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Open Access
Identification of new sources of resistance and evaluation of some IPM modules against major insect pests of rice
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Hitendra Kumar; Tiwari, S.N.
New sources of resistance were identified in rice against brown plant hopper in 865 entries of AICRIP, 2005 and 2006, in 205 entries of IRRI and 24 rice varieties in glasshouse screening tests. Entries NDR 3110, PTB 33 and CR 2069-16-1 were found immune against BPH, while KAUM MO 8 20 KR, CRAc 34997, KRH 2, HKR 01-44, IR 1218-598-1-281-1, R 1243-1224-578-1, IR 71033-62-15, REMYA (MO. 10), IR 55548-5, IR 57257-34-1-2-1, IR 59547-247-2-1, IR 59552-63-3-2-3 and one rice variety Manhar were rated as highly resistant. Under field evaluation test against BPH all the entries of different AICRIP and IRRI trials were found highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant due to low BPH incidence during both kharif 2005 and 2006, except cv Manhar, which was found moderately susceptible In field screening of different entries of AICRIP and IRRI against yellow stem borer, immune reaction was exhibited by 31 entries at vegetative stage and by 76 entries at reproductive stage. Under glasshouse conditions 17 entries of IRSBN-05 exhibited immune reaction against yellow stem borer. All the entries tested for resistance to leaf folder under field condition were found with less per cent leaf damage due to low incidence of leaf folder during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Growth and development of brown plant hopper nymphs and honey dew excretion by brown plant hopper adults was significantly low on different highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries as compared to susceptible TN 1. Longevity of both male and female adults of BPH on highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries was significantly high than TN 1. F1 progenies of all the seven crosses of rice entries were at par in their resistance reaction against BPH with their resistant female parents under glass house conditions, while F1 progenies of REMYA (MO. 10) × Pusa Basmati 1 and IR 59552-63-2-3 × Pusa Basmati 1 were superior over other progenies in their resistance to brown plant hopper. Among different IPM modules evaluated at farmers field for the management of yellow stem borer, module IV devoid of any control measure due to low pest pressure gave high benefit cost ratio as compared to other modules during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Only Telenomus sp. was found to parasitize the yellow stem borer eggs at all the three locations viz. Pantnagar, Kashipur and Pratppur during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Maximum activities of Telenomus sp. was recorded in second week of September, while minimum was in third week of September.
Open Access
Development of forecasting model for Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) and population dynamics of insects associated with rapeseed-mustard
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Patel, Shweta; Singh, C.P.
Open Access
Studies on transmission of yellow mosaic virus and management of its vector whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mogalapu, Swathy; Gaur, Neeta
Open Access
Bioefficacy and use of eco-friendly plant and animal origin formulations for the management of pest complex of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Tukaram, Chavan Vikas; Karnatak, A.K.
During present investigation different insecticides and plant and animal origin formulations were evaluated against sucking pest and fruit borers, infesting chilli crop. Present study was a documentation of evaluation of newer insecticides and plant and animal origin formulations against insect pests in chilli crop indicated that incidence of aphid, thrips, whitefly, cut worm and fruit borer commenced on crop around 25-30 days after transplanting. Among the different insecticides tested against major insect pests of chilli the treatments Fipronil 200 SC 250 ml/ha, Fipronil 200 SC 200 ml/ha, Fipronil 200 SC 150 ml/ha, Lamda cyhalothrin 5EC 300 ml/ha, Fipronil 5 SC 1000ml/ha, Imidacloprid 200SL 250 ml/ha, were found most effective and the maximum fruit yield of chilli was also obtained in these treatments, while the treatments Lamda cyhalothrin 4.9% CS 15 g a.i./ha and Indoxacarb 14.5% SC60 g a.i/ha least effective. In 2015 Maximum yield of 7.95 q ha-1 and 4.69 q ha-1 was obtained in chilli crop treated with Fipronil 200 SC250 ml/ha and NSKE @ 7% respectively, in 2016 same trend was recorded in chili crop. The infestation of thrips recorded highest in the month of May during 2015.The population of whitefly reached its peak during June month and for aphid was during August. The cut worm population in chilli was maximum in the August during 2015 and for Helicoverpa the peak period of activity was during May and august.Insect pests of chilli as affected by sowing dates as a pest control measure, it is concluded that early sowing (April 1st to 30th April) resulted in low incidence of aphids, thrips, whitefly, cut worms and fruit borers. Such low level of insect pest caused less crop injury which resulted in enhancing green fruit yield of chilli. The appropriate planting time can be April 1st.Also in 2015-16 early sowing recorded less incidence of pests on chilli crop. Significantly less mean population of sucking pests viz., aphids, thrips, whitefly, cut worm and fruit borer were observe in Module –III (Chemical module) and followed Module-II (Organochemical module), M-1 (Organic module). Significantly higher number of aphids , thrips, whitefly, cut worms and fruit borers were recorded in M-V(untreated control)in 2015 .
