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Open Access
Comparative assessment of microbial load in Kumaun lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Chandra, Bhanu; Mishra, Ashutosh
The present study was conducted to made comparative assessment of water quality parameters, microbial load and trophic status of four selected lakes of Kumaun region which is Lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal and Naukuchiatal for a period of six months i.e., Nov, 2020 to April, 2021. Three sampling sites were selected based on level of human interaction namely, S1 (Site of least interaction), S2 (Moderate interaction) and S3 (Maximum interaction) from each lake to analyse the above parameters. Surface water samples were collected fortnightly and certain parameters were analysed at sub-surface layer as well. The average values of physical parameters i.e., surface temperature, subsurface temperature, secchi disc transparency, surface conductivity, subsurface conductivity, surface and subsurface TDS were recorded as13.4°C, 13.2°C, 169.7 cm, 412.9 μS cm-1, 411.8 μS cm-1, 351.5mg L-1, 350.4 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Nainital; 15°C, 14.6°C, 232.9 cm, 157.2 μS cm-1, 156.6 μS cm-1, 127.9 mg L-1, 128.2 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Bhimtal; 16.2°C, 15.6°C, 282.6 cm, 84.8 μS cm-1, 83.2 μS cm-1, 66.3 mg L-1, 65.9 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Sattal and 18.3°C, 17.4°C, 265.9 cm, 139.6 μS cm-1, 138.4 μS cm-1, 104.8 mg L-1, 104.2 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Naukuchital during the period of study. During research period, the average values of chemical parameters which is surface pH, subsurface pH, surface DO, subsurface DO, total alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate were recorded as 8.1, 8.2, 8.24mg L-1, 8.1mg L-1, 158.4mg L-1, 311.0mg L-1, 0.26 psu, 0.109mg L-1, 0.019 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Nainital; 8.2, 8.2, 8.55mg L-1, 8.2mg L-1, 85.2mg L-1, 115.8mg L-1, 0.09 psu, 0.061mg L-1, 0.020 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Bhimtal; 7.9, 7.8, 6.67mg L-1, 6.3mg L-1, 58.6mg L-1, 76.3mg L-1, 0.05psu, 0.072mg L-1, 0.014 mg L-1, respectively in Lake Sattal and 8, 8.1, 9.5mg L-1, 9.2mg L-1, 73.6mg L-1, 110.9mg L-1, 0.08 psu, 0.063mg L-1, 0.017mg L-1, respectively in Lake Naukuchital. The average bacterial load was recorded as 1.174, 1.208, 0.845 and 0.883 CFU×106 ml-1 in Lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal and Naukuchiatal, respectively. The dominant bacterial isolates were identified as Micrococcus, Bacillus, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas. Based onlimnological parameters and bacterial count, Lake Nainital and Bhimtal were identified as highly Mesotrophic whereas Lake Sattal and Naukuchital were identified as fairly Mesotrophic.
Open Access
Plankton dynamics of Kumaon lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Sable, Monica Rajkumar; Trakroo, M. Das
Assessment of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton of four lakes namely Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal and Sattal was made from November 2020 to April 2021 in the present investigation to evaluate plankton diversity of the lakes. Three sites viz., S1, S2 and S3 were selected in each lakes on the basis of human interference and fortnightly sampling was done. The important physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, transparency, TDS, electrical conductivity, pH, DO, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate and phosphate of the lakes varied from each other. The phytoplankton mainly consists of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cynophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae whereas zooplankton mainly consists of Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda. A total of 46 species of phytoplankton were recorded in lake Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal which comprises of members of Bacillariophyceae (21 species), Chlorophyceae (17 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) Euglenophyceae (2 species) and Dinophyceae (1 species). In sattal lake, a total of 44 species of phytoplankton were recorded which comprises of members of Bacillariophyceae (21 species), Chlorophyceae (17 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) and Dinophyceae (1 species). Euglenophyceae was not found in lake Sattal during the study period. 25 genera of zooplankton were recorded in the selected lakes, out of which 10 genera belong to Rotifera, 7 genera to Copepoda, 6 genera to Cladocera and 2 genera to Ostracoda. The average density of phytoplankton and zooplankton at Nainital lake was 60750±10471 cells L-1 and 4215±505 ind. L-1 respectively. Phytoplankton and zooplankton population 64583±8712 cells L-1 and 4439±623 ind. L-1 respectively at Bhimtal lake. The average density of phytoplankton and zooplankton at Naukuchiatal lake was 68722±5688 cells L-1 and 4404±137 ind. L-1 respectively, in Sattal lake it was 65833±9976 cells L-1 and 4529±308 ind. L-1 respectively. The study concludes that Naukuchiatal lake is more diverse than the other lakes in terms of planktonic diversity due to less pollution and better hydrological regime and constant aeration. Also, the limnological parameters of all the selected lakes revealed that the environmental conditions are good from fisheries point of view.
