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Open Access
Study of macrobenthic structure of Gaula river and fish ponds of tarai region, Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Ghadai, Mrutyunjaya; Trakroo, Malobica Das
The Present study was done to evaluate the macrobenthic structure of Gaula river (29°16'18"N latitude and 79°32'51"E longitude) and fish ponds (29.01° N latitude, 79.3° E longitude) of Tarai region, Uttarakhand. The physico-chemical parameters of water and soil of these water bodies were analysed. Three different sites were selected in Gaula river named as S1, S2&S3. Likewise, three ponds were selected with three sampling sites each. Fortnightly samplings of water, soil and benthos were done. In Gaula river water temperature, DO, pH, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, free Co2, nitrate and phosphate varied from15.6-25°C,7.03- 9.19 mgl-1, 7.5-8.75, 204.65-299.55 μS cm-1, 146.9-187.6 mgl-1, 121.3-153.65 mgl-1, 0-1 mgl-1, 0.22-0.34 mgl-1, 0.042-0.071 mgl-1 respectively. In case of fish ponds water temperature, DO, pH, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, free Co2, nitrate and phosphate varied from 15.37- 31.17°C, 5.74-9.71 mgl-1, 7.13-8.68, 203.40-447.27μS cm-1, 200.61-290.46 mgl-1,117.42- 158.78 mgl-1, 0-1.17 mgl-1, 0.33-0.51 mgl-1, 0.015-0.048 mgl-1 respectively. Soil parameters of both the water bodies were analysed at the starting of the experiment and a week before the end of experiment. In Gaula river soil texture, soil pH, conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter varied from sand% 76.48-77.25, silt% 11.59-11.41, clay% 11.59-11.41,7.9- .4,285.3-343.1 μS cm-1,0.41-0.66%,0.71-1.14% respectively. Likewise, in fish ponds soil texture, soil pH, conductivity, organic carbon and organic matter varied from sand% 42.76-53.21, silt%31. 15- 41.34, clay%10.13-26.09%, 7.7-8.3, 298.83-328.87 μS cm-1, 2-2.6%,3.45-4.48% respectively. In Gaula river, population density varied from 25-100 ind/m2 and a total 4 species belonging to Malacostraca, Insecta and Gastropoda were recorded. Group wise distribution showed that insecta was dominant group in the taken stretch of Gaula river. Insecta was dominant group in Gaula river stretch. In case of fish ponds total 8 species belonging to Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Oligochaeta were recorded. The population density varied from 16.7-641.66 ind/m2.Groupwise distribution revealed that Gastropoda was the dominant group found in fish ponds. In case of Gaula river the Simpson’s index, Shannon Weiner index and Margalef’s index ranged from 0- 0 , 4 . 0 - 0 , 8 . 1 - 4 2 . 1 r e n i e W n o n n a h S , x e d n i s ’ n o s p m i S e h t s d n o p h s i f f o e s a c n I . y l e v i t c e p s e rindex and Margalef’s index ranged from 0.25-0.46, 0.42-0.79, 0.75-1.58 respectively. The study concludes that fish ponds are more diverse than the Gaula river in terms of availability of benthic macroinvertebrates.
Open Access
Evaluation of water quality and fish growth in aquamimicry fish culture system
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Sanwal, Neha; Mishra, Ashutosh
The present study was conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 (165 days) to evaluate the effect of aquamimicry culture system on water quality and fish growth. The objective of this work was to compare the effect of this technology on various parameters viz. water quality, plankton production and fish performance. The experiment was carried out in 12 rectangular FRP tanks kept indoor in poly carbonate house (size 4 m³ each) stocked with 40 fingerlings/ m3 in three groups of fishes viz. Catla (T1), Rohu: Mrigal @ 1:1 (T2) and Rohu: Mrigal: Silver Carp: Grass Carp: Amur Common Carp @ 30 :10 :15: 15: 30 (T3) in triplicate and one set of control for each group. After stocking, the experimental fish were fed with 50% required feed in aquamimicry treatments and 100% required feed was given in control units. After 165 days of experimentation period (December to May), the data were analyzed and compared. The physical parameters viz. Temperature, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were analyzed which varied from 16.2-32.3°C, 150-500 μS cm-1 and 220.5-357.8 mgL-¹, respectively and the value of chemical parameters pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, hardness, salinity, ammonia, phosphate and biochemical oxygen demand varied from 7.5- 8.7, 3.22-7.15 mg L-¹, 160- 220 mg L-¹, 170-220 mg L-¹, 0.17-0.26 psu, 0.01-0.24 mg L-¹, 0.002-0.74 mg L-¹ and 1.15- 4 mg L-¹, respectively. There was no negative impact of aquamimicry fish culture system on water quality parameters. Treatment tanks also showed better average phytoplankton: zooplankton ratio with best ratio in treatment T2 as compared to control tanks, as well as higher plankton diversity i.e. 13 zooplankton varieties in treatment tanks and 9 zooplankton varieties in control tanks. The result indicates that aquamimicry fish culture tanks shows higher specific growth rate in Catla 1.80 % day-1 as compared to the 1.60 % day-1 in Control tanks. Feed Conversion Ratio values also decreased from 1.443-2.3 in control tanks to 0.728-1.4 in treatment tanks. Protein Efficiency Ratio values ranged from 2.96 to 5.7 in treatment tanks as compared to 1.7-2.8 in control tanks. The better survival rate among various fish species has also been recorded in aquamimicry culture system treatment T2. There was 33.40 to 37.87% decrease in the cost of production and benefit - cost ratio reached 3.05 in treatment T1, 2.29 in treatment T2 and 2.32 in treatment T3. This indicates that even without intensification, the production can be increased with increased economic output in the aquamimicry culture system.
