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Open Access
Response of wheat Triticum aestivum l. to tillage and nutrient management practices under rice-wheat system in Himalayan tarai
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Yadav, Kamalkant; Yadav, Kamalkant; Singh, Rohitashav
Field experiments entitled “Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to tillage and nutrient management practices under rice-wheat system in Himalayan tarai” were conducted in the D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during the rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22. The objectives of investigation were to study the effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on the growth and productivity of wheat, nutritional and quality parameters, energy consumption and economics of different treatments. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Treatments were consisted of three tillage practices viz. zero, reduced and conventional tillage and whereas, in sub-plots, five nutrient management practices viz. RDF (N 120:P2O5 60:K2O 40 kg/ha), RDF + FYM @5 t/ha, RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha, 75% RDF + FYM @10 t/ha and 75% RDF + FYM @5 t/ha) + ZnSO4 @12.5 kg/ha. The investigation revealed that tillage did not significantly influence growth parameters, yield attributing characters and yield but economics was significantly influenced in both years of study. Zero tillage recorded comparatively higher grain yield over reduced and conventional tillage practices. Zero tillage recorded 10.25 % and 11.52% higher net returns than conventional tillage, in 2020-21 and 2021- 22, respectively. The lowest energy competition was recorded under zero tillage as well as significantly higher net energy and energy efficiency was achieved by zero tillage over reduced and conventional tillage in both years. There was a significant impact of nutrient management practices on various parameters. Among the nutrient management practices, NM5 treatment recorded significant response to all the growth parameters at various growth stages which resulted in higher yield attributes (spike/m2, fertile spikelets/spike and grain weight/spike), N, P, K and Zn, total uptake and net return compared to NM1, NM2 and NM3. Significantly higher grain and biological yield, nutrient uptake in grain, gross monitory return, net energy return and energy efficiency in NM5 (75% RDF + FYM @5 t/ha + ZnSO4 @12.5 kg/ha) treatment compared with NM1 and NM2 but at par with NM4 and NM3 treatments. The increment in grain yield in NM5 i.e. 75% RDF + FYM @5 t/ha + ZnSO4 @12.5 kg/ha were (16.7 & 15.8%), (14.2 & 13.6%), (10.1 & 9.3%) and (6.7 & 6.2%), per cent more over NM1 (RDF 120:60:40), NM2 (RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha), NM3 (RDF + FYM @5 t/ha) and NM4 (75% RDF + FYM @10 t/ha) in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. Therefore, in tarai regions, zero tillage plus 75% RDF + FYM + 12.50 kg/ha of ZnSO4 is a better option for achieving a higher wheat yield.
Open Access
Impact of foliar nutrition on wheat quality and agronomic traits in tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Suraj Kumar; Kesarwani, Amit
A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-22 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre in Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to evaluate the effect of foliar nutrient application on wheat quality and yield in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The soil of the experiment site was sandy loam in texture having medium organic carbon content (0.79%), low available nitrogen (166.8 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (14.9 kg/ha) and low available potassium (167.3 kg/ha). The experiment consisted six foliar nutrition treatments viz. 2% elemental sulphur, 2% urea, 0.5% Zn EDTA, 1% KCl, a combination of S + N + Zn + K and without foliar spray treatment. The four wheat varieties used in the experiments were HD 3226, HI 1544, DBW 187 and PBW 1 Zn. The foliar application was done at stem elongation and milking stage. The experiment was laid in strip plot design with three replications. The sowing was done on 21st of November at 20 cm row spacing with recommended practices of wheat cultivation and seed rate of 100 kg/ha. The result indicated that 2% urea spray led to a significant increase in plant height, tiller count and dry matter accumulation, SPAD values and chlorophyll content compared to other treatments. Morever higher grain, straw and biological yield with good economic return was recorded with 0.5% EDTA compared to rest of the treatments which can be attributed to better crop response to zinc at milking stage. However, 2% urea achieved higher BC ratio compared to 0.5% EDTA due to low cost incurred in urea treatment. Among varieties, DBW 187 recorded significantly higher tiller count, dry matter accumulation, number of spikes/ m², grain yield, net return and BC ratio because of its higher yield potential and better response to foliar nutrition. PBW 1 Zn recorded higher SPAD values and chlorophyll due to more plant nitrogen content. Nitrogen and phosphorus content in grain and straw were higher in 2% urea treatment followed by 0.5% Zn EDTA treatment but K content and S content were significantly higher in 0.5% KCl and 2% elemental S treatment respectively. Zn content was significantly higher in 0.5% Zn EDTA treatment followed by 2% urea. Foliar application of nutrients particularly urea and zinc increased nutrient content in wheat crop. The amount of N, P, K and S content in grain and straw in varieties followed similar trend however, PBW 1 Zn being a zinc fortified variety reported highest Zn content in grain. Grain protein content was highest in 2% urea treatment and variety PBW 1 Zn as a result of higher grain nitrogen content. Sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was statistically similar for all treatments except no foliar spray. HD 3226 had higher sedimentation value and hectolitre weight indicating strong wheat flour with good gluten content, higher flour yield and starch content. It can thus be concluded that application of 2% urea and 0.5% Zn EDTA led to statistically greater growth, grain yield, grain quality, nutrient content, net return and benefit-cost ratio at stem elongation and milking stage compared to other treatments. DBW 187 recorded significantly higher grain yield, net return and BC ratio. Grain quality was higher in HD 3226 followed by PBW 1 Zn and DBW 187.