Open Access
Comparative assessment of productivity status in Kumaon lakes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Gururani, Samridhi; Tiwari, Hema
The present study was designed to draw a comparative assessment of the productivity status in lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal of Kumaon region in Uttarakhand. Attempt has been made to assess the current water quality status of the lakes, phytoplankton composition, primary productivity and thereby classifying the trophic status of the lakes on the basis of productivity. Samples were collected fortnightly for a period of six months from November, 2020 to April 2021.The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, transparency, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total hardness, Nitrate-Nitrogen and Phosphate-Phosphrous were fairly moderate and were found to be within permissible limits. A total of 46 different taxa of phytoplankton belonging to five different classes were recorded from the lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal during the study period . These different taxa belonged to the classes namely Bacillariophyceae(21), Chlorophyceae(17), Cyanophyceae(5), Euglenophyceae(2) and Dinophyceae(1). Members of Baciillariophyceae were found to be dominant . Phytoplankton density was found to be maximum in Naukuchiatal lake (68722±8002) followed by Sattal lake(65833±8772), Bhimtal lake(64583±1740) and Nainital Lake(60750±11767). In Bhimtal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR were between 13.89 to 18 mgCm-3hr-1, 8 to13.99 mgCm-3hr- 1and 0.01 to 0.39 mgCm-3hr-1. In Nainital lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 12.67- 18.37 mgCm-3hr-1, 11.41- 16.05 mgCm-3hr-1 and 0.02- 0.13 mgCm-3hr-1. In Naukuchiatal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 14.53- 18.58 mgCm-3hr-1, 12.74- 16.76 mgCm-3hr-1 and 0.015- 0.28 mgCm-3hr-1 whereas in Sattal lake values of GPP, NPP and CR fluctuated between 12.41- 16.14 mgCm-3hr-1, 8.53- 13.47 mgCm-3hr-1and 0.03- 0.22 respectively. Productivity status indicated optimal nutrient availability and uniform energy flow in the food web of the lakes , Naukuchiatal lake was found to be the most productive lake followed by Bhimtal, Nainital and Sattal . On the basis of primary productivity and other important biological indicators like transparency, chlorophyll a concentration and phosphorous content, lakes Bhimtal, Nainital, Naukuchiatal and Sattal depicted moderate mesotrophic conditions during the entire study period. The details of the findings of the investigation is presented in different chapters of the thesis.
