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2010 - 2019110
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation and molecular characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes against brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Joshi, Soniya; Tiwari, S.N.
    The study was conducted in the Department of Entomology and N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to identify the new source of resistance in 1,493 and 1,458 genotypes of AICRIP, during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Two genotypes were recorded as highly resistant whereas 15 genotypes were found to be resistant in both the years under glasshouse condition. Survival of BPH was very low on resistant varieties as compared to TN1 (Susceptible check). Due to low population of BPH under field condition, no conclusion could be drawn about performance of genotypes under field condition. Mechanism of host plant resistance was studied on 20 genotypes of PHSS against BPH. Resistant varieties PTB 33 and RP 2068-18-3-5 showed high level of antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance against BPH. The resistance in genotypes was verified by SSR markers closely linked with BPH resistance gene. RM459 primer showed high polymorphic information content. The information about the genetic diversity of these rice varieties will be useful for proper identification and selection of appropriate parents for use in the breeding programs. After evaluating 1462 genotypes against Yellow stem borer (YSB) in field condition, 5 genotypes were identified as highly resistant while 6 genotypes were resistant against YSB. Present study identified so many new source of resistance against BPH and YSB which may be used for development of resistant varieties.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on pest incidence, biology and field resistance of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on soybean in major districts of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rukesh Pramod, K.N.; Gaur, Neeta
    The field and laboratory studies were carried out during 2016-17 and 2017-18 at G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study “pest incidence, biology and field resistance of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on soybean in major districts of Uttarakhand”. The survey was carried out in the major districts like U. S. Nagar, Nainital, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh, Paruri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakashi, Haridwar and Dehradun. Incidence of major pest defoliators (S. litura, S. obliqua and T. orchalcea) was highest in Nainital, followed by Almora and U. S. Nagar. Whereas, the highest incidence of the chrysomelid beetle, Hispinae spp. was found highest in Tehri Garhwal, followed by Almora and Uttarkashi. The highest incidence of sucking pests i.e., whitefly (B. tabbaci) and jassids (E. kerri) was found in the district Nainital, followed by U. S. Nagar and Haridwar. Stem fly infestation was highest with 29.65% in U.S. Nagar being followed by Haridwar (19.07%) and Nainital (16.34%). Girdle beetle damage was more in Tehri Garhwal followed by Nainital, Dehradun and U.S. Nagar. The three different natural enemies’ viz. Coccinellid beetles, Eucanthecona bugs and spiders were found most abundant in three hilly districts of Uttarakhand, namely Nainital (11.7/mrl), followed by Almora (11.5/mrl) and Uttarkashi (10.3/mrl). The biology of S. litura on soybean and different natural host based artificial diet was evaluated in laboratory conditions. Among the different diets tested the soybean leaves based artificial diet (Diet II) proved to be best and recorded least total larval period of 16.3 days, highest larval growth index of 5.47 and total developmental index 2.28. The second best artificial diet was found to be chickpea flour based artificial diet (Diet-I) with total larval period of 15.5 days, larval growth index of 4.74 and total developmental index was 2.0. The experiment was conducted on field collected population of S. litura to evaluate the LC50 and field resistance against major insecticides, the results revealed that U. S. Nagar population when subjected to leaf dip bioassay method at 48 HAF, recorded 8.58 fold resistant towards chlorantraniliprole 20 SC, 2.09 fold for indoxacarb 15.8 EC, 3.26 fold for lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, 2.15 fold for spinosad 45 SC, 2.71 fold for dichlorvos 46 SC, 5.23 fold for emamectin benzoate 5G, 23.26 fold for imidacloprid 17.5 SC, 3.92 fold for flubendiamide 480 SC and 2.54 fold for lufenuron 5 EC. The Nanital population revealed Spinosad 45 SC to be most toxic with resistance ratio (RR) 1.86 and followed by Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with 2.93 RR, Emamectin benzoate 5G with 14.10 RR, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with 4.16 RR, Dichlorvos 45SC with 2.38 RR, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 5.44 RR and Flubendiamide 480 SC with 4.81 RR. Lufenuron 5 EC was found to be least lethal with 2.72 RR. Haridwar population recorded resistance to Emamectin benzoate 5 G with (RR) 7.54 was found to be more toxic followed by Spinosad 45 EC with 5.63 RR, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 2.36 RR. Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with 3.29 RR, Dichlorvos 45 SC with 3.00 RR, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with 6.69 RR, Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with 16.29 RR and Flubendiamide 480 SC with 3.47 RR. But, the larvae were found to be least mortal with Lufenuron 5 EC with 2.39 RR. S. litura population collected from Tehri Garhwal district Spinosad 45 SC reported highly toxic and with resistant ratio (RR) 2.68 followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 9.62, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.37, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 4.5, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.46, Flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.49 and Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 42.88. The lowest larval mortality was reported by Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 3.01. Pithoragarh, the results revealed that S. litura high mortality to Emamectin benzoate 5 G with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 5.28 followed by Indoxacarb 15.8 EC, Spinosad 45 EC Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, Dichlorvos 45 SC, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, Flubendiamide 480 SC and Lufenuron 5 EC with values of RR 2.14, 3.16, 2.92, 2.81, 5.86, 3.92, 2.79 respectively. The least toxicity was recorded by Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 107.06. Dehradun population among the various insecticides tested, Emamectin benzoate 5 G was found to highly toxic against third instar larvae with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.48 followed by Spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.10, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.36, Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.71, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.01, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.21, Flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.13 and Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.63. The least toxicity was recorded by Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 133.23. Champawat population Emamectin benzoate 5 G was found to be highly lethal with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 5.59 followed by spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.20, indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.27, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.07, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 4.24, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.69, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.51 and lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.84. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 193.21 was reported as least lethal insecticide. Population of S. litura collected from Almora district at 48 HAF, indoxacarb 15.8 EC was found to most toxic with and Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.52 followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 3.05, emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 9.18, spinosad 45 EC with RR 4.56, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.24, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 3.73, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.92 and lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.40. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 188.72 was found to be most lethal. Pauri Garhwal population emamectin benzoate 5 G showed to highest toxicity with Resistant Ratio (RR) 5.23, followed by spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.15, indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.09, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.44, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.26, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.71, lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.54, and flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 4.35. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC was found to be least toxic with RR 11.07. Uttarakashi population indoxacarb 15.8 EC was found most toxic Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.35, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.36, spinosad 45 EC with RR 3.61, emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 3.55, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 2.55, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.46, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.29 and imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 26.14. Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.13 was found to be least toxic. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the field efficacy and economics of newer insecticides in kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017.The best insecticidal treatments to control S. litura with a highest yield and cost benefit ratio were found to be the flubendiamide 480SC @ 0.20ml/l and emamectin benzoate 5G @ 0.30g/l.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bioefficacy, persistent toxicity and sublethal effects of certain insecticides and mixed formulations against polyphagous insect pests
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Negi, Kiran; Srivastava, R.P.
    A detailed investigation was undertaken to determine the bioefficacy of some insecticides and mixed formulations against Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) and Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius); persistent toxicity on mulberry, rajma and moong bean against S. litura; effect on feeding behaviour of S. litura and S. obliqua; influence of host plants on susceptibility of S. litura to some insecticide and effect of sublethal concentrations on growth and development parameters of S.litura and S. obliqua. All the experiments were conducted in Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology. Quinalphos (LC50= 0.00041 %) showed better contact action against 3rd instar nymphs of D. cingulatus compared to chlorpyriphos (0.00092 %) by residue contact bioassay method at 72 HAE; and among five synthetic pyrethroids, bifenthrin (0.0004 %) showed better contact action followed by cypermethrin (0.00052 %) at 72 HAE, whereas alphamethrin resulted in an LC50 of 0.0002 % at 96 HAE against 4th instar nymph. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (LC50= 0.0016 %, 48 HAF) was found effective against 5 d old larvae of S. litura at lethal and sublethal concentrations showing a good stomach toxicity and significantly affected the growth and development of S. litura by leaf dip method. Among two combinations, cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0028 %) was found more effective than flubendiamide + thiacloprid (0.0203%) against 6 d old larvae of S. litura by leaf smear method on soybean. On castor, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (Lc50= 0.0009%. 