Open Access
Effect of plant and animal origin products on quality of honey, growth parameters and foraging behavior of honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus in mustard crop
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-03) Bisht, Brijesh; Tiwari, Ruchira
The preliminary and innovative studies on effect of eco-friendly plant and animal origin products were conducted to evaluate their bio-efficacy on the growth parameters, foraging behaviour of honey bee in mustard crop as well as their comparative toxicities to inner hive bees and outer forager bees with effect on quality of honey samples collected from treated A. mellifera bee colonies during 2015-17 at G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. During the field experiments, the data collected on the effect of eco-friendly products on honey bees reared in, both newly drawn and one year old beeswax frames for six generations, vividly suggested that these eco-friendly formulations did not have any adverse effect on the growth aspects of honey bees, in turn the results were showing the synergistic effect of these products as the per cent egg hatching in old frames and new frames for all formulations was above 75%. There was no adverse effect on overall mean weight of all stages of worker honey i.e. (larval, pupal and newly emerged bees) .The overall impact of animal based products namely Desi cow urine, Buffalo urine and Jersey urine on all life stages of honey bees was fruitful, as the mean sealed worker brood areas for six generations was found highest in Desi cow urine for both old and new frame as (304.26 cm2) and (311.63 cm2), respectively. But, Goat urine and plant extracts such as Neem leaf cow urine extracts (NLCUE) and Ajwain seed cow urine extracts (ASCUE ) did not show promotion in growth parameters of honey bee with the least mean sealed worker brood areas calculated ranged from in old bee frames and in new bee frames respectively and require further investigations to validate their outcomes. The effect of eco-friendly plant and animal origin products showed affirmative results for foraging rate and speed of honey bees, A. mellifera in treated mustard crop. The foraging rate of honey bee, showed great variability in different time intervals, the maximum foraging rate of (24 flowers visit/bee/ min) was observed between 12:00-1:00 PM on the mustard crop sprayed with Desi cow urine @ 20%, while the highest foraging speed (5.0 sec/bee/flower) was observed in Holstein cow urine @ 20% sprayed crop both at 12:00-1:00 PM and 3:00-4:00 PM. The minimum visits of 6.67 flowers/bee/min. was recorded in ASCUE @ 2.0% between 3:00-4:00PM. The minimum foraging speed was observed in crop sprayed with goat urine @ 20% with (2.0 sec/bee/flower). The effect of eco-friendly formulations are further justified by the yield of the mustard crop that was observed maximum in Desi cow urine sprayed crop (29.89 (q/ha) and minimum in chemical Imidacloprid treated crop (11.35 q/ha) with average yield of mustard seeds (23.38 q/ha) was calculated in untreated mustard crop. The laboratory studies on the comparative toxicities of tested eco-friendly plant and animal origin products for inner hive bees and outer forager bees also revealed that the lowest concentrations i.e. animal urine @ 20%, plant based extract @ 1.0% showed less than 50% mortality even after 72 h. The honey samples drawn from the bee colonies treated with eco-friendly formulations does not have any contaminants like heavy metals, microbial load and HMF and the other standard parameters that govern the quality and purity of honey such as moisture, glucose to fructose ratio were also within the prescribed food limit. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigations that the tested eco-friendly plant and animal origin products are completely safe, readily available, and almost free of cost to farmers and have long term effect without having any adverse effect on honey bees and hive products and can easily be incorporated for honey bee management programme in Beekeeping.