Open Access
Study of nutrient dynamics of water and growth parameters of Labeo rohita grown in aquaponic system with selected medicinal plants
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Bisht, Diksha; Tiwari, Hema
The present research was done to study nutrient dynamics of water and growth parameters of Labeo rohita grown in aquaponic system with selected medicinal plants. The small plants, Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Aloe vera and Mint (Mentha spicata) and fingerlings of Rohu (Labeo rohita) was collected from the hatchery of College of Fisheries, Pantnagar. Small plants of was grown in polyhouse in a FRP rectangular size trough of size of 176 × 44 × 17 cm. The trough was filled with stone gravels of size 8 – 20 mm. The average length and weight of rohu fingerlings were 6±1cm and 4±0.5g. The present study was carried out in rectangular cement tank filled with 8000 litre water and stocked with 400 numbers of fingerlings in each tank designated as T1 (Tulsi), T2 (Mint) and T3 (Aloe vera) respectively. A control without any plant but 400 rohu fingerlings was run simultaneously for comparison. Experiment was run with three replications for a duration of 6 months from October 2019 to march 2020. All water quality parameters were analysed weekly. Monthly sampling of length and weight of fishes was done. Initial and final biomassLwere taken at starting and ending point of an experiment. The fingerlings of different groups were fed with 1% respective medicinal plant extract incorporated floating commercial 28% protein based pelleted feed prepared by using different ingredients viz. groundnut oil cake, rice bran, maize, fish meal etc.. Every day 2.5% i.e 200L of water from fish tank removed and given to the plants in aquaponic unit. Approximately half an hour of time will be taken by each trough. The result of the present study showed that aquaponic system having integration with medicinal plants are capable of utilizing waste of one system for another biological system. Aquaponics with Aloe vera showed better growth of Rohu along with better productivity of Aloe vera as compared to other treatment tanks. Aquaponics with Tulsi showed better BCR as compared to other treatment tanks.
Open Access
Evaluation of dietary supplementation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder on some reproductive and hematological parameters in male broodstock of Jayantirohu (Labeo rohita)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Arya, Priyanka; Chauhan, R.S.
The present study was carried out to evaluate efficacy of Withania somnifera (Ashwagadha) root powder as a growth promoting, aphrodisiac and immunostimulating agent in the male brooders of Jayanti rohu (Labeo rohita). It is inferred from phytochemical analysis saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids and starch were present in ashwagandha root powder extract. A total of 200 Labeo rohita male brood fishes with average weight 704.455± 0.18g were dispersed randomly into four treatment groups BP1 (control), BP2, BP3 and BP4 @ 50 males/treatment. The ashwagandha root powder was incorporated at three concentrations (1%, 1.5% and 2%) in feed for conducting the experiment. In control diet D1, ashwagandha was not incorporated. BP1 group fishes were fed with D1 diet, BP2 with D2, BP3 with D3 and BP4 with D4 @ 3% body weight per day for 120 days. The values of water quality parameters were within suitable range of tolerance of the stocked fishes. Addition of ashwagandha in feed showed no detrimental effect on health of the fish. Brooders fed with diet D3 achieved significantly (P<0.05) better net weight gain (104.29±25.94 g), SGR (0.152±.03 %/day) and condition factor (1.242±.03). The monthly study revealed that significantly maximum (P<0.05) GSI (3.33±0.25 %) and testosterone level (2.61±0.03 ng/ml) were achieved in the treatment BP3/D3 during the month of July indicating peak breeding period. Similarly, BP3 treatment broodstock showed significantly (P<0.05) higher value of milt volume (3.03±0.21 ml/kg body weight), milt pH (7.31±0.02), sperm motility (88.98±1.07 %), motility duration (92.80±2.96 sec.), spermatocrit (83.40±1.13 %) and sperm concentration (10.03±0.17 no.×109/ ml) as compared to control treatment. Breeding success showed significant variation in fertilization (98.55±.34 %) and hatching percentage (91.20±.82 %) between BP3 and BP1 treatment. The total erythrocyte count (1.62±.02 cell×106 /μl), total leucocyte count (15.48±.06 cell×103 /μl), haemoglobin (7.68±.04 g%), PCV (22.89±.06 %), MCV (141.01±1.84 μm3), MCH (47.34±.47 Pg) and MCHC (34.15±.49 g/dl) showed significant (P<0.05) increment in treatment BP4 (2% ashwagandha inclusion) as compared to other treatments. The total serum protein (3.10±.03 g/dl), albumin (1.05±.02 g/dl), globulin (2.05±.05 g/dl), A/G ratio (0.51±.02) and total immunoglobulin (1.26±.01 g/dl) varied significantly (P<0.05) higher in BP4 as compared to control and other treatments, thus showing better haematological and serological profile in treated fishes over control. Thus, the obtained results indicate that the root powder of ashwagandha has prime importance in improving reproductive performance and immunological status in male Labeo rohita broodstock if included in fish feed @1.5-2.0%.
