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ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of RC building with outrigger system subjected to earthquake and wind effect(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Bisht, Prabhanshu; Katariya, S.K.The outrigger and belt truss system is commonly used as one of the structural system to effectively control the excessive drift due to lateral load, so that at the time of small or medium lateral load due to either wind or earthquake load, the risk of structural and non-structural damage can be minimized. For high-rise buildings, particularly in seismic active zone or wind load dominant, this system can be chosen as an appropriate structure. This paper studies the use of outrigger and belt truss system for high-rise concrete building subjected to wind or earthquake load. In this thesis 50, 55 and 60 storey two dimensional models of outrigger and are subjected to wind load. For the two dimensional 50 storey model, 65% maximum displacement reduction can be achieved by providing first outrigger at the top and second outrigger at the middle of the structure height. For the two dimensional 60 storey structural model subjected to the earthquake load, about 18 % reduction in maximum displacement can be achieved with optimum location of the outrigger truss placed at the top and the 33rd level. It has been observed that the maximum reaction has been generated in the soil type III (Soft soil) for all three structures (G+50, G+55 & G+60). It can be concluded after reviewing the values in table of base shear that Gust Factor load case governs the analysis as well as design for the soil type I (Hard Soil). The base shear generated by the Gust Factor load case is maximum among all the load cases in soil type I. It is safer to build tall structure on the soil type I (hard soil) rather than soil type II, (medium soil) and soil type III (soft soil).ThesisItem Open Access Seismic analysis of Intze water tank with different bracing configurations(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Agari, Chetan; Verma, V.K.Elevated water tanks are important Civil Engineering structure which is considered as compulsory town services in many cities. Due to storage of water, it can be used in essential requirements like drinking as well as quenching fires. In recent years, there has been an increased attention focused on the seismic safety of lifeline structure such as elevated tanks in seismic region. Many elevated water tanks suffered damage and collapse to their staging in earthquakes, therefore their safety performance is a critical concern during strong earthquake. In the present work, four brace patterns viz. simple brace, cross brace, rectangular brace and radial brace attached with different staging heights (15 m, 20 m, and 25 m) are analysed for seismic zone II, III and IV for tank in empty condition and tank filled condition. The most economical and safe, Intze type tank of 1000 kilolitre capacity has been considered. For the analysis of Intze tank, 72 models have been created using STAAD.ProV8i Software, in which 36 models are analysed in empty condition and another 36 models are analysed in tank filled condition. Every seismic zone has 12 models and each brace has three different staging rises. Various kinds of loads and their combinations are applied to all the tanks and response spectrum analysis has been carried out. Various parameters have been obtained for various brace system for their long time serviceability, stability and safety.ThesisItem Open Access Studies of Roychoudhury method in unequal probability sampling(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Raturi, Mayank; Shiva Prasad, H.J.Simulation of vegetation filter system has two main tasks: to obtain the better understanding of the processes in vegetation filter systems, and to check and optimize design criteria. Numerical models are a mean to increase the understanding of the processes involved in it. This study shows simulation results for vegetation filter system at Pantnagar where greywater is being used as irrigation water. For simulation of vegetation filter system HYDRUS-1D software package is used. The results presented and discussed are focussed on the transport of different solutes in the soil. This study focussed on three nutrients present in the greywater used for irrigation which are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K). The aim of the work is to determine the surface and bottom flux into the soil, evapotranspiration, changes in water content of soil and concentration on three nutrients at different depths in the soil due to use of greywater for irrigation. The simulation is done for a period of 600 days and the depth of soil column has been taken as 60cm. The results of the simulation show that the concentration of these nutrients is increased in the soil. The average estimated concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after 600 days was 0.022, 0.003 and 0.001 mg / cm3 respectively. The concentration at different depth and different time interval is presented. Also the comparison between measured value and simulated value of concentration is presented and good match between measured value of concentration and simulated value of concentration is obtained.ThesisItem Open Access Variability analysis of rainfall, temperature and rainy days of Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar district(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Katariya, Jyoti Singh; Shiva Prasad, H.J.Variability analysis of rainfall has been of great concern during the past century as well as today because of the consideration has been given to global climate change by the scientific community. The study of trends is very important for a country like India whose food security and economy are dependent on the timely availability of water such as 83% water used for agriculture sector, 12% for industrial sector and only 5% for domestic sector(source: MoWR, GOI, 2017-18). So the present study attempted to know the trend of rainfall, mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature and rainy days of Pantnagar for the period (1961-2018) and (1981-2018) Respectively. For this purpose, rainfall data have been collected from Agro-meteorological observatory, Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar Udham singh nagar district (Uttarakhand). Trends of rainfall parameters were analyzed using Mann-Kendall test, Sen’s slope test, multiple linear regression method. This study revealed that significant decreasing trend in Post-monsoon and winter rainfall have been observed at