Open Access
Effect of himalayan herb Urtica dioica on growth and survival of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-02) Jangpangi, Krishna; Rajesh
The present study was investigated to study the effect of Urtica dioica on growth performance, survival, haematological and serum biochemical parameters in Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) for a period of 90 days. Four treatments designated as T1, T2, T3 and TC with three replicates were installed in the Wet laboratory of College of Fisheries. Varied diets were supplemented with U. dioica at different rate i.e., 0.5 g, 0.75 g and 1 g/kg feed for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively while treatment TC was given control diet. The physico-chemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity were found to be within optimum range. There was no adverse effect observed on water quality parameters due to incorporation of U. dioica on fish diets. The phytochemical analyses of U. dioica leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids (37.21 μg/ml), alkaloids (25.39 μg/ml), tannin (6.15 μg/ml), terpenoid (2.516 μg/ml), glycosides (1.096 μg/ml), phenolic (297.5 μg/ml) and saponin was absent. The different diets supplemented with U.dioica showed increased on growth performance of experimental fishes. The best results for growth parameters like net weight gain (415c±.547 g), net length gain (4.2d±.034 cm), percent weight gain (85.65c±.400 %), specific growth rate (.298c±.008 %), gross conversion efficiency (.229c±.006), feed conversion ratio (4.37a±.132) and condition factor (1.53b±.011) were recorded in treatment T3 in comparison with the treatment TC (control). No mortality was observed in all the treatments which resulted in the 100% survival rate. The haematological parameters (like haemoglobin level, total erythrocyte count, and total leukocyte count etc) and serum biochemical parameters (including total serum protein, albumin and globulin) showed increased results for the treatment T3. From the above study it is suggested that the herb U. dioica leaves powder be supplemented at the rate 1g/kg in fish feed for increasing growth, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus).
Open Access
Comparative assessment of microbial load in Kumaun lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Chandra, Bhanu; Mishra, Ashutosh
The present study was conducted to made comparative assessment of water quality parameters, microbial load and trophic status of four selected lakes of Kumaun region which is Lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal and Naukuchiatal for a period of six months i.e., Nov, 2020 to April, 2021. Three sampling sites were selected based on level of human interaction namely, S1 (Site of least interaction), S2 (Moderate interaction) and S3 (Maximum interaction) from each lake to analyse the above parameters. Surface water samples were collected fortnightly and certain parameters were analysed at sub-surface layer as well. The average values of physical parameters i.e., surface temperature, subsurface temperature, secchi disc transparency, surface conductivity, subsurface conductivity, surface and subsurface TDS were recorded as13.4°C, 13.2°C, 169.7 cm, 412.9 μS cm-1, 411.8 μS cm-1, 351.5mg L-1, 350.4 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Nainital; 15°C, 14.6°C, 232.9 cm, 157.2 μS cm-1, 156.6 μS cm-1, 127.9 mg L-1, 128.2 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Bhimtal; 16.2°C, 15.6°C, 282.6 cm, 84.8 μS cm-1, 83.2 μS cm-1, 66.3 mg L-1, 65.9 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Sattal and 18.3°C, 17.4°C, 265.9 cm, 139.6 μS cm-1, 138.4 μS cm-1, 104.8 mg L-1, 104.2 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Naukuchital during the period of study. During research period, the