Open Access
Impact of organic and nano urea scheduling on multi cut oat (Avena sativa L.)
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Saklani, Sonal; Mahendra Singh Pal
Field experiment was conducted during Rabi season - 2021-22 at Instructional Dairy Farm (IDF), Nagla, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the “Impact of organic and nano urea scheduling on multi cut oat (Avena sativa L.). The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture with nearly neutral pH (6.70), rich in organic carbon (0.75%), low in available nitrogen (200.40 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (19.40 kg ha-1) and available potassium (226.80 kg ha-1). The experiment consists of 12 treatments i.e., T1-125% RDN, T2-125% RDN (basal) +NU, T3-100% RDN, T4-100% RDN (basal) + NU, T5-75% RDN (basal) + NU, T6-50% RDN (basal) + NU, T7-100% RDN VC, T8-75% RDN VC + NU, T9-50% RDN VC + NU, T10-NU 25DAS + 1st and 2nd cut, T11- NU 20, 40 DAS + 1st and 2nd cut and T12-control, was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The oat variety “Pant Oat-3” was sown on 15th November, 2021 and harvested on 30th March, 2022. The growth and yield attributes, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein content, economics, N, P, K uptake and soil residual fertility were significantly influenced by different organic and nano urea scheduling. The highest green fodder yield was recorded under 125% RDN which was 6.9, 6.6 and 10.3% higher than 125% RDN (basal) +NU, 100% RDN and 100% RDN (basal) +NU respectively, however they were statistically at par with each other. Among the treatments using vermicompost alone or integrated with nano urea, 75% RDN VC+NU recorded 3.1 and 3.3% higher green fodder yield than 100% RDN VC and 50% RDN VC+NU, respectively. Treatments NU 25 DAS+ 1st & 2nd cut and NU 20 & 40DAS + 1st & 2nd cut produced nearly 17% higher green fodder yield than control. The NPK content, its uptake and protein content were also recorded significantly higher with application of 125% RDN that was non-significant with 125% RDN (basal) +NU, 100% RDN and 100% RDN (basal) +NU. The apparent nutrient balance was also found higher under above treatments than alone application of nano urea. Similarly, application of 125% RDN also gave significantly highest gross return, net return and B:C ratio but it was statistically at par with 100% RDN. The experimental results indicated that higher fodder yield, economics and apparent nutrient balance of multi cut fodder oat can be achieved with the application of 100% RDN i.e., 120:60: 40::N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1. In addition, the combined application of vermicompost @4.5t ha-1 at basal followed by two sprays of nano urea @4ml l-1 at first and second cut can also be preferred for better yield and quality with least chemical residues as well as higher sustainability in Tarai region of western Himalayas.