96 HAF) showed better stomach toxicity and inhibited feeding by 97.16 %, followed by cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0035%, 72 HAF) and spinetoram (0.0093%, 72 HAF); however by residue contact bioassay method, cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0040 %, 24 HAE) showed a faster contact action followed by spinetoram (0.0049%, 48 HAE) and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.0066%, 72 HAE) against 5 d old larvae of S. litura. Among IGRs, lufenuron was most effective in reducing the feeding (23.16 % feeding inhibition, at 0.0005 %, 48 HAF) of 3 d old larvae of S. litura and by leaf smear method and resulted in LC50 value of 0.00018 % (72 HAF); lufenuron @ 0.00007 %, buprofezin 0.05 % pyriproxyfen 0.05% and buprofezin + fipronil @ 0.1 % resulted in increased larval and pupal duration, reduction in larval and pupal weight, lower pupation and reduced emergence of adults. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (LC50= 0.0004%, 60 HAF) was most effective combination insecticide against 4 d old larvae of S. litura by leaf smear method followed by cyantraniliprole + lufenuron (0.0037 %) and indoxacarb + acetamiprid (0.0063%); whereas, by larval atomization method, indoxacarb + acetamiprid (LC50= 0.0030%, 36 HAE) showed better contact action compared to cyantraniliprole + lufenuron (0.0092 and 0.0029 %, at 36 and 48 HAE) and spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (0.0031 %, 48 HAE). Rajmah bean as a host plant was most effective in terms of increasing the susceptibility of larvae owing to the reduced weight gain and higher mortality of larvae in different insecticides compared to mulberry and castor plants. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin 3.61 and 4.10 times lesser time duration was required in rajmah to cause 50% mortality compared to mulberry and castor. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin at sublethal concentration was most effective against 5 d old larvae of S. litura producing profound effect on growth (96.26 and 70.81 % reduction in weight gain over control, 0.0001 % at 3 and 6 DAF) and feeding (75.07 % feeding inhibition, at 0.0001%,48 HAF) respectively; spinetoram + methoxyfenozide showed least effect, however the concentration used was also almost 10 or more times lower compared to flubendiamide + thiacloprid and cypermethrin + indoxacarb. The persistent toxicity of different insecticides was tested on mulberry, rajmah and mung bean plants. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin @ 0.027 % showed highest persistence (PT value= 1841.60, 24 HAF), followed by cypermethrin + indoxacarb @ 0.02% (812.68) and beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid @ 0.012% (216.65) on mulberry; and the order of persistent toxicity on rajmah plant was chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.027%) > chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.014%) > cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.02%) > chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.007%) > emamectin benzoate (0.0019%) > betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid (0.012 %.) against 5 d old larvae of S. Litura. Chlorantraniliprole @ 0.0055% persisted for a longer duration on mung bean (15 DAS, 1072.50) compared to rajmah bean (11 DAS, 916.52) plant. In another experiment, buprofezin + fipronil @ 1.023% (PT value = 2879.68, 72 HAF) was most persistent combination insecticide on rajmah bean, however the dose applied was 100 to 1000 times higher than other tested insecticides. Thus lufenuron @ 0.004 % (PT value = 1979.91, 72 HAF) and spinetoram + methoxyfenozide @ 0.017% (2309.85) can be used as a better alternative, persisting for a fairly longer period of 27 days. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide showed a better contact toxicity (LC50= 0.0016 %) compared to stomach (0.0022 %) action by larval and leaf atomization method against 13 d old larvae of S. obliqua, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin @ 0.0001 % was most effective combination causing a profound sublethal effects on growth and development of 6 d old larvae of S. Obliqua by leaf smear method and significantly reduced the feeding (97.11 % feeding inhibition at 0.01 % 48 HAF); spinetoram + methoxyfenozide was most effective in terms of mortality causing 70 % mortality within 72 HAF compared to no mortality in other combinations, at 0.0001%. Lufenuron (LC50= 0.00008 %, 48 HAE) and emamectin benzoate (0.00009 and 0.00006 %, at 48 and 72 HAE) gave almost equitoxic responses showing a higher contact toxicity compared to chlorantraniliprole (0.0005, at 72 HAE) against 9 d old larvae of S. obliqua by larval atomization method. Deltamethrin + triazophos, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin and profenofos + cypermethrin (LC50= 0.0003, 0.0002 and 0.0003 %, 48 HAE) were more or less equally effective via contact action against 10 d old grubs of H. vigintioctopunctata. The order of toxicity of different combination insecticides was beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid (0.0003%) > chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (0.0017%) > deltamethrin + triazophos (0.0045%) > profenofos + cypermethrin (0.021%) > ethion + cypermethrin (0.0256%) > cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.056%), at 48 HAF, with chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin and cypermethrin + indoxacarb showing 5.66 and 186.66 times less toxicity than beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid against 4-5 d old adult of H. vigintioctopunctata, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on level of resistance in insect pests of stored grain against organophosphates and pyrethroid
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Trivedi, Priyanka; Tiwari, S.N.