average values of chemical parameters which is surface pH, subsurface pH, surface DO, subsurface DO, total alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate were recorded as 8.1, 8.2, 8.24mg L-1, 8.1mg L-1, 158.4mg L-1, 311.0mg L-1, 0.26 psu, 0.109mg L-1, 0.019 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Nainital; 8.2, 8.2, 8.55mg L-1, 8.2mg L-1, 85.2mg L-1, 115.8mg L-1, 0.09 psu, 0.061mg L-1, 0.020 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Bhimtal; 7.9, 7.8, 6.67mg L-1, 6.3mg L-1, 58.6mg L-1, 76.3mg L-1, 0.05psu, 0.072mg L-1, 0.014 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Sattal and 8, 8.1, 9.5mg L-1, 9.2mg L-1, 73.6mg L-1, 110.9mg L-1, 0.08 psu, 0.063mg L-1, 0.017mg L-1, respectively in Lake Naukuchital. The average bacterial load was recorded as 1.174, 1.208, 0.845 and 0.883 CFU×106 ml-1 in Lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal and Naukuchiatal, respectively. The dominant bacterial isolates were identified as Micrococcus, Bacillus, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas. Based onlimnological parameters and bacterial count, Lake Nainital and Bhimtal were identified as highly Mesotrophic whereas Lake Sattal and Naukuchital were identified as fairly Mesotrophic.
Open Access
Plankton dynamics of Kumaon lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Sable, Monica Rajkumar; Trakroo, M. Das
Assessment of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton of four lakes namely Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal and Sattal was made from November 2020 to April 2021 in the present investigation to evaluate plankton diversity of the lakes. Three sites viz., S1, S2 and S3 were selected in each lakes on the basis of human interference and fortnightly sampling was done. The important physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, transparency, TDS, electrical conductivity, pH, DO, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate and phosphate of the lakes varied from each other. The phytoplankton mainly consists of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cynophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae whereas zooplankton mainly consists of Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda. A total of 46 species of phytoplankton were recorded in lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal which comprises of members of Bacillariophyceae (21 species), Chlorophyceae (17 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) Euglenophyceae (2 species) and Dinophyceae (1 species). In sattal lake, a total of 44 species of phytoplankton were recorded which comprises of members of Bacillariophyceae (21 species), Chlorophyceae (17 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) and Dinophyceae (1 species). Euglenophyceae was not found in lake Sattal during the study period. 25 genera of zooplankton were recorded in the selected lakes, out of which 10 genera belong to Rotifera, 7 genera to Copepoda, 6 genera to Cladocera and 2 genera to Ostracoda. The average density of phytoplankton and zooplankton at Nainital lake was 60750±10471 cells L-1 and 4215±505 ind. L-1 respectively. Phytoplankton and zooplankton population 64583±8712 cells L-1 and 4439±623 ind. L-1 respectively at Bhimtal lake. The average density of phytoplankton and zooplankton at Naukuchiatal lake was 68722±5688 cells L-1 and 4404±137 ind. L-1 respectively, in Sattal lake it was 65833±9976 cells L-1 and 4529±308 ind. L-1 respectively. The study concludes that Naukuchiatal lake is more diverse than the other lakes in terms of planktonic diversity due to less pollution and better hydrological regime and constant aeration. Also, the limnological parameters of all the selected lakes revealed that the environmental conditions are good from fisheries point of view.