Open Access
Eco-friendly management of major insect pests of stored wheat at Pantnagar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2016-12) Yadav, Usha; Tiwari, Ruchira
The studies on the efficacy of some eco-friendly indigenous products for the management of major storage insect pests viz. rice weevil, S. oryzae, lesser grain borer, R. dominica and rice moth, C. cephalonica in stored wheat were conducted in the Department of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2015 and 2016. The survey of different areas of Pantnagar was also carried out to find out the insect infestation and their management practices adopted by the people in stored wheat. It was clearly observed that the people mostly used a chemical named celphos tablets (Aluminium phosphide) in their storage structures to protect wheat from insect attack but due to hazardous side effects and residue problems of using synthetic chemicals, some of the people have adopted traditional practices such as use of neem leaves, rice husk and garlic capsules in stored wheat. The laboratory experiments were laid out using some indigenous products such as chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, garlic capsules, cow dung powder, ash powder, talcum powder, sand, saw dust, common salt and cow urine @ 2 g/100 g wheat grains along with chemical, Rynaxypyr (Coragen) @ 10 mg/100 g wheat grains. The studies conducted on natural infestation of storage insect pests in treated wheat grains stored in various storage receptacles i.e. plastic containers, paper bags and muslin cloth bags for six months period from March to September 2016, showed that indigenous products were found very effective when treated wheat grains were stored in plastic containers followed by paper bags with significantly lower insect infestation, grain damage and weight loss in stored wheat in comparison to muslin cloth bags. Among the tested indigenous products, chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, cow dung cake powder ash powder, sand and talcum powder were found very effective against S. oryzae and R. dominica and recorded significantly minimum adult emergence, grain damage and weight loss of treated wheat as compared to untreated wheat grains. It was also observed that seed germination of treated wheat grains was not adversely affected in any treatment during six months of storage period. Similarly, all tested indigenous products clearly showed their potential against neonate, 3rdand 5th instar larvae of C. cephalonica as most of the neonate larvae died in treated wheat grains whereas cent per- cent mortality of 3rd instar larvae was observed in ash powder and sand treated wheat seeds with very less growth index (GI) values calculated among the other treatments ranged from (0.12-0.40) and (0.14-0.77), respectively. in comparison to GI on untreated wheat grains (1.55) and (2.46) respectively. Similarly, the chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, cow dung cake powder, ash powder, talcum powder and sand were also found very effective against 5th instar larvae as the larval survival, larval weight, pupal weight, pupal survival and adult weight were recorded very low due to formation of deformed pupae and adults. The experiments conducted on the effect of smoke generated by burning of cow dung cake and neem leaves on mortality of adults of S. oryzae, R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum, 3rd and 5th instar larvae and adult moths of C. cephalonica at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. of exposure to smoke under airtight conditions resulted in more than 50 per cent insect mortality after 72h. of exposure to neem leaves smoke and after 96 h of exposure to cow dung smoke. The mortality of smoke treated insects was increased after smoke exposure of 120 h. The experiments conducted on the effect of smoke on germination of wheat seeds clearly showed that the smoke generated by cow dung and neem leaves had no adverse effect on wheat seeds kept in airtight plastic containers and polybags for 1, 3 and 6 months period. The per cent germination, root length, shoot length and vigour index values were also found more in smoke treated wheat seeds in comparison to untreated wheat seeds which revealed the positive effect of smoke on germination and post germination response of wheat seeds. Therefore, the present laboratory studies clearly showed the efficacy of some indigenous products and smoke generated by cow dung and neem leaves against major insect pests of stored wheat with no adverse effect on germination of wheat seeds. Hence, it may be concluded that these eco-friendly, easily available and cost effective products can easily be incorporated for the easy management of insect pests in stored wheat
Open Access
Bioefficacy, persistent toxicity and sublethal effects of some insecticides against major insect pests
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2016-11) Chand, Akanksha; Srivastava, R.P.
Open Access
Identification of new sources of resistance and evaluation of some IPM modules against major insect pests of rice
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Hitendra Kumar; Tiwari, S.N.
New sources of resistance were identified in rice against brown plant hopper in 865 entries of AICRIP, 2005 and 2006, in 205 entries of IRRI and 24 rice varieties in glasshouse screening tests. Entries NDR 3110, PTB 33 and CR 2069-16-1 were found immune against BPH, while KAUM MO 8 20 KR, CRAc 34997, KRH 2, HKR 01-44, IR 1218-598-1-281-1, R 1243-1224-578-1, IR 71033-62-15, REMYA (MO. 10), IR 55548-5, IR 57257-34-1-2-1, IR 59547-247-2-1, IR 59552-63-3-2-3 and one rice variety Manhar were rated as highly resistant. Under field evaluation test against BPH all the entries of different AICRIP and IRRI trials were found highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant due to low BPH incidence during both kharif 2005 and 2006, except cv Manhar, which was found moderately susceptible. In field screening of different entries of AICRIP and IRRI against yellow stem borer, immune reaction was exhibited by 31 entries at vegetative stage and by 76 entries at reproductive stage. Under glasshouse conditions 17 entries of IRSBN-05 exhibited immune reaction against yellow stem borer. All the entries tested for resistance to leaf folder under field condition were found with less per cent leaf damage due to low incidence of leaf folder during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Growth and development of brown plant hopper nymphs and honey dew excretion by brown plant hopper adults was significantly low on different highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries as compared to susceptible TN 1. Longevity of both male and female adults of BPH on highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries was significantly high than TN 1. F1 progenies of all the seven crosses of rice entries were at par in their resistance reaction against BPH with their resistant female parents under glass house conditions, while F1 progenies of REMYA (MO. 10) × Pusa Basmati 1 and IR 59552-63-2-3 × Pusa Basmati 1 were superior over other progenies in their resistance to brown plant hopper. Among different IPM modules evaluated at farmer’s field for the management of yellow stem borer, module IV devoid of any control measure due to low pest pressure gave high benefit cost ratio as compared to other modules during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Only Telenomus sp. was found to parasitize the yellow stem borer eggs at all the three locations viz. Pantnagar, Kashipur and Pratppur during both kharif 2005 and 2006. A maximum activity of Telenomus sp. was recorded in second week of September, while minimum was in third week of September.
