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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Vrikshayurveda based herbal Kunapjala (liquid biofertilizer) on growth, flower yield and essential oil quality of Matricaria chamomilla L.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Kalpasi, Ankita; Chaturvedi, PreetiA field experiment was conducted during December 2020 to April 2021 at “Medicinal Plants Research and Development Centre” (MRDC), G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand)to study the “Effect of Vrikshayurveda based herbal Kunapjala (Liquid BioFertilizer) on Growth, Flower Yield and Essential Oil Quality of Matricaria chamomilla L.” The experiment was conducted in randomized block design containing 10 treatments with three replications. Three different types of Kunapjala at three different doses were compared to RDF for improvement of vegetative, floral and essential oil attributes of M. chamomila in field conditions. The soil of experimental field wassandy clay loam with pH (6.67), EC (0.101dS/m), organic carbon (0.68%), available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (183.57, 20.18 and 188.51 kg/ha respectively). In the present investigation, RDF showed significantly higher values of all vegetative parameters which was very close to the values obtained by higher doses of herbal Kunapjala. The different floral parameters were significantly affected by different treatments. Though number of flowers and flower yield was higher in T10 (RDF), the highest doses of nettle based Kunapjala (T3) promoted early bud initiation and flower diameter. Similarly, maximum oil content (0.27 %) was also obtained in T3. Number of bioactive compounds in essential oil were also highest (33) with nettle based Kunapjala. The higher doses of Kunapjala increased the process of mineralization making the essential nutrients (NPK) available to plants similar to that provided by the chemical fertilizers. The value of TPC and TFC also showed dose dependent increase with increasing doses of herbal Kunapjala and was found maximum in T3 which in turn increased the antioxidant potential of M. chamomilla. There was seen a dose dependent increase with increasing Kunapjala dosage and hence optimization of the Kunapjala doses is essential for field application in different crops. Hence, from the results of present investigation it can be concluded that the Vrikshayurveda based herbal Kunapjala prepared from easily available livestock excreta, agricultural weeds and other common household organic products can be used as a successful and sustainable alternative to the chemical fertilizers for increasing crop productivity and soil fertility. As the experiment was conducted for just one season, one more year of investigation is required for the validation of the results obtained.ThesisItem Open Access Media optimization for Fusarium pallidoroseum, a novel biofertilizer(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Bahuguna, Aabha; Sharma, A.K.Food is the main source for humans and development of nation is directly proportional to the amount of food or nutrients available to the population. The growing population and limited cultivation land demand the application of fertilizer to meet the human needs. Because of its vast potentiality in increasing crop productivity and food safety, the application of microorganisms as biofertilizer is seen as potential alternative to chemical fertilizer. Though Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are recognized as a distinctive biofertilizer yet they are difficult to mass multiply since they are biotrophs, and their growth under axenic conditions has proved to be impossible. Therefore, a newly described axenically cultivable endophytic and saprophytic fungus Fusarium pallidoroseum, a novel biofertilizer which has a substantial favourable impact on plant growth promotion has been discovered. There is a little information about the culture media used for the production of spores. Therefore, our current study was carried out to optimize submerged fermentation medium for Fusarium pallidoroseum and evaluating highest spore producing cultivation media composition by Plackett Burmann Design (PBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The PBD selected 6 significant medium composition out of the 10 screened. Among which three significant factors Peptone (P value of < 0.0001 and F = 81.14), K2HPO4 (P value of < 0.0003 and F value = 28.42) and trace metals (P value of < 0.0001 and F value of 39.39) were chosen for RSM to produce higher spore production. Therefore, an optimized cultivation media 0.0592 (g/L) K2HPO4, 0.0531 (g/L) MgSO4, 0.113 (g/L) CaCl2, 25.6 (g/L) Sucrose, 0.03 (g/L) Ferric Ammonium citrate, 0.002 (g/L) EDTA, 0.063 (g/L) NaCl, 2 (ml/L) Trace metals, 0.434 (g/L) Na2HPO4, and 6 (g/L) Peptone was obtained through PBD and RSM.