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Theses

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2016 - 20193
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Subject: Aquaculture × End date: 2019 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Thymus linearis plant extract on growth and non-specific immune responses of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) against oomycetes Saprolegnia parasitica
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Shah, Tarang Kumar; Avdhesh Kumar
    The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of wild ajwain (Thymus linearis) on growth performance, haemato-biochemical analysis, and non-specific immune responses of golden Mahseer (Tor putitora) against Saprolegnia parasitica. From the results of GC-MS and FT-IT analysis of phytochemicals it was recorded that carvacrol, phytol, caryophyllene, tetradecanoic acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid, etc. were present in Thymus linearis leaf extract. Antifungal activity of Thymus linearis leaf extract was recorded against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia australis. Toxicity level of Wild ajwain on golden mahseer was recorded in 8.79 mg/kg incorporated diet by median lethal dose (LD50) method. The wild ajwain leaf extract was incorporated at three concentrations (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9mg/kg basal diet) in feed for growth and immunity analysis. The first experiment for growth analysis was conducted for 60 days. Golden mahseer fed with Thymus linearis incorporated diets results indicated a significant increase in growth performance (weight and length gain, SGR, FCR, AGR) as compared to the control. Second experiment for haematology, biochemical and non-specific immunity was conducted. At the end of 45 days feeding period, the fish were exposed to the oomycetes S. parasitica for 14 days. Feeding the fish with 0.3 mg/kg (T1) of dietary Thymus linearis leaf extract resulted in better haematology indices (red and white blood cell counts, and PCV and haemoglobin), biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, and globulin), and non-specific immunity indices (NBT, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and Antiprotease activity) in comparison with the other treatments and control. A significant reduction in mortality was observed in the treated fish. The lowest mortality was recorded in 0.3 mg/kg (T1) of Thymus linearis plant extract compared to the control following challenging with S. parasitica. The use of Thymus linearis plant extract, particularly at a level of 0.3 mg/kg (T1), in golden mahseer diet was observed to improve growth and immunity parameters as well as boost up fish resistance against S. parasitica contamination. Third experiment for identification of Saprolegnia strain in golden mahseer eggs was conducted. Morphological, Molecular characterization, SEM, and Histopathologically identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica and S. australis, that were studied first time in Uttarakhand.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of dietary utilization of different phytobiotics along with vitamin C and chitosan on growth and immune response in Cyprinus carpio haematopterus
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Nazir, Iqra; Chauhan, R.S.
    The present study was carried out to evaluate growth promoting, antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effect of Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, vitamin C and chitosan on the fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. The fingerlings weighing 30.0 ± 2 g were distributed randomly into four treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3 of 25 fishes each in triplicate. Four isoproteinous experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard oil cake, deoiled soybean cake and vitamin-mineral mixture. The phytobiotics, Vitamin C and Chitosan were incorporated into diet. Diet D1 contained control feed + 2.5 g of garlic + 2.5 g of giloy+ 2.5 g of turmeric +2.5 g of ashwagandha per kg feed. The diet D2 had control feed + (2.5 g of each plant) + 25 mg Vitamin C per kg feed. The diet D3 contained control feed + (2.5 g of each plant) + 2.5 g Chitosan per kg feed. T0 group fishes were fed with D0 diet, T1 with D1, T2 with D2 and T3 with D3 @ 5% body weight per day for 122 days. The antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of garlic, giloy, ashwagandha and turmeric against the Aeromonas hydrophila was assessed by the presence and absence of inhibition zones. Fingerlings fed with diet D3 achieved higher net weight gain (17.49 ± 0.2461 g), specific growth rate (0.197 ± 0.018 %), gross conversion efficiency (0.7478 ± 0.0019) and better feed conversion ratio (1.337 ± 0.0057) as compared to other treatments. In the current study, the haematological parameters (TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV etc.) varied significantly (P< 0.05) between the 0th day, pre challenged and post challenged group. The total serum protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, ALT, lysozyme activity and NBT assay resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) increment between the pre challenged and the post challenged groups in all the treatment groups fed with the experimental diet. The water quality parameters like water temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH and total alkalinity were within the tolerance range of the experimental fish. The results indicate that the experimented phytobiotics along with vitamin C and chitosan have very good growth promoting and immunostimulatory effect and does not have any adverse effect on health of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus in culture system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of plant based carotenoids on growth, color development and breeding performance of Red Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Singh, Raghu Nath; Avdhesh Kumar
    The present experiment was carried out from June 2015 to March 2016 to evaluate the effects of carotenoids through dietary supplementation of beetroot and carrot meal in the fry of red swordtail (Xiphophorur helleri) on growth, color development and breeding performances parameters. Six hundred thirty fish with similar body weight (0.28±0.10 g) were distributed randomly into seven treatment groups T0, BT1, BT2, BT3, CT1, CT2, and CT3 with three replicates. Experimental control diet (D0) was prepared by mixing mustard oil cake 20%, fish meal 20%, soya bean meal 25%, rice flour 20%, wheat flour 14% and vitamin and mineral premix 1%. The beetroot meal was incorporated in to diets BD1, BD2 and BD3 @ 5%, 10% and 15% respectively and carrot meal was incorporated in to diets CD1, CD2 and CD3 @ 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. The fishes of treatment group T0 were fed with diet D0, BT1 with BD1, BT2 with BD2, BT3 with BD3, CT1 with CD1, CT2 with CD2 and CT3 with CD3 @ 5% body weight per day. Beetroot meal at 15% produced the best survival in BT3. In present study higher specific growth rate (0.43%/day) was recorded in BT2, BT3 and CT3 followed by BT1 and CT2 (0.41%/day) and CT1 (0.40%/day) with lowest in T0 (0.39%/day). There was significant difference in the average final weight of the fish among treatments with highest in the BT3 (4.81 g) followed by CT3 (4.79 g) and lowest in T0 (3.74 g). The highest carotenoid content 11.89 µg/g fish tissue was found in BT3 fallowed by BT3 (10.86 µg/g tissue), CT2 (10.64 µg/g), CT2 (9.62 µg/g), BT1 (8.16 µg/g), and CT1 (7.43 µg/g) which were significantly higher (p<0.01) from T0 (3.24 µg/g). Maximum weight of newly born fry was obtained from BT3 (7.80 mg) followed by BT2 (7.33 mg) and lowest in T0 (5.33 mg). With increasing the level of carotenoids from both sources the weight of fry was also increased and found significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments and against control. The fish fed with diet (BD3) produced fry with maximum length (8.17 mm) in BT3 fallowed by BT2 (7.97 mm) and CT3 (7.63 mm) which were significantly higher (p<0.05) from control treatment T0 (7.38 mm). Fish supplemented carotenoids with 15% beetroot meal (BD3) produced highest number of fry (18.29 fry/g body weight) followed by BT2 (17.01 fry), and CT3 (16.85 fry) and lowest in control T0 (12.59 fry) fed without supplemented carotenoid diet (D0). Significant increase in number of fry per gram of brood fish was observed in Treatments (BT2, BT3 and CT3) against control T0. The result of present experiment shows that the carotenoids supplemented through beetroot or carrot meal in fish feed improves growth, color development and breeding performance of red swordtail fish.