Pantnagar, whereas Pre-monsoon shows increasing trend of rainfall. Though, rainfall in the Premonsoon Season has increased significantly at 5% level of significance and there are also significant increasing trends in mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature and there is also significant trend in rainy days. The main aim of this study is to provide detailed knowledge of the rainfall regime in a smaller area such as an important prerequisite for agricultural planning and management, for this one should go for micro level climate data analysisThesisItem Open Access Comparative seismic study of G+10 building with and without floating column(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Gupta, Aman; Verma, V.K.In present scenario buildings with Floating Column is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey construction in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in building built in seismically active areas. The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends on its shape and size which arise due to architectural extravaganzas and result to re-entrant corners at which load is disturbed requiring sharp bends while the earthquake forces are carried to the ground. The earthquake forces developed at different stories in building need to be brought down vertically to the ground by the shortest path and if any deviation or discontinuity in this load transfer path occurs can result in poor performance of the structure. In case of floating column, shear is induced to overturning forces to another resting element at lower level. This imposition of overturning forces overwhelms the columns of lower level through connecting elements. Therefore the most critical region of damage is the connecting element (link between discontinuous columns to lower level column) and lower level columns. Therefore, the primary concern in load path irregularity is the strength of lower level columns and strength of the connecting beams that support the load of discontinuous frame. This study highlights the importance of explicitly recognizing the analysis of multistorey buildings with and without the presence of the floating column. A residential building comprising of G+10 storeys have been selected for carrying out the project work. The Response Spectrum Analysis is carried out on the entire project mathematical 3D model using the software ETABS and the comparison of these models on the basis of various parameters like displacements, storey shear, overturning moments, storey drift and stiffness are been presented. This will help us to find the various analytical properties of the structure and it may also have a very systematic and economical design for the structure.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fly ash based geopolymer on strength behaviour of soft soil(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Joshi, Shailja; Gupta, SandeepIn many important civil engineering projects, soft and weak soils are stabilized by the traditional stabilizers such as lime and cement. Moreover, the production process of lime and cement are highly energy intensive and emit large quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2). Geopolymer are alternative additive to traditional stabilizer, with its high strength, low cost, low energy consumption and low emission of green house gasses. In the present study, soft soil obtained from Sitarganj Uttarakhand is stabilized with the fly ash based geopolymer. For geopolymer binder, fly ash and sodium based alkali activator solution are used. Fly ash obtained from Century Pulb and Paper Mill Lalkuan. Three different alkali activator solutions are used which is the mixture of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution. The alkali activator solution to fly ash ratios was kept in between 0.29 and 1. In this research work fly ash percentage of 15%, 25% and 35%, with respect to total solid was used. The effectiveness of this binder is tested by conducting the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and California bearing ratio (CBR) test. The strength of fly ash based geopolymer stabilized soil depends on sodium hydroxide concentration, fly ash content and curing time. CBR tests conducted on stabilized soil, confirm that it is possible to use geopolymer stabilized soil as an embankment fill or subgrade material. The most effective mixture which showed maximum strength was analysed for microstructure with scanning electron microscopy. SEM analysis confirms the geopolymerization reaction in the soil. The carbon footprints of the geopolymer stabilized soil were lower than cement stabilized soil at same 28 days strength. The reduction in carbon footprint at higher strength indicates that fly ash based geopolymer is a sustainable soil stabilizer alternative to cement.ThesisItem Open Access A study on geotechnical properties of soil modified with lime sludge and rice husk ash(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Tiwari, Ravi Kumar; Gupta, SandeepIn this study, an attempt has been made to improve the strength characteristics of CL soil by mixing it with lime sludge and rice husk ash (RHA). To achieve this, soil sample was collected from Sitarganj region, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand from the depth of 500 mm. Lime sludge and RHA are the industrial wastes, contains calcium oxide and silica as their major constituents. The addition of these wastes materials was done in two phases. In the first phase, only lime sludge was blended with the natural soil in various percentages as 4, 8, and 12% and in the second phase rice husk ash was mixed with lime sludge treated soil as 5, 10, 15, and 20%. A series of tests like Atterberg’s limit, standard proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and california bearing ratio (CBR) were performed on total of 16 combinations which includes soil, soil modified with lime sludge and soil modified with lime sludge and RHA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also done to observe the chemical characterization, texture and orientation of soil particles. The tests results showed increase in liquid and plastic limit but decrease in plasticity index with addition of lime sludge and RHA. Standard proctor test results showed increase in optimum moisture content (OMC) but decrease in maximum dry density (MDD) with addition of lime sludge and RHA. The optimum mix was Soil + 8% LS + 10% RHA, at which, CBR increases by 3 and 3.5 times in unsoaked and soaked conditions and UCS increases by 1.33, 2.3, 2.65 and 3.16 times for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Slope stability