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of media using statistical approach for growing algal isolates and designing a novel photobioreactor for wastewater treatment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Mehta, Samridhi; Sharma, A.K.Current global environmental issues raise unavoidable challenges for our use of natural resources. Supplying the human population with clean water is becoming a global problem. Numerous organic and inorganic impurities in municipal, industrial, and agricultural waters, ranging from micro-plastics to high nutrient loads and heavy metals, endanger our nutrition and health. The development of efficient wastewater treatment technologies and circular economic approaches is thus becoming increasingly important. Water scarcity and emerging demands for renewable energy have increased concerns about energy security and advanced wastewater treatment, and microalgae have emerged as promising candidates to solve these problems. The biomass production of microalgae using industrial wastewater offers the possibility of recycling industrial residues to create new sources of raw materials for energy and material use. The present study aims at media optimization using statistical tools for enhanced biomass production in the microalgae isolated from wastewater sample and further designing a photobioreactor for the wastewater treatment using the microalgae. Out of 27 isolates, four are selected for Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) to find the significant factors that affect their biomass production. Three significant factors that affect the biomass production positively are taken for optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). An optimized media is prepared using the concentrations obtained through PBD and RSM. Out of 4 cultures, one is selected for wastewater treatment. Using molecular tools, the culture is identified as Coelastrella sp. A photobioreactor is designed for wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation. The treatment is carried out using encapsulated and non-encapsulated Coelastrella sp. in the novel photobioreactor for 4 days. The efficacy of treatment process is evaluated for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and pH. Through this study, it is found that non-encapsulated microalgae can efficiently reduce the BOD by 72.7% and COD by 73.9%, whereas in the encapsulated the reduction of 17.68% and 17.39% in BOD and COD was observed, respectively. Therefore, the current study provides the initial evidence for the effectiveness of indigenous microalgae in wastewater treatment using a novel photobioreactor.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of multitrait plant growth promoting bacteria on growth promotion of rice and wheat under water stress and irrigated condition(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Bind, Sudha; Sharma, A.K.Plant growth promoting bacteria (Endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria) have been reported to play key role in alleviation of water stress through various mechanism. In present study, 16 previously isolated endophytic bacteria form rice variety Sahbhagi were characterized by biochemical and functional basis and further evaluated for their efficiency of growth promotion of wheat variety PBW343 under water stress and irrigated conditions. Four endophytic bacteria were selected on the basis of functional characteristics and plant growth promoting ability of wheat and further tested for their growth promotion efficiency of rice variety Sahbhagi under water stress and irrigated condition. Selected endophytic bacteria were compared with rhizospheric bacteria, Variovorax paradoxus (RAA3) and Pseudomonas palleroniana (DPB16) for their efficacy of growth promotion on rice variety IR64 under water stress and irrigated condition. Result showed that endophytic bacteria (Seed 16), was more efficient in plant growth promotion under both water stress and irrigated condition than rhizospheric bacteria. Endophytic bacteria (Seed 16) inoculated along with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on rice and wheat under water stress and irrigated condition, result showed that interaction of endophytic bacteria with AMF was more efficient in alleviation of water stress and significantly enhanced rice and wheat growth, than the single inoculation with each organism. Seed 16 was identified as Enterobacter roogenkampii strain S16 using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Two rhizospheric bacteria Variovorax paradoxus (RAA3) and Pseudomonas palleroniana (DPB16) were evaluated for their effect on growth and yield of two rice variety (DRR44, IR64) and two wheat variety (WH1105, PBW343) under rainfed and irrigated condition in field study. RAA3 significantly enhanced the all yield contributing parameters (plant height, total no of plants, no of tillers, panicle /spike length, no of grains/ panicle or spike, weight of 1000 grains), chlorophyll and enzymatic antioxidants, nutrient content in both rice and wheat under rainfed and irrigated condition. In field experiment of rice, RAA3 treated plants showed maximum grain yield (4.86 ton/ha, 5.13ton/ha) under rainfed and irrigated condition