    An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the level of resistance in different populations of Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica and Callosobruchus chinensis against Malathion, Dichlorvos and Deltamethrin. All the experiments were conducted in Post-Harvest Laboratory of Department of Entomology, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar in the year 2018-19. The population (strain) of insects were collected from different godowns situated located at Pantnagar and Dehradun (Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar; Regional Food Corporation, Dehradun; Breeder Seed Production Center, Pantnagar; Uttarakhand Seeds Tarai Development Corporation, Nagla; Uttarakhand Seeds &Tarai Development Corporation, Haldi). The collected strains of insects were exposed to different insecticides at different concentrations to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50). Based on the LC50 values, the resistance ratios of the insect strains against all the insecticides mentioned above were determined with respect to susceptible Laboratory population. The results revealed that the resistance ratios (RR) for different insect varied greatly for different insecticides when applied by dry film method viz., malathion (2.673 to 3.442), deltamethrin (1.819 to 3.305) & dichlorvos (1.885 to 2.199) for S. oryzae; malathion (4.225 to 7.771), deltamethrin (5.74 to 12.973) & dichlorvos (1.012 to1.35) for T. castaneum; malathion (1.236 to1.409), deltamethrin (1.430 to 3.456) & dichlorvos (1.225 to 2.173) for R. dominica and malathion (1.189 to 1.561), deltamethrin (1.183 to 2.211) and dicholrvos (1.078 to 1.435) in case of C. chinensis. When the insect population were exposed to seed treated with insecticides, the RR values were comparatively less viz., malathion (1.464 to 2.069), deltamethrin (1.272 to 1.895) and dichlorvos (1.973 to 2.929) for S. oryzae; malathion (1.486 to 2.141), deltamethrin (1.175 to 1.701) and dichlorvos (1.331 to 2.154) for T. castaneum; malathion (1.134 to 1.783), deltamethrin (1.291 to 1.817) and dichlorvos (1.365 to 2.341) in case of R. domininca and malathion (1.593 to 2.031), deltamethrin (1.305 to 1.673) and dichlorvos (1.494 to 2.661) for C. chinensis. It is recommended that insecticides should be applied in the godowns after studying the level of resistance in insects.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of ecofriendly management of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella in stored honey bee comb
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Vinay Kumar; Mall, Pramod
    The experiment was carried out during 2018-2019 at G.B.P.U. A. & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, for “DEVELOPMENT OF ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF GREATER WAX MOTH, Galleria mellonella IN STORED HONEY BEE COMB”. Wax moth is serious pest of honey bee. The wax moth belongs to the subfamily Galleriinae of the family Pyralidae, order Lepidoptera. The Greater wax moth causes severe losses in apiaries which lead to financial losses every year. Besides damaging wax comb by larval feeding and destroying frames and wooden parts in the hive, adult and larvae can also transfer pathogens of serious bee disease e.g. foulbrood. Observation were recorded on impact of different age comb on life cycle of Greater wax moth, pathogenicity test of Heterorhabditis indica against IV instar Galleria mellonella and III instar Spodoptera litura larvae with different inoculation level and exposure time (24, 48 and 72 hour) and natural parasitization of A. galleriae on collected hundred greater wax moth larvae. During the investigation, the impact of different age comb on growth and development of G. mellonella were studied, the total development period from egg laying to adult emergence was highest (159.29 days) in processed wax, while significantly short life cycle (75.50 days) was observed in three year old comb.Accumulative mortality over all the life cycle lowest percentage (9.7%) was seen in three year old comb and maximum was seen in case of processed wax (65.83%). The LC50 value of H. indica against greater wax moth for 24, 48 and 72 hour exposure period were 714.20, 541.57 and 155.99 IJs/ml, respectively while LT50 value at highest 2000 IJs/ml were 96.32, 42.04 and 17.34 hour. The LC50 values of H. indica against S. litura for 24, 48 and 72 hour exposure period were 535.35, 190.96 and 137.7 IJs/ml respectively and LT50 value at highest 500 IJs/ml dose were 97.20, 47.09 and 15.91 hour, respectively. The natural parasitization percent of A. galleriae on collected hundred greater wax moth were 40, 30, 17, 9, 11, 5, 10 and 29 respectively from October 2018 to May,2019. The maximum parasitization was in month of October, 2018 (40%) and subsequently reached 5% by March 2019. The sex ratio (F: M) was maximum (1:1.5) during March, 2019 followed by November and December (1: 1.42) 2018-19. A smaller common red ant feed on the larvae of greater wax moth was used as a potential biological control agent of wax moths. For eco-friendly management of the greater wax moth, in stored honey bee comb, it is recommended that old wax comb should be replaced with new wax comb and in case of severe infestation; release of the natural enemies A. galleriae and small fire ant will be effective for the management of Greater wax moth larvae. Management of G. mellonella and S. litura, EPN can be explored and further utilized.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preparation and evaluation of formulations of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against lepidopteran insect pests