analysis for optimal tree density of Cedrus deodar tree in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Pratul Raj; Sanjeev SumanSlopes are common feature of the world around us, usually they are of a geological, geomorphological or human man-made. In most instances, slopes are naturally unstable unless they have been stabilized through geological time. Unstable slope create numerous management and engineering issues. The fragile Himalayan terrain of Uttarakhand often face challenging and tough situation due to landslides, particularly in monsoon season. To cope up with this kind of hazards, use of effective vegetation as Bio- Engineering is considered a good alternative as this management of ecosystem can provide benefits like stabilizing slope, medicinal resources and other environmental benefits. The present study analysed the mechanical effect of plant root system on slope stability. Root cohesion and surcharge effects were analysed and Factor of Safety (FOS) was evaluated for a slope angles (45°, 50°, 55°,60°, 65 °70° and 75°). For analysis the effect of root system in slope stability of two different types of soil collected from landslide area of Uttarakhand i.e. Kakri Ghat and Salri Site Shear Box Testing were prepared, with varied plant densities. The selection of suitable plant “Artemisia Annua” was carried out with appropriate comparison with Cedrus Deodar tree, so that the effect of root system of Cedrus Deodar tree on the slope of Uttarakhand region may be represented effectively in the controlled laboratory conditions. The extensive laboratory studies of around 48 sample of Large Shear Box Test for varied plant densities shows the improvements in shear parameter with increase in tree density. These improved value of shear parameter (c and ϕ) for calculated tree densities of Cedrus Deodar tree (tree/150sqm area) are used to calculated the FOS from slope stability analysis by using two methods i.e. Swedish and Bishop’s method for varied slope angle (45°,50°, 55°,60°, 65 °70° and 75°). The validation of calculated FOS was carried out by using the GeoStudio 2019 (Slope/W) software and the calculated results of FOS for 60° was compared and found correct. Variation between FOS (for different slope angle 45°,50°, 55°,60°, 65 °70° and 75° ) was plotted against different densities of Cedrus Deodar tree (tree/150sqm) and it was found that the FOS increased with increasing the tree densities and after attaining a maximum value it , further decreased with increase Cedrus Deodar tree densities. The graphical representation of this variation between FOS and tree densities of Cedrus Deodar tree clearly indicate that there is an optimum tree density that will maximize the FOS for a particular soil types. The value of optimum tree density of Cedrus Deodar tree were obtained and recommended for the different slope condition (45° to 75°) and for soil types i.e. well graded sandy deposits and poorly graded sandy deposits soil collected from the landslide sites Kakri Ghat and Salri Site from Almora and Nainital District respectively from Uttarakhand State, India. The present work gives the methodology to ascertain the effect of root system vegetation in slope stability quantitatively for the different slope condition for particular soil types with certain limitation and may these optimum value may be adopted for plantation of Cedrus Deodar tree for particular slope types and thus can prevent the slope failure caused by deficient vegetation as well as failure because of excess vegetation.ThesisItem Open Access Geotechnical behaviour of soils mixed with lime and ground granulated blast furnace slag(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Uniyal, Ashish; Gupta, S.S.India is a developing country and one of the largest producers of steel and is placed among top 5 countries in their contribution for steel production. There is a rise every year, in the production of steel. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product from the steel industry. During the manufacturing of iron, the iron ore, coke, and limestone are fed into the blast furnace, and then the iron ore is reduced to iron which is separated out from the remaining slag. The slag is then tapped off and cooled rapidly to retain its cementitious properties. It is estimated that annually about 11 MT of blast furnace slag is being released from steel plants, out of which about 40-45% or less of the blast furnace slag is utilized for different purposes and the major amount is dumped. These industrial solid wastes are environmentally hazardous in nature, mainly due to release of leachate, to the human beings and also pollute soil, water and all nearby water sources. Thus, the use of GGBS for stabilization has environmental and economic benefits. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of GGBS, with and without lime, on the engineering behaviour (plasticity characteristics, compaction, UCS and CBR) of the test soil. In order to achieve these objectives, exhaustive laboratory investigations were carried out in three stages. The first stage dealt with the understanding of the behaviour of soil by conducting various laboratory tests such as compaction UCS and CBR. In the second stage, geotechnical properties of soil blended with GGBS at the different percentage (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) was found out. In the third and final stage, GGBS was activated by lime and again the laboratory tests were done to determine the engineering properties of the soil. A fixed proportion of lime to GGBS was standardized as 1:2. Lime-GGBS mix was blended with soil at the different percentage of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% (say, for a mix of 3% Lime-GGBS, 1% was lime and the remaining 2% was GGBS and so on). The investigation showed that generally, the engineering properties (UCS, CBR) improved with the addition of GGBS and with increasing curing period. The addition of lime resulted in a dramatic improvement within the UCS and CBR value. The maximum dry density (MDD) decreased and the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with increasing GGBS and lime content. The major changes in the UCS behaviour are due to the formation of new cementitious materials. The review of literature confirmed, that two major reactions took place when GGBS and lime were added to the soil, hydration of GGBS activated by lime to produce calcium aluminosilicate hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) and hydrotalcite type phase, and the clay-lime reaction to produce calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), (C-A-H) and (C-A-S-H). (S.