30 mm water depth at low level of field preparation. The minimum floating hills (15.1 %) was recorded at medium level field preparation in 0-30 mm water depth with 30 days seedling age. The minimum damaged hills (5.5 %) was obtained in 30-60 mm water depth with 30 days seedling age at medium level of field preparation. The minimum buried hills (3.6 %) was observed with 30 days old seedlings at medium level of field preparation in 0-30 mm water depth. The maximum planting efficiency (83.3 %) was obtained in 0-30 mm water depth with 20 days seedling age at low level field preparation. The actual field capacity and field efficiency were obtained as 0.02 ha/h and 62.26 % respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on efficacy of different additives in enhancing biogas production in low temperature regime(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Deepak Kumar; Bhattacharya, T.K.The energy generation system in rural sector of India largely depend upon local renewable biomass sources such as animal wastes, crop residues, fire wood etc. The overall rate of waste utilization and methane production mainly depends on the certain process parameters like temperature, pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio, total alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, total solids, and volatile solids. Biogas production is satisfactory in tropical regions since ambient temperature always remains in mesophilic range. In low temperature regime where the process temperature never reaches the optimum requirement for maximum yield of biogas production, the biogas production can be enhanced by using certain additives like urea, cattle urine, ferric chloride and biogas spent slurry. To assess the efficacy of these additives, an experiment was conducted in actual field conditions on 0.5 m3 capacity insulated and uninsulated Pant Tarai biogas plants. The level of selected additives daily added with inlet slurry was 10 g urea d-1 m-3 digester volume, 440 ml urine d-1 m-3 digester volume, 0.5 g ferric chloride d-1 m-3 digester volume and biogas spent slurry at the rate of 10 percent of inlet slurry. The results reveal that in low temperature range of 5.7-18.80C, the cumulative biogas production was highest (61.3 %) where combination of urea and biogas spent slurry was added in substrate. In the temperature range of 9.7-21.60C, the cumulative biogas production was 48.6 % higher on substrate having urea as additive in cattle manure compared with untreated substrate. The total solids reduction during the entire course of experiment was found highest in the substrate where combination of urea and biogas spent slurry was used as additive. The volatile solids reduction in the same temperature range was higher when urea, cattle urine and combination of urea and biogas spent slurry were added in cattle manure. During the entire course of experiment the Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen content was highest in the substrate containing combination of urea and biogas spent slurry. In the ambient temperature range of 5.7-33.40 C, the phosphorous and potassium content was observed highest when cattle urine was added with cattle manure. The cumulative biogas production during 92 days of experiment was higher in the substrates containing urea, cattle urine and biogas spent slurry than the substrate having no additive. The addition of additives thus, enhanced the reduction of total solids, volatile solids and biogas production as well as the Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in outlet slurry. The use of biogas spent slurry to enhance the gas production at low ambient temperature require is therefore, recommended.