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Rai, Rajnish; Pandey, Renu
    Present study on mass multiplication and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)Vuillemin along with their pathogenicity against lepidopteran insect pest, i.e. Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) and Greater Wax Moth larve (Galleria mellonella) was conducted in Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, , G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2017-19. Experiment conducted for the mass multiplication of B. bassiana on grain based media showed that Rice was best substrate on the basis of mean biomass, mean conidial count, and mean germination per cent (0.62 g, 10.92×107 conidia/ml and 86.94 %) followed by Sorghum and Maize. For synthetic media the same parameters were studied for mass multiplication of B. bassiana and it was found that best media were Oatmeal Agar Media (OMA) and Oatmeal Broth (OMB) within a range of temperature 21oC- 27 oC. For bioassay the developed conidial suspension and Sunflower oil formulation were evaluated on Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) and Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura). In Greater Wax Moth comparison in the toxicity of two formulations indicated that there was not much difference between the efficacy of the formulations, however some higher response was observed in the sunflower oil formulation. At 72 hours after treatment (HAT) the mortality response in case of conidial suspension was 73.33% however at same 72 HAT in case of sunflower oil formulation the mortality response was 83.33 % at the concentration of 1000×105. In other concentrations at various hours after treatment oil formulation is showing higher toxicity as compared to conidial suspension and in tobacco caterpillar comparison between the two formulations indicated that there was not much difference between the contact toxicities of the B. Bassiana, however oil formulation showed a little higher toxicity. At 48 HAT the mortality in case of conidial suspension was 16.67%, however it was 23.33% at highest concentration of 1000×105 in case of sunflower oil formulation. In other concentrations at various hours after treatment sunflower oil formulation is showing higher toxicity as compared to conidial suspension. Mycoinsecticide formulations are the leading effective products for controlling various insect pests. Being highly potent agent, Chemical firms are diversifying their portfolio to such microbial agents as the degradation of soil and resistance in insects has made synthetic chemicals more questionable. Need of the hour is to discover biological entities to control insect pests which will help to develop new horizons for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on the diversity of predatory Coccinellid species prevailing in different crop ecosystems of Pantnagar
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Patwal, Himanshu; Maurya, R.P.
    The present investigation was carried out during 2018-19 at three different locations of Pantnagar and laboratory studies were conducted in Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. For the study of diversity of coccinellid beetles, 14 crops from three different ecosystems i.e. field crop, vegetables crop and floriculture crop were observed. Results of the diversity of different coccinellid species from different crop ecosystems revealed the presence of fifteen species of predatory coccinellid species in Pantnagar region. Among all the species, thirteen species were recorded under the subfamily Coccinellinae while, rest of two species were belonged to subfamily Chilocorinae and Coccidulinae each. Maximum eight number of coccinellid species viz., C. septempunctata (L.), C. sexmaculata (Fab.), M. discolor (Fab.), P. dissecta (Mul.), H. dimidita (Fab.), M. univittata (Hope), A. cardoni (Weise) and B. suturalis (Fab.) were found in soybean crop while, minimum 01 species C. septempunctata (L.) was observed in coriander crop. Out of fifteen species, 13 species of coccinellids were found predaceous on different aphid species, whereas, two species i.e. A. cardoni (W.) and B. suturalis (Fab.) were found predaceous on whiteflies. Besides aphids, P. dissecta (Mul.), H. dimidita (Fab.) and R. fumida (Mul.) were also found feeding on pollen grains of maize. Study of genetic variability of coccinellid beetles provided first hand information about variation in CO gene of different predatory coccinellid species from Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand. CO region of C. transversalis (CT) and C. septempunctata (CS) showed more similarity as they share a single cluster on dendogram profile while, The other species of coccinellid beetles i.e. Propylea dissecta (PQ), Micraspis discolor (MD), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (MS) and H. dimidita (variant HD and HY) form a separate cluster. Variants of H. dimidita (HD) also had difference in their CO region. This study showed that the mitochondrial region were able to differentiate the closely morphological similar species from each other. Study