Open Access
Comparative assessment of productivity status in Kumaon lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Gururani, Samridhi; Tiwari, Hema
The present study was designed to draw a comparative assessment of the productivity status in lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal of Kumaon region in Uttarakhand. Attempt has been made to assess the current water quality status of the lakes, phytoplankton composition, primary productivity and thereby classifying the trophic status of the lakes on the basis of productivity. Samples were collected fortnightly for a period of six months from November, 2020 to April 2021.The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, transparency, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total hardness, Nitrate-Nitrogen and Phosphate-Phosphrous were fairly moderate and were found to be within permissible limits. A total of 46 different taxa of phytoplankton belonging to five different classes were recorded from the lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal during the study period . These different taxa belonged to the classes namely Bacillariophyceae(21), Chlorophyceae(17), Cyanophyceae(5), Euglenophyceae(2) and Dinophyceae(1). Members of Baciillariophyceae were found to be dominant . Phytoplankton density was found to be maximum in Naukuchiatal lake (68722±8002) followed by Sattal lake(65833±8772), Bhimtal lake(64583±1740) and Nainital Lake(60750±11767). In Bhimtal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR were between 13.89 to 18 mgCm-3hr-1, 8 to13.99 mgCm-3hr- 1and 0.01 to 0.39 mgCm-3hr-1. In Nainital lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 12.67- 18.37 mgCm-3hr-1, 11.41- 16.05 mgCm-3hr-1 and 0.02- 0.13 mgCm-3hr-1. In Naukuchiatal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 14.53- 18.58 mgCm-3hr-1, 12.74- 16.76 mgCm-3hr-1 and 0.015- 0.28 mgCm-3hr-1 whereas in Sattal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 12.41- 16.14 mgCm-3hr-1, 8.53- 13.47 mgCm-3hr-1and 0.03- 0.22 respectively. Productivity status indicated optimal nutrient availability and uniform energy flow in the food web of the lakes , Naukuchiatal lake was found to be the most productive lake followed by Bhimtal, Nainital and Sattal . On the basis of primary productivity and other important biological indicators like transparency, chlorophyll a concentration and phosphorous content, lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal depicted moderate mesotrophic conditions during the entire study period. The details of the findings of the investigation is presented in different chapters of the thesis.
Open Access
Study of nutrient dynamics of water and growth parameters of Labeo rohita grown in aquaponic system with selected medicinal plants
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Bisht, Diksha; Tiwari, Hema
The present research was done to study nutrient dynamics of water and growth parameters of Labeo rohita grown in aquaponic system with selected medicinal plants. The small plants, Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Aloe vera and Mint (Mentha spicata) and fingerlings of Rohu (Labeo rohita) was collected from the hatchery of College of Fisheries, Pantnagar. Small plants of was grown in polyhouse in a FRP rectangular size trough of size of 176 × 44 × 17 cm. The trough was filled with stone gravels of size 8 – 20 mm. The average length and weight of rohu fingerlings were 6±1cm and 4±0.5g. The present study was carried out in rectangular cement tank filled with 8000 litre water and stocked with 400 numbers of fingerlings in each tank designated as T1 (Tulsi), T2 (Mint) and T3 (Aloe vera) respectively. A control without any plant but 400 rohu fingerlings was run simultaneously for comparison. Experiment was run with three replications for a duration of 6 months from October 2019 to march 2020. All water quality parameters were analysed weekly. Monthly sampling of length and weight of fishes was done. Initial and final biomassLwere taken at starting and ending point of an experiment. The fingerlings of different groups were fed with 1% respective medicinal plant extract incorporated floating commercial 28% protein based pelleted feed prepared by using different ingredients viz. groundnut oil cake, rice bran, maize, fish meal etc.. Every day 2.5% i.e 200L of water from fish tank removed and given to the plants in aquaponic unit. Approximately half an hour of time will be taken by each trough. The result of the present study showed that aquaponic system having integration with medicinal plants are capable of utilizing waste of one system for another biological system. Aquaponics with Aloe vera showed better growth of Rohu along with better productivity of Aloe vera as compared to other treatment tanks. Aquaponics with Tulsi showed better BCR as compared to other treatment tanks.
Open Access
Assessment of Azolla efficacy on growth and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Arya, Diksha; Khati, Akansha
A feeding trial of 90 days was conducted to examine the efficacy of Azolla on growth and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerling. Azolla microphylla was selected for the experimentation due to the suitability of this species to grow in the cold climate. Cultivation of azolla, cooking treatment to reduce the anti nutritional elements from fresh azolla, proximate composition of azolla, preparation and proximate composition of test diets, data observation on length and weight, L-W relationship, condition factor, FCR, survival rate, growth assessment by RNA:DNA ratio and recording of physio- chemical parameters of pond water were the major work elements of the study. Azolla can be incorporated upto 40%, which is favourable for better growth and also reduce the high priced protein ingredients in the feeding of grass carp fingerlings. Cooked azolla at 1000C for 15min is more useful for growth of fingerlings rather than use of fresh azolla. Azolla seems to be good replacer of protein from expensive sources such as mustard oil cake, soybean cake depending on feeding habits of the species. Also, the dietary Azolla supplementation shows to have a positive effect on growth and survival of fish without deteriorating the water quality. Use of cooked azolla rather than fresh azolla would be helpful for the aquaculture of grass carp in mid hill conditions. Findings of the study are directly applicable for the coldwater aquaculture practice.

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