Open Access
Bio-decomposer and nitrogen management in super seeder sown wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) after combine harvested rice
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Raising, L. Peace; Singh, V. Pratap
Field experiments entitled “Bio-decomposer and nitrogen management in super seeder sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after combine harvested rice” were conducted in B-1 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiments aimed the to study effect of bio-decomposer nitrogen dose and its scheduling on initial growth and productivity of wheat, properties of soil and weed densities and biomass and economics of different treatments. Field experiment was laid in split plot design with two factors in the main plot viz. without and with application of bio-decomposer and Nitrogen level @150 and @80 kg/ha and three nitrogen splits viz. 50%:25%:25%, 40%:30%:30% and 30%:35%:35% and replicated thrice. Bio-decomposer was prepared and sprayed prior 5 days before sowing of the wheat crop. The variety (PBW-373) was used during the study. Emergence was not influence by various factors whereas, growth parameters i.e., plant height, no. of shoot/m2, dry matter accumulation were recorded significantly higher in treatment receiving nitrogen @180 kg/ha and split as 50%:25%:25% which was at par with 40%:30%:30% over 150 kg N/ha and split as 30%+35%+35% during both the years of study. Application of decomposer did not influence the growth parameters. Yield attributes such as spike length and 1000-grains weight were not influence by different factors whereas effective tillers/m2, no. of grains/spike and grain weight/spike were recorded significantly higher in in treatment receiving additional nitrogen i.e., 180 kg/ha and split as 50% as basal which was at par with 40%:30%:30% over recommended dose @150 kg N/ha and split as 30%:35%:35% during both the years of study. Harvest index was not influence by different factors while grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were recorded significantly higher in nitrogen @180 kg/ha and split as 50%:25%:25% which was at par with 40%:30%:30% over 150 kg N/ha and split as 30%:35%:35% during both the years of study. Non-significant effect was observed in bio-decomposer application in all the above parameters although higher values were recorded with bio-decomposer application than without its application. Bulk density, soil pH and EC were not affected by various factors. P and K were not affected by various factors except P was significantly influence by application of decomposer. While N was significantly affected by different factors. Significantly higher net returns and B: C ratio was recorded with nitrogen @180 kg/ha and split as 50%:25%:25% over 150 kg N/ha and split as 30%:35%:35%. The magnitude of increase was 11.4, 10.3 and 15.3, 18.8% respectively, during both the years of study. Bio-decomposer did not influence net returns and B:C ratio, although, higher values were recorded with the application of bio-decomposer than without the decomposer.
Open Access
Evaluation of growth regulators and foliar nutrition for growth, yield and seed quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) under timely and late sown conditions
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Kumar Gaurav; Verma, Omvati
The present investigation was carried out during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar. The experiment involved wheat crop variety UP-2565 laidout in factorial randomized block design with two control in three replications. One factor consisted of two date of sowing viz. timely (Nov 23) and late (Dec 15) and second factor consisted of foliar nutrition with six chemicals i.e. KCl @1 %, ascorbic acid @10 ppm, thiourea @400 ppm, cycocel @1000 ppm, salicylic acid @400 ppm and salicylic acid @800 ppm and third factor was spraying schedule twice i.e. at vegetative + anthesis and anthesis stage alone. Delay in sowing from Nov 23 to Dec 15 brought significant reduction in grain yield by 13.6 % and 12.9 % during 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. Late sown crop exhibited significantly higher canopy temperature, proline content and superoxide dismutase, lower relative water content and nitrate reductase activity. Commencement of days to booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity occurred earlier in late sown crop as compared to timely sown wheat crop. Seed quality in terms of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour indices, dehydrogenase and alpha amylase decreased in produce of late sown wheat crop, while, seed protein content was significantly higher in late sown wheat crop. In contrast to this, starch content was significantly higher in timely sown in comparison to late sown wheat. During both the years, foliar nutrition significantly improved yield and seed quality of both timely and late sown crop than control. Foliar nutrition of salicylic acid @800 ppm and thiourea @400 ppm recorded significantly higher biological and grain yield. Seed quality in terms of germination and seedling vigour indices was significantly influenced by foliar nutrition of salicylic acid @800 ppm, KCl @1 % and thiourea @400 ppm whereas, dehydrogenase and alpha amylase were significantly improved by salicylic acid @800 ppm and thiourea @400 ppm. Seed protein was significantly higher in salicylic acid @800 ppm and KCl @1 % while starch content, proline , superoxide dismutase and relative water content were higher in salicylic acid @800 ppm. Nutrient uptake by the grain was significantly higher in salicylic acid @800 ppm and thiourea @400 ppm giving the highest net return and B: C ratio. However spraying schedule of foliar nutrition did not show significant variation on grain yield and seed quality parameters.