on seasonal abundance of coccinellid species in different crops revealed that three species C. septempunctata, C. sexmaculata and C. transversalis were found active throughout the year. The population of C. transversalis (14.3/ m2), Illeis sp1 (7.9/ m2) and Illeis sp2 (7.1/ m2) was recorded maximum during 1st SW while, C. septempunctata was recorded maximum (17.6/m2) during the 13th SW. Peak population of A. cardoni (9.2/ m2) and M. Univittata (6.3/ m2) was recorded maximum during 36th SW while, C. Sexmaculata (18.3/ m2), H. variegate (14.4/ m2) and B. Suturalis (7.8/ m2) recorded maximum during the 42nd SW. Peak population of H. Sedecimnotata (6.9/ m2) and R. fumida (12.2/ m2) found maximum during 43rd SW while, of H. dimidita (13.3/ m2) and M. discolor (13.7/ m2) during 45th SW, P. dissecta (16.7/ m2) during 48th SW and M. Allardi (13.3/ m2) during 52nd SW. A positive correlation with average relative humidity and negative correlation with average temperature, rainfall were found to be associated with the seasonal occurrence of these predatory coccinellid beetles. Present study showed that these predatory coccinellid species were well acclimatized with all the weather conditions at Pantnagar and three species C. septempunctata, C. sexmaculata and C. transversalis could be utilized in biological control programs throughout the year.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Management of insect pests of potato with some novel insecticides
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rana, Anil; Srivastava, R.M.
    Present study entitled "Management of insect pests of potato with some novel insecticides” was conducted at Vegetable Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar in Tarai region of Uttarakhand during the year 2018-19. During the course of study, the major insect pests observed attacking potato variety Kufri Surya were green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), thrips (Thrips palmi Kamy), leaf hopper, (Empoasca devastans) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). The peak activity of green peach aphid (12.13 per plant) was observed during fourth week of November. In case of leaf hopper, peak activity was recorded 5.43 per plant,during third week of January, whereas, peak activity of whitefly(15.46) was recorded during second week of December and peak activity of thrips (18.80)was recorded during third week of December. Correlation studies were worked out between the population of predators and that of sucking pests. There was a positive correlation between aphid and ladybird beetle, thrips and lady bird beetle, leaf hopper and lady bird beetle with “r” value of 0.94, 0.86 and 0.79, respectively at 5 percent level of significance. Comparative studies of two chemicals were conducted for their efficacy against major insect pests of potato, of these, flonicamid 50 WG @ 3gm /10 lits with repeat 15 days after 1st spray was found as the more effective than imidacloprid insecticides against aphids (Myzus persicae), whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), jassid (Empoasca devastans)and thrips (Thrips palmi)followed by other treatments. After perusing the yield data it was observed that potato tuber yield was maximum (41 t/ha) in flonicamid 50 WG @ 3g / 10 lits + repeat at 15 days with 34.41 percent increase over control. While studying the Bioefficacy of various insecticide it has been observed that seed treatment with imidacloprid (200 SL) @ 0.04% followed by foliar Spray of imidacloprid @60 g a.i. /ha at 85% emergence and repeated second spray with thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100g a.i. /ha was most effective against potato insect pest like aphid (Myzus persicae), whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), jassid (Empoasca devastans) and thrips (Thrips palmi) followed by diafenthiuron as compared to other treatments castor oil could not manage the insect pests.
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    Insect pests of cauliflower and their management by botanical and novel insecticides
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Mehra, Pradeep Singh; Karnatak, A.K.
    The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during 2018-19. Four species of insect pests were observed to attack the cauliflower crop during winter 2018-2019, among four insect species only two viz., B. brassicae and P.xylostella, gained the status of major pests. Four natural enemies were also found to be associated with insect pest complex among which C. Septempunctata was identified as a potential predator for B. Brassicae. Seasonal incidence of major insect pests was studied from 45th standard week of 2018 to 7th standard week of 2019. Maximum mean number of aphids (124.87 aphids per plant) and maximum mean larval population of P. xylostella (3.44 larvae per plant) was recorded during 6th SW and 7th SW of 2019. Seasonal incidence of potential predator Coccinella septempunctata was studied from 46th standard week of 2018 to 7th standard week of 2019. Maximum population of Coccinella septempunctata (12.01 grub and adults per square meter) was observed during 6th SW of 2019. Among the botanical and novel insecticides, Spinosad 2.5% SC @ 17 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 10 g a.i./ha is highly effective for aphid and DBM , NSKE 5% and NSKE 10% is also effective on pests.