Open Access
Assessment of Azolla efficacy on growth and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Arya, Diksha; Khati, Akansha
A feeding trial of 90 days was conducted to examine the efficacy of Azolla on growth and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerling. Azolla microphylla was selected for the experimentation due to the suitability of this species to grow in the cold climate. Cultivation of azolla, cooking treatment to reduce the anti nutritional elements from fresh azolla, proximate composition of azolla, preparation and proximate composition of test diets, data observation on length and weight, L-W relationship, condition factor, FCR, survival rate, growth assessment by RNA:DNA ratio and recording of physio- chemical parameters of pond water were the major work elements of the study. Azolla can be incorporated upto 40%, which is favourable for better growth and also reduce the high priced protein ingredients in the feeding of grass carp fingerlings. Cooked azolla at 1000C for 15min is more useful for growth of fingerlings rather than use of fresh azolla. Azolla seems to be good replacer of protein from expensive sources such as mustard oil cake, soybean cake depending on feeding habits of the species. Also, the dietary Azolla supplementation shows to have a positive effect on growth and survival of fish without deteriorating the water quality. Use of cooked azolla rather than fresh azolla would be helpful for the aquaculture of grass carp in mid hill conditions. Findings of the study are directly applicable for the coldwater aquaculture practice.
Open Access
Primary productivity in relation to physico-chemical factors in fish ponds
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rathor, Prerna; Sharma, A.P.
The present study was designed to evaluate the physico-chemical factors and their effect on primary productivity in fish ponds. The experiment was conducted in three ponds viz. duckhouse pond and broodstock pond and nursery pond; having area of 0.1 ha, 0.2 ha and 0.05 ha, respectively which were situated at coordinates 28o58’N, 79o25’ E and at an altitude of 252 m above mean sea level, in Uttarakhand. Three sites in all the three experimental ponds viz. duckhouse pond (S1, S2 and S3), broodstock pond (S1', S2' and S3') and nursery pond (S1'', S2'' and S3'') were randomly selected and sampling was done fortnightly for the duration of six months i.e. from December-18 to May-19. In physical parameters water temperature, water transparency, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were found in the range of 15.9 to 32.5 oC, 28.0 to 54.8 cm, 201.0 to 587.0 μScm-1, and 138.5 to 424.5 mgL-1, respectively. In chemical parameters pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, nitratenitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen and silicate were recorded in the range of 7.6 to 8.4, 114.3 to 177.3 mgL-1, 4.9 to 8.5 mgL-1, 0 to 2 mgL-1, 0.32 to 0.51 mgL-1, 0.018 to 0.057 mgL-1, 0.09 to 0.35 mgL-1 and 2.56 to 5.09 mgL-1, respectively. The mean values of GPP, NPP and CR in experimental ponds were in the range of 2701.44 to 9506.88 mgCm-3d-1, 1287.36 to 4042.56 mgCm-3d-1 and 972.00 to 7874.88 mgCm-3d-1, respectively. The net production efficiency and chlorophyll a concentration in the study ponds was recorded in the range of 10.3 to 31.7% and 1.12 to 9.12 mgm-3, respectively. Phytoplankton composition of the experimental ponds consisted a total number of 24 different taxa belonging to 4 different classes namely Bacillariophyceae (12), Chlorophyceae (6), Cyanophyceae (4) and Euglenophyceae (2). The phytoplankton density ranged from 19350 to 69170 cellsL-1. Group wise distribution of phytoplankton density revealed that Bacillariophyceae was most dominant group in the experimental ponds. The maximum diversity was found in the month of May followed by April and December.