respectively as compared to control plant. In case of wheat, RAA3 treated plants exhibited higher grain yield (4.4 ton/ha, 5.06ton/ha) under rainfed and irrigated condition, respectively, as compared to their respective untreated plants. Finding of present study suggested that multi-trait plant growth promoting bacteria and co-inoculation of PGPB along with AMF could be used as effective inoculants to improve the plant growth and productivity under water deficit condition to achieve sustainable agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in sixteen plant species of Asteraceae(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-01) Rawat, Deepti; Rao, P.B.Sixteen different plant species of family Asteraceae were selected for evaluation of their phytochemical profile in two different solvents. The extraction yield (%) was maximum in Ageratum houstonianum (56.94±0.13 and 66.14±0.20) in both aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively. Among the plant species extracts, comparatively higher DPPH activity (%) was obtained in Lagascea mollis (78.93 and 86.84, respectively in aqua acetone and aqua methanol); FRAP (μg TE/mg) in Ageratum houstonianum (166.18±0.13) and Vernonia cinerea (177.86±2.40); and TAA (μg VCE/mg) values in Emilia sonchifolia (90.28±1.36) and Erigeron bonariensis (164.33±0.57) in aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively. The values of TPC (μg GAE/mg) were higher in Galinsoga parviflora (67.67±0.37) and Erigeron bonariensis (87.09±0.48); and TFC in Ixeris polycephala (19.76±0.08 and 11.70±0.7 in aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively). SOD (DU/mg FW), POD (nmole/mg protein), and CAT (μmole/mg protein) activity were higher in Erigeron bonariensis (20.01±0.02), Cirsium arvense (109.35±0.69), and Xanthium strumarium (45.52±0.13), respectively. The Anti-inflammatory activity (%) was higher in Gnephalium pensylvanicum (89.67±0.45) and Ageratum houstonianum (98.38±0.34) in aqua acetone and aqua methanol extracts, respectively. The anti-bacterial activity (%) was maximum in Blumea sinuata (75.00), followed by in Y. japonica (68.75). Out of total compounds identified by GC-MS analysis in six plant species, the major important bioactive compounds are: guanosine (neuroprotective potential), arbutin (astringent and disinfectant properties), n-hexadecanoic acid (hemolytic, pesticide, lubricant activities), and lupeol (anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities) in Blumea sinuata; beta.-amyrin (anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity), betulin (Anti-HIV activity) in C. arvense; and Phytol (hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory) in all the species. Thus, among 16 different plant species, Lagascea mollis, Erigeron bonariensis, Ageratum houstonianum, Blumea sinuata, Cirsium arvense and Ixeris polycephala are more promising for scientific foundation to exploit potential natural plant resources in terms of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial.ThesisItem Open Access Response of organic manures on growth and quality parameters of Artemisia annua L. cv. CIM Arogya under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Monika; Bisht, P.S.The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of organic manures (Farm Yard Manure, 1Vermicompost T10: 10 ton ha-1 Farm yard manure+ 5 tonne ha-1 Poultry manure,T11: 5 tonne ha-1Vermicompost + 5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure and T12: Inorganic manure (NPK) with three replication, during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The results of the experiments indicated that T8 applied treatment was superior over all the treatments, exhibiting increased plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and biomass during both the years of study. For the evolution of antioxidants, leaf powder was extracted in different solvents i.e., aqua-methanol, aqua-ethanol, water and n-Hexane and the maximum extract yield was comparatively higher in water extract. The antioxidant activities was measured by DPPH (%) and FRAP (μg VCE/mg extract) and it is higher in water followed by aqua-methanol > aquaethanol > n-Hexane. DPPH (%) activity and FRAP (μg VCE/mg extract) which were maximum in T8 applied plants and minimum in T1 (no manure application). The Total Phenol Content (μg GAE/mg extract) and the Total Flavonoid Content (μg QE/mg extract) was maximum in T3 (10 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost) and minimum in T1. The maximum artemisinin content (%) was recorded in T3 (0.95) and minimum in T1 (0.50). The maximum oil content (%) in A. annua cv. CIM Arogya inflorescence was recorded in plants applied with 10 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure + 5 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost+5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure, being 1.8 % and 1.4% in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. However, minimum oil content (%) was recorded in without manure application (T1) was 0.72 % and 