Open Access
Molecular characterization and biological attributes of the carpenter bees in Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Yogi, Manish Kumar; Khan, M.S.
The present investigation was carried out on the taxonomic review, molecular phylogeny, phylogeography and biological attributes of the carpenter bees. A total of seven Xylocopa species, viz., X. fenestrata, X. latipes, X. aestuans, X. amethystina, X. tranquebarorum and two unknown species were reviewed from Uttarakhand. Taxonomic keys provided the clear cut easy recognition of both sexes of these bees. The morphological description emphasized on the size, colouration, punctuation, pubescence and distinct structural characters of these bees. A total of three species viz., Ceratina propinqua, Ceratina simillima and Ceratina compacta were reviewed from Pantnagar. Two mitochondrial gene fragments viz., Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and Cyochrome b (cytb) from native Xylocopa fauna were amplified and sequenced for molecular phylogeny analyses. The CO1 gene efficiently differentiated the subgenera of Xylocopa genus into different clusters. Whereas, the genetic variation among the different geographical collection was more expressive in the cytb gene. The mitochondrial gene, CO1 of about 621 base pairs length was amplified in Ceratina propinqua and Ceratina compacta for molecular phylogeny analyses. The tree topology clearly differentiated four subgenera viz., Pithitis, Ceratinidia, Neoceratina and Ceratinula. Devised artificial nesting structures except wooden blocks provided nesting shelters for the carpenter bees. In bundles of rigid dried sticks, Saccharum bengalense (13.33%) and Sesbania bispinosa (27.14%) sticks were used by small carpenter bees and tunnels of Arundo donax (1.9%) were used by megachilid bees. X. fenestrata and X. aestuans successfully nested in bamboo canes/culms (18.36%). In super bee nesting chambers, C. propinqua preferably nested in S. bispinosa, S. bengalense and Bambusa sp. sticks, while C. simillima and C. compacta preferably nested in S. bispinosa sticks. In triangular bee boxes, S. bispinosa (70.83%) sticks provided successful nesting for small carpenter bees. In nesting stands, Caesalpinia pulcherrima (80.20%) and Rosa sp. (28.12%) sticks were used by small carpenter bees for their nesting. Biological attributes of the small carpenter bees revealed that the nest making and brood rearing season for C. propinqua adults started in summer and continued in monsoon, and the hibernation in C. propinqua adults started in monsoon season and continued up to winter season. The occurrence of C. simillima males with wing score 0 in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons indicated that the males are either newly emerged or hibernating in these seasons. The nest making and brood rearing season for C. compacta adults started in summer and continued in monsoon, and the hibernation in C. compacta adults started in postmonsoon season and continued up to winter season. Nest architecture and size of adults varied in different Ceratina species. The development period varied from 20 to 24 days in these three species. Nesting biology of X. fenestrata and X. aestuans revealed that under natural conditions females of both species preferred to dig the nests in wooden logs while males preferred to nest in available open ended bamboo culms. X. fenestrata and X. aestuans females’ nests in bamboo culms were linear and un-branched, while females’ nests of X. tranquebarorum and Xylocopa sp. in bamboo culms were branched. Branched nests contained two termini in bamboo culms, one large terminus and one small terminus. X. tranquebarorum females have more brood rearing potential (clutch size: 9-10) than unknown Xylocopa sp. females (clutch size: 5-6). The nest entrance diameter varied from 7.50 to 8.85 mm in X. tranquebarorum and 8.10 to 9 mm in unknown Xylocopa species. The tunnel length varied from 290 to 374 mm in X. tranquebarorum and 342 to 380 mm in unknown Xylocopa species. Taxonomic description with molecular techniques provided the precise identification of the carpenter bees. High potentials of nesting structures in providing the nesting shelters for carpenter bees are useful in augmentation of these bees. Biological attributes of carpenter bees are accredited to their conservation and management which would lead to increase in pollination services and decrease in costs of crop pollination.

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