Open Access
Study on the mycofiltration of water and its application in fish culture
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Chandra, Deepshikha; Mishra, Ashutosh
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of mycofiltration in fish culture. The experiment consists of seven treatments in triplicates as per water filtration rate viz T0(control treatment), T1 (8000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags), T1´(8000 litre/day water filtration through RAS), T2 (4000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags), T2´(4000 litre/day water filtration through RAS), T3 (2000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags) and T3´(2000 litre/day water filtration through RAS). Healthy and disease free fingerlings, of three fish species viz. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus and Labeo rohita weighing with average weight 10±0.5 gm, 10±0.3 gm, 20±0.5 gm were stocked at the rate of 100 fingerlings/tank (25 fingerlings/m3) in the ratio of 35:35:30, respectively in the treatment tanks. The fingerlings were fed with 28% protein dry pelleted feed @ 3-5 % body weight. Evaluation of different physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and microbial load was done in all the treatment tanks. Weekly analysis of water quality parameters viz temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate was done to observe their variation in different treatment groups.During the experiment different range of physico-chemical parameters was obtained in all the experimental tanks viz Temperature (15.2-28.7°C), conductivity (312-594.75μS cm-1), total dissolved solids (156-391.75 mgL-1 ), dissolved oxygen (3.5-7.17 mgL-1), free carbon dioxide (1-5.4 mgL-1), pH (6.7-8.2), total alkalinity (66.5-259 mgL-1), ammonia (0.012-0.24 mgL-1), nitrate (0.1-5.2 mgL-1) and phosphate (0.01-0.62 mgL-1). The net weight gained during the investigation period by experimental fishes Labeo rohita, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, in the treatment groups was 116.59-133.13g, 103.42-123.28g, 51.37-59.36g respectively. Evaluation of heavy metals and microbial load done during the study period resulted in decrease in the concentration of heavy metals and microbial load at the end of the experiment. The above research revealed that mycofiltration technique is useful for the growth of fishes in the polluted water bodies with heavy metals and microbial load. This technique makes the suitable condition of the hydrographical parameters and does not cause stress in the environment for the fishes. It is an integrated technique with mushroom cum fish culture and is easy to be handled and very cost effective.
Open Access
Analysis of production performance of species combination based carp farming in tarai agro-climatic regime
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Bindu Priya, K.; Chauhan, R.S.
The study was conducted in three rectangular earthen ponds of the size of 0.026 ha, 0.034 ha and 0.03 ha with 0.75±0.10 m water depth. Four species of carps namely, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix at the ratio of 80 : 6 : 8 : 6 in pond 1, six species of carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio at the ratio of 20 : 25 : 15 : 15 : 15 : 10 : 15 in pond 2 and three Indian major carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala at the ratio of 40 : 30 : 30 were stocked @ 10,000/ha. Raw cattle dung @ 15000 kg/ha/yr and lime @ 200 kg/ha/yr were applied in split doses in all the three experimental ponds. The rearing period was 8 months. The fish were given pelletized feed daily @ 3-5 per cent of their body weight. No drastic deviation from the acceptable range of water quality parameters was recorded. Fish growth were recorded in all the three experimental ponds. The plankton volume in ponds increased gradually towards the end of the study. Hundred per cent survival of fish was observed in ponds 1 and 2 and 83.3 per cent in ponds 3. Production to the tune of 74.32 kg (4,280 kg/ha/yr), 131.72 kg (5,677 kg/ha/yr), 84.49 kg (4,141 kg/ha/yr) could be obtained from ponds 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Net profit of Rs. 1,20,431.13 (4 species), Rs.1,38,053.03 (6 species) and Rs. 1,11,967.00 (3 species) were obtained from the experimental ponds. It is inferred that from the biomass point of view 6 species combination is preferable but from the monetary point of view 4 species combination is recommended. The present study revealed that various species combination based carp farming systems in Tarai region of Uttaranchal are profitable and sustained.

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