Open Access
Impact of Vrikshayurveda based liquid fermented organic manure (Herbal Kunapajala) formulations and their doses on mustard productivity (Brassica juncea L.) and soil health
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Naik, Banavath Mahesh; Pandey, Sunita T.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Norman E Borlaug Crop Research Centre of GBPUAT, Pantnagar to study the “Impact of vrikshayurveda based liquid fermented organic manure (Herbal Kunapajala) formulations and their doses on mustard productivity (Brassica juncea L.) and soil health”. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with additional treatment and replicated thrice. The factor A consists of three different types of herbal kunapajala concoctions viz., nettle grass based (KJ1), common weeds based (KJ2) and 50% nettle grass + 50% common weeds (KJ3). Whereas, factor B consists of four doses viz., 500 l/ha (D1), 1000 l/ha (D2), 1500 l/ha (D3) and 2000 l/ha (D4). In additional treatment, 100% recommended package and practices (NPKS) were taken. The plant height and dry matter accumulation resulted significantly more in KJ1 and D4 at various growth stages. Among control versus rest treatments, more plant height and dry matter accumulation was resulted in control treatment except plant height during second year. Similarly, more number of branches, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, SPAD and NDVI at various growth stages was resulted more in KJ1 and D4. Between control versus rest treatments, Control treatment resulted more total chlorophyll, carotenoid, SPAD and NDVI during first year and in second year SPAD and NDVI were resulted more in rest treatment. The yield attributing characters were resulted more in KJ1 and D4 during both years among herbal kunapajala concoctions and their doses. Whereas, control treatment resulted more yield attributing characters during both years. The significantly more crop yields were resulted with KJ1 and D4 during both years. Across control versus rest treatment, more crop yields were observed in control treatment during both years. The protein and oil content were resulted more in KJ1 and D4. Whereas, rest treatment resulted more protein and oil content. Low erucic and high glucosinolate values were observed in KJ2, KJ1 and D1, D4, respectively. Among control versus rest, control treatment resulted low erucic and rest treatment resulted high glucosinolate content. The rest treatment showed better soil properties in comparison with control treatment after two years of experimentation. The better economics was observed in KJ1 and D4. Similarly, rest treatment showed better economics in comparison with ontrol treatment. Based on the results obtained, application of nettle based herbal kunapajala with 2000 l/ha along with basal application of ganjeevamrutha and 10% foliar spray showed better growth, yield attributes, crop yields and economics in Indian mustard.
Open Access
Potentials of super absorbent polymer and humic acid under different irrigation regimes to improve crop and water productivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum l.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Nidhi; Chaturvedi, Sumit
A field experiment was conducted at D-3 block of NEB Crop Research Center, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (263145), Uttrakhand during rabi season of 2021- 2022. Experiment envisages assessing the impact of moisture conservation practices in relation to variable irrigation schedules on wheat crop. The experiment comprised of 3 irrigation levels (IW:CPE ratio 1.0, 0.80 and 0.60) and 4 moisture conservation practices (control, Super absorbent polymer once, Super absorbent polymer twice and Super absorbent polymer + Humic acid twice). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with irrigation levels in main plot and moisture conservation practice in sub plots replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, neutral in pH (7.2), high in organic carbon (0.74%), low in available nitrogen (195 kg/ha), rich in potassium (284 kg/ha) and phosphorus (22.7 kg/ha). The irrigation depth was 50 mm. During the crop season, 154.3 mm rainfall was received. Field capacity and Permanent wilting point moisture in 0-15 cm soil layer was 21.8% and 7.04% and in 15-30 cm 20.9% and 6.26%, respectively. A double dwarf wheat variety HD-2967 was sown during the first fortnight of November with seed rate of 100 kg/ha. Recommended dose NPK was 120, 60 and 40 kg/ha. Growth parameters viz., plant height, tillers count, dry matter accumulation, NDVI, SPAD values were increased with irrigation application and recorded maximum at IW:CPE 1.00. The grain yield and biological yield increased significantly at IW:CPE 1.0 and 0.80 over 0.60. Yield attributes namely spikes/m2, grain wt/ spike and 1000 grain weight were recorded maximum at IW:CPE 1.0 followed by 0.80. The net return and B:C ratio were maximum at IW:CPE 1.0 and significantly higher than IW:CPE 0.60. The NPK content of wheat and its uptake decreased as the irrigation interval was increased from IW:CPE 1.0 to 0.80 and 0.60. The net energy return was higher in IW:CPE 1.0 as compared to IW: CPE 0.80 and 0.60. Soil moisture content as recorded before irrigation ranged from 15.23% (IW:CPE 1.0) to 6.75% (IW:CPE 0.60). Imposition of moisture conservation practices brought significant improvement in growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat over control. Values of all these parameters were recorded maximum with Super absorbent polymer + Humic acid twice treatment followed by Super absorbent polymer twice. The net return increased with increasing the level of moisture conservation practices, while B:C ratio was unaffected. The NPK content and uptake by wheat were found maximum with Super absorbent polymer + Humic acid twice and the lowest under control. Soil moisture content prior to irrigation ranged from 8.32% (control) to 13.76% (Super absorbent polymer + Humic acid twice). Thus, irrigation to wheat at IW:CPE 1.0, and application of Super absorbent polymer + Humic acid twice as basal and at pre- flowering stage is the most viable moisture conservation practice to offset moisture stress in wheat.