0.64% in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The essential oil obtained from inflorescence was subjected to GC-MS analysis for identification of bioactive compounds present in essential oil. The major compounds were, 1-8 cineol, camphor, camphene, sebinene, hotrienol, and β- ocimene present in essential oil. Artemisia ketone present only in T3. Based on two years of study, it can be concluded that the crop manured with Vermicompost (10 tonn ha-1) yielded higher amount of artemisinin content (%) compared to other Vermicompost and Poultry manure) on morphological and biochemical parameters of Artemisia annua L. cv. CIM Arogya. The field experiments were conducted at Medicinal Plants Research & Development Centre, of G. B. Pant Pantnagar. The experiments were carried out in Randomized Block Design, having 12 different treatments viz. T1: Control,T2: 20 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure,T3: 10 tonne ha-1Vermicompost,T4: 10 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure,T5: 5 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost,T6:10 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T7:5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T8: 10 tonne ha- 1Farm yard manure + 5 tonne ha-1Vermicompost+5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T9: 1o tonne ha-1Farm yard manure+ 5 tonne ha- organic manures application.ThesisItem Open Access Digitization of cultivated flora of Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Kamboj, Pooja; Rawat, D.S.Knowledge of biodiversity is essential for its judicious utilization and conservation. However, it requires fast and easily accessible information on all aspects of biodiversity. Freely accessible databases (data information) systems are important in providing desirable information.With the progression in digital technology, number of online biodiversity databases is increasing rapidly. Digital floras are also databases proving useful in plant identification. Eflorapantnagar is one simple database showing wild flora of Pantnagar, though cultivated flora was not represented in it. The present study, carried out from July 2019 to January 2021, was aimed to add cultivated flora of Pantnagar area in eflorapantnagar. In this study 231 species of cultivated seed plants belonging to 189 genera, 75 families and 31 orders were added in this database. In these species Gymnosperms are represented by 6 species of 5 genera, 5 families and 2 orders; Monocotyledons by 33 species of 29 genera, 13 families and 6 orders, and Dicotyledons by 192 species of 155 genera, 57 families and 23 orders. In this work 26 families and 146 genera, not represented earlier, were added to the database. Each cultivated species is represented in database as an image added with currently accepted scientific name, vernacular names, nativity, common morphological features, flowering period in Pantnagar, and methods of multiplication. Some hyperlinks are also provided to access other databases for more information about the species. The result show that 160 species (68.96%) are ornamental plants, 41 species (17.67%) are edible plants, 17 species (7.32%) are medicinal plants, 9 species (3.87%) are oil yielding plants, and 7 species (3.10%) are condiments. With representation of 231 cultivated species eflorapantnagar will now become more informative and useful to the visitors of this web resource in future.ThesisItem Open Access Bark morphology of trees of Pantnagar and its taxonomic implication(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Chhabra, Ayushi; Rawat, D.S.Variety of trees exists in nature and their identification can be done by knowing some specific taxonomic characteristics. The general floristic literature utilizes reproductive structures mainly to identify trees though, these structures are difficult to access and study in tall trees and may not be available every year or throughout the year. However, bark is always available, accessible and can be used to identify trees. There are specific features on each tree bark that varies from species to species and observing these features helps in identification of trees. Present study was conducted to understand the morphology of bark among the trees of Pantnagar as well as to develop database of images of barks of trees to facilitate identification through their bark. Bark morphology of 105 tree species of Pantnagar area (31% of tree species of Uttarakhand) belonging to 84 genera, 42 families and 23 orders were studied. Out of the 105 tree species, 7 are Gymnosperms, 8 are Monocots and 90 are Dicots taxa. Each tree species with their correct scientific name, vernacular name, images and description of the bark and stem base is provided in the work. Study revealed a great range of variation in tree barks with no two trees having same bark structure. Depending upon the nature of barks studied 105 tree species were classified into 8 categories namely smooth bark, lenticellate bark, bark with scales and plates, bark peeling in curly strips, bark with vertical cracks, vertically striped