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ThesisItem Open Access Biosystematic studies on Thyridid moths (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) in India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Samraj, J.M.; Agnihotri, MeenaThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of neonicotinoids on colony development of Apis mellifera L. and foraging behavior of honey bee species in mustard crop(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Ravindra Kumar; Mall, PramodStudies on effect of imidacloprid 70 WS seed treatment and thiamethoxam 25 WG spray at pre-bloom and 10% bloom on colony development of Apis mellifera L. and foraging behavior of honey bee species in mustard crop were carried out at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted in both semi and open field conditions. Observations were recorded regarding effect of imidacloprid seed treatment, thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom and 10% bloom on colony development, foraging behavior, mortality and yield parameters of Indian mustard. The risk to honey bee colonies in the field was investigated by exposing the colonies to imidacloprid seed treatment and thiamethoxam treated mustard crop at rates recommended for insect control. Detailed examination of colony development throughout the period of exposure demonstrated that under open and semi-open field condition thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom had a negative impact on brood, pollen, nectar, honey capped and egg cell area under open and semi-open field condition. Foraging activity and foraging rate was found to be significantly less in thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom in comparison to thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom, imidacloprid seed treatment and control. Mortality of adults of Apis mellifera L. was significantly higher in thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom in comparison to thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom, imidacloprid seed treatment and control under open and semi-open field condition. Mustard yield was found to be highest in imidacloprid seed treatment followed by thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom, pre-bloom and control under open and semi-open field condition.ThesisItem Open Access Biological and phylogenetical studies of whiteflies from north-western Himalayan region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Patel, Chenesh; Srivastava, R.M.An integrated approach was carried out to explore the diversity of reproductive host plant, along with the seasonal incidence, host preference and biotic potential, taxonomic identification using molecular and morphological tools and use of essential oils for the management of whiteflies in Uttarakhand Himalayan region. Extensive surveys were conducted in 45 locations of 4 district of Uttarakhand during 2017-2019 to record the potential reproductive host associated with Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum and total 118 host plant species belonging to 49 families were documented. Host plants belonging to family Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, were found as most preferred host plant by both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Whitefly (B. tabaci) was present on brinjal and tomato throughout the cropping season at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar during 2017-2019 and its peak activity was observed on last week of December in both the crops. Whitefly population had significantly negative correlation with maximum temperature (r= -0.50** and r= -0.53**), minimum temperature (r= -0.61** and r= -0.57**) and evaporation (r= -0.64** and r= -0.66**) while non significant correlation was observed with sunshine hours in both the years on tomato and brinjal plants. The feeding and oviposition preference and biotic potential studies proved that among all brinjal was the most preferred host for feeding and oviposition followed by tomato and cabbage for B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum while the least preferred host recorded was bottle gourd and chilli for B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum respectively. Similarly, the preimaginal developmental period of immature stages of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum was faster on brinjal (19.40 days and 21.57 days) than on tomato (22.40 days and 24.03 days). The survival rate was also maximum in brinjal plants for both the species as compared to tomato. The comparative morphological studies of life stages of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum showed distinct differences in morphological features such as the no. of marginal setae, vasiform orifice, ligula, antennae and eyes. Morphological and morphometric features of both whitefly species were imaged and illustrated in detail for correct field level identification. The molecular diversity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum using mt COI markers followed by sequencing revealed the preponderance of genetic diversity in whitefly species. In case of B. tabaci, five different types of biotypes were found i.e., Asia II-1, Asia I, Asia II-5, MEAM 1 and Uganda. In case of T. vaporariorum the obtained phylogenetic tree revealed that there was no variation in the collected samples. Various plant essential oils were tested for repellency and ovipositional deterrent effect against B. tabaci. Among all the essential oils, mint oil showed maximum repellency and ovipositional deterrence, followed by tulsi and citronella oil while, significantly low repellency and ovipositional deterrent effect was recorded in lemongrass oilThesisItem Open Access Studies on colony multiplication and standardization of hives for the stingless bee, Tetragonula iridipennis Smith(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Gaurava Kumar; Khan, M.S.The investigation entitled “Studies on colony multiplication and standardization of hives for the stingless bee, Tetragonula iridipennis Smith” was carried out at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during July 2016 to July 2020 to study the nesting distribution pattern of these bees in natural habitat, colony multiplication methods in vivo and in vitro and evaluation of six newly designed stingless bee hives for commercial meliponiculture. A total of 86 natural colonies (48 arboreal; 38 terrestrial) were recorded variably distributed in the study area. Among the nester six tree species identified, Lagerstroemia indica sheltered maximum colonies (n= 20). The arboreal colonies, nested at a mean height of 10.07± 7.81ft (range: 0.9- 12.0ft), while terrestrials nested between 1.0 to 35.0 ft (mean: 14.26 ±8.27 ft). Establishment of a new colony through natural swarm process, recorded first time for this species, took17 days with swarm occurring on 9th day and after surmounting the intercolonial aggression. Among the four methods of colony multiplication evaluated in this study, two methods namely „by introduction of gyne bee‟ and „by introduction of royal brood cell‟ were found successful with a survival probability of newly established colony being 0.77 and 0.38, respectively. Facultative ovipositional diapause in the queen bee heading a new colony occurred during winter season. The in vitro mass queen rearing technique developed in this study is the new record for this species. The optimum amount of larval provision required to raise an in vitro queen bee was 18 μL. The survival probability for grafted larvae (destined queen bees) achieved in the in vitro rearing was 0.725 ±0.085 and the mean development time for emergence after grafting was 32.42±1.65 days. Rearing wells of bee wax having 4x8 mm size resulted in highest emergence (87.5%) and the six days old larvae used for grafting produced maximum queen bees (85.2%). The in vitro queens evaluated for their reproductive fitness were able to successfully establish a new colony in wooden hives. Evaluation studies of six differently designed wooden hives demonstrated successful use of a hive with insulated multi layers provided with a super chamber (SH). The other hives including single thick wall, one chamber (STW), single thick wall, double chamber (GH) and insulated two thin layered hive (DLTW) also performed significantly better with 346.80, 329.12 and 217.60gm honey produced, respectively. The outcomes of present study are of significant value and will prove a milestone in uplifting and advancement of Meliponiculture in the country.