Open Access
Studies on sowing method, nitrogen application and plant growth regulator on growth and yield of maize (zea mays l.) in excess soil moisture condition
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Singh, Pavan; Bhatnagar, Amit
Field experiment was conducted during the kharif season 2019 and 2021 at gbpuat, pantnagar, to find out suitable sowing method and to analyze amount of nitrogen and foliar application of gamma amino butyric acid (gaba) on excess soil moisture stressed maize. Six treatment combinations of nitrogen and gaba {recommended dose of n (rdn), rdn + 30 kg n/ha, rdn +1 mm gaba, rdn +2 mm gaba, rdn + 30 kg n/ha + 1 mm gaba and rdn + 30 kg n/ha + 2 mm gaba} were tested under two sowing methods viz., flat and ridge in factorial rbd with three replications. the recommended dose of nutrients was 120:60:40 kg n: p2o5:k2o/ha. artificial ponding of 5 cm depth was created at knee height stage continuously for 7-days. extra 30 kg n was top dressed 3 day after recession of water while foliar application of gaba was made thrice (at 3, 10 and 17 days after recession of water. crop was grown as per recommended practices. the soil of the experiment site was silty clay loam in texture having medium organic carbon, low available nitrogen and medium available p and k contents with neutral ph. ridge sown crop had significant effect on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and net return over flatbed. it resulted in 6.6 and 6.1 per cent increase in grain yield over flatbed during 2019 and 2021, respectively. application of rdn + 30 kg n + 2 mm gaba being at par with rdn + 30 kg n and rdn + 30 kg n + 1 mm gaba resulted significantly more growth, yields and net return than rdn . average increment of grain yield and stover yield under rdn + 30 kg n + 2 mm gaba was 64.1 and 30.2%, respectively over rdn. crop performance in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield was also found significantly higher under farmers practice without waterlogging than rdn in flatbed with waterlogging. experimental finding of this study revealed that ridge sowing is advantageous under excess soil moisture condition in maize. nitrogen and gaba have pronounced effect on alleviating adverse effect of excess soil moisture. after recession of water nitrogen @ 30 kg n/ha should be applied for better growth and yield. gaba @ 1 mm as a foliar application thrice (3, 10 and 17 days after recession of water) is helpful to overcome excess moisture stress.
Open Access
Studies on direct and residual effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on mungbean-mustard cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-04) Kapoor, Anil; Singh, Rohitashav
The field experiments were conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, district Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to assess the direct and residual effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on mungbean-mustard cropping system. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam with neutral pH, high in organic carbon, low to medium in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications keeping three inorganic fertilizer levels viz., 75% RDF, 100% RDF and 125% RDF; two organic manures viz., control and FYM 5 t/ha and three biofertilizers viz., Rhizobium, LNM-16 and Rhizobium + LNM-16. In case of mungbean crop, treatment consisting of 125% RDF was found significant over 100% and 75% RDF, FYM @ 5 t/ha over control and seed inoculation with Rhizobium+LNM-16 over alone inoculation during both the years in terms of growth and development, yield attributes, economics (B:C ratio), and the soil health parameters. Likewise, similarly best treatments imposed in preceding mungbean crop gave best result in succeeding mustard crop in terms of yield attributes, economics (B:C ratio), and the soil health parameters of during both years of experiment. The system productivity of mungbean-mustard cropping system was recorded higher in terms of mungbean equivalent yield, net profit and benefit cost ratio under the application of 125% RDF (MEY :2116 and 2196 kg/ha) ;(Rs.90450 and 97631) and (1.58and 1.71) than that of 100% and 75% RDF; FYM @ 5 t/ha (MEY :2082 and 2147 kg/ha); (Rs. 87199 and 93323) and (1.50 and 1.61) over control and co-inoculation of Rhizobium + LNM-16 (MEY :1971 and 2126 kg/ha); (Rs.91704 and 96468)and (1.62 and 1.70) during 2018-19 and 2019-2020, respectively. On the basis of findings of the present investigation, it can be inferred that higher profitability from mungbean - mustard system can be achieved by growing of mungbean crop with the application of 125% RDF or FYM @ 5 t per hectare or combined inoculation of Rhizobium+LNM-16. Therefore application of 125% RDF or 5 t FYM or co-inoculation with Rhizobium+LNM-16 can be recommended in the mungmean- mustard cropping system for better utilization of nutrients in mungmean crop and harnessing the residual effect on mustard crop with increased profitability.

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