bark, ridged and furrowed bark, and rough and rugose bark. „Rough and rugose‟ category of bark is largest with 40 tree species categorized under it, followed by the category „vertical cracks‟ having 34 species, „lenticellate‟ with 25 species, „smooth‟ with 24 species, „ridged and furrowed‟ with 12 species, „vertical strips‟ with 6 species, and scales and plates‟ with 4 species. Lowest number of species was recorded under the category „peeling strips‟ which is represented by solitary species Araucaria columnaris (J.R. Forst.) Hook. Bark textures were uniform for particular tree species in study area and act as visual marker for tree identification. The diversity observed in the bark morphology proved a valuable character in identification of trees and can be used with other traditional taxonomic characters, or alone, for correct identification.ThesisItem Open Access In vitro morphogenesis of Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) all along with comparative study of biological activities of rhizomes collected from different altitudes of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Deepika; Chaturvedi, PreetiMedicinal plants are the valuable and harmless source of drugs that have drawn the attention of many scientists and pharmaceutical companies for the preparation of many natural products. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., an Asparagaceae family member, medicinal herb of North West Himalaya. It is also a member of Astavarga group of medicinal plants that have high medicinal value in Ayurveda. Regeneration of this plant through seeds is slow process as the seeds have double dormancy. So the present study is carried out for the rapid propagation of these medicinal plants through the tissue culture. Maximum per cent callus induction was found in MS medium supplemented with TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) and 2, 4 –D (1.0 mg L-1). Maximum per cent (81.25 ± 3.6) shoot induction was achieved in MS fortified with mT (0.5 mg L-1) with maximum (23.67 ± 2.02) no. of shoots/explant. Maximum per cent (71.33 ± 8.3) root induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with IBA (1.0 mg L-1) and maximum no. of roots/explants (10.33 ± 0.6) was found in MS medium fortified with NAA (1.0 mg L-1) + Kn (0.5 mg L-1). Maximum per cent embryo induction (62.5 ± 7.2) was achieved in MS containing Kn (2.0 mg L-1) + NAA (1.0 mg L-1). Synthetic seeds were prepared in 2.5 % sodium alginate and 2 % CaCl2. In the present study, the effect of altitudes on the antioxidant activity, Total flavonoid content and total phenol content was also evaluated in aqueous and methanol extracts of rhizomes of P. verticillatum collected from different altitudinal regions. The rhizomes were collected from Chamoli (P1), Bhowali (P2), Jageshwar (P3), Munsiyari (P4). Maximum extraction yield (%) was achieved in P4 (14.78 %) and P4 population (12.43 %) in aqueous and methanol extract respectively. Majority of phytochemicals were present in aqueous and methanol extract except tannins and alkaloids were absent in aqueous solvent. DPPH scavenging activity (%) was maximum in P4 (38.34) and P3 (32.368) in aqueous and methanol extract respectively. Comparatively lower IC50 (μg/ml) values of DPPH were obtained in P4 population (172.17) in aqueous and P3 popualtion (183.71) in methanol extract. Maximum FRAP (μg BHT/mg) activity was observed in P3 (77.21) and P4 population (36.69) in aqueous and methanol extract respectively. Total antioxidant activity (μg VCE/mg) was highest in P4 population (23.35) in aqueous extract and P3 population (16.87) in methanol extract respectively. Maximum flavonoid content (μg QE/mg) was achieved in P3 population (17.67) in aqueous extract and P4 population (24.17) in methanol extract respectively. Highest total phenol content was achieved in P4 population (35.76) and P4 popualtion (23.83) in aqueous and methanol extracts respectively. The GC-MS analysis of aqueous and methanol extracts of P. verticillatum rhizome showed the presence of 27 and 30 bioactive compounds respectively. In aqueous extract 7-Nonenamide (22.19%), 5- Hydromethylfufural (8.87 %), 3-Furaldehyde (8.82 %), 5-Hydromethylfurfural (8.87%), D- Alanine, Npropargyloxycarbony - isohexyl, ester (7.20 %),2,4- Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)- furan-3-one (5.76 %), 2-acetyl – 1-pyrroline (5.40 %), 3- Amino-2- oxazolidinone (4.39 %), 1,3 –Dioxolane, 2,4,5- trimethyl- (3.77 %) were reported as main compounds were the major compounds while in methanol extract 4-Hexene-3-one, 4, 5 – dimethyl (40.60 %), furfural (26.07), (R) – (-) – Methyl -2- butane (4.20 %), Cholesterol (3.06%), 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclop enta [a]phenanthren-3-ol (2.86 %), 26-Nor-5-cholesten-3á-ol-25- one (2.47 %) were the major compounds were the major compounds. Utilizing the findings of the present research not only provides a method for mass propagation of the species but also helps in assessing the phytochemical differences in the populations growing at different altitudes.
