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Open Access
Problematic weed management in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) ratoon
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Bhoj, Vaishnavi; Tej Pratap
A field experiment entitled “Problematic weed management in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) ratoon” was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2019-20 to study the effect of weed management treatments on weed density, weed dry matter and weed control efficiency, crop growth, yield attributes, quality of juice and economics of production. Sugarcane ratooning was done on 30/3/2020 after harvest of planted sugarcane on 24/3/2020. Experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with 9 treatments in 3 replications. Treatments consisted of T1- Trash mulch(8 tons/ha) at 3 DAR, T2- Atrazine 2000g/ha (PE) fb Trash mulch(8 tons/ha),T3-Atrazine 2000g/ha (PE) fb Topramezone 25g/ha (PoE), T4-Sulfentrazone 720g/ha (PE) fb 2,4-D EE 1000g/ha (PoE), T5-Sulfentrazone 720g/ha (PE) fb Metsulfuron methyl 4g/ha (PoE), T6 -Atrazine 2000g/ha + Halosulfuron 67.5g/ha (PoE) (TM), T7-Metribuzin 1000g/ha + Halosulfuron 67.5g/ha (PoE) (TM), T8-Three hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 DAR, T9-Unweeded control. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, high in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The findings of the experiment indicated that sequential application of Sulfentrazone 720g/ha (PE) fb 2, 4-D EE 1000g/ha (PoE) resulted in lowest weed density, lowest dry matter accumulation and highest weed control efficiency was recorded with Atrazine 2000g/ha (PE) fb Topramezone 25g/ha (PoE). The sequential application of Atrazine 2000g/ha (PE) fb Topramezone 25g/ha (PoE) exhibited highest cane and sugar yield of 71.4 and 7.2 t/ha respectively being at par with T8 followed by T7. The higher yield in these treatments was due to higher NMC and higher individual cane weight. The higher NMC was due to higher shoot population which in turn was the result of higher initial emergence and less shoot mortality at harvest and higher cane weight was due to higher cane girth and length. However, there was no effect of weed management treatments on juice quality parameters i.e. brix, sucrose %, purity coefficient, available sugar and reducing sugars as these parameters are governed by the crop genotype.
Open Access
Performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under varying seed rates and fertility levels
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Rawat, Rishabh; Singh, V.K.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the ‘Performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under varying seed rates and fertility levels’. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture being medium in available nitrogen (323.5 kg N/ha), high in available phosphorus (27.1 kg P/ha), medium in available potassium (263.7 kg K/ha) and high in organic carbon (0.86%) contents with neutral in reaction (pH 7.35). The experiment consisting of 12 treatments, having three seed rates (60, 75 and 90 kg/ha) and four fertility levels viz; control, 50, 100 and 125% RDF as set out in randomized block design with three replications. The variety Pant G-5 was sown in rows 30 cm apart on December 3rd, 2020 and harvested on April 12th, 2021. Results revealed that different seed rate significantly affected number of branches/plant, number of compound leaves/plant, mortality, days taken to 50 per cent flowering, yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, N, P, K uptake by crop, protein yield and economics of crop growing. Seed rate had non-significant effect on plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation, number and dry weight of nodules, days taken to maturity, N, P, K contents in grains and straw and protein content. Seed rate of 90 kg/ha performed better in almost all of the parameters mentioned above. Different fertility levels had significant effect on plant height, number of branches/plant, number of compound leaves/plant, days taken to 50 per cent flowering and maturity, yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, N, P, K uptake by crop, protein yield and economics of crop growing. Fertility level had non-significant effect on plant population, mortality, dry matter accumulation, number and dry weight of nodules, N, P, K content in grain and straw and protein content. The fertility level having 100% RDF performed better than remaining other fertility levels in almost all the parameters with 50% RDF following close behind in some parameters. Gross return and net return were found significantly higher in 90 kg/ha seed rate while only gross return was found significantly higher in 100% RDF fertility level. While the B:C ratio was non-significantly affected.
Open Access
Studies on phosphorus and zinc efficacy with phosphate and zinc solubilising microbes in lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Yaying, Monica; Shukla, Anil
A field experiment was conducted at N. E. Bourlag Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi 2020 on Phosphorus and Zinc efficacy with phosphate and zinc solubilizing microbes in lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in tarai region. The soil of the field was sandy clay loam in texture, having high organic carbon (0.78 %), medium available nitrogen (259.2 kg/ha), available phosphorus (18.6 kg/ha), available potassium (194.7 kg/ha) and low zinc (0.45 ppm) contents with neutral in reactions (pH 7.4). Twelve different doses of phosphorus and zinc with phosphate and zinc solubilizing microbes viz. Absolute control (without P and Zn), RDP @ 48 kg per ha, ZnSO4 @ 25 kg per hectare, Biophos (5 ml per kg seed), Biozinc (5 ml per kg seed ), Biophos and Biozinc (5 ml per kg seed each ), 50% RDP @ 24 kg + Biophos (5 ml per kg seed ), 12.5 kg ZnSO4 + Biozinc (5 ml per kg seed ), 50% RDP@ 24 kg + Biophos + Biozinc (5 ml per kg seed each ), 50% RDP @24 +12.5 kg ZnSO4 + Biophos + Biozinc (5 ml per kg seed each), and RDP@ 48kg + nutrient mobilizer (LNm 43a) (20 g per kg seed) were tested in randomized block design taking three replications. Results showed that the growth parameters viz. ; plant height, number of branches per plant, number of compound leaves per plant, and dry weight of plant were highest with application of 50% RDP @ 24 kg per hectare +12.5 kg ZnSO4 + Biophos @ 5 ml per kg seed + Biozinc @ 5 ml per kg seed. Other yield characters such as the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield and B:C ratio were also highest with the application of 50% RDP @24 kg per hectare +12.5 kg ZnSO4 + Biophos @ 5 ml per kg seed + Biozinc @ 5 ml per kg seed. Yield obtained from 50% RDP @ 24 kg per hectare + Soil of 12.5 kg ZnSO4 per ha + nutrient mobilizer @ 20g per kg seed was the second highest. N, K, and Zn uptakes were highest with application of 50% RDP @24 kg per hectare +12.5 kg ZnSO4 + Biophos @ 5 ml per kg seed + Biozinc @ 5 ml per kg seed while the P uptake was highest in case of RDP @ 48 kg + nutrient mobilizer (LNm 43a) (20 g per kg seed). Protein uptake and yield were also highest in the case of the treatment that resulted in highest uptake of nitrogen. The lowest performer was the absolute control (without P and Zn) in most of the growth characters, yield attributes, grain and protein yields, P and Zn uptake etc.
Open Access
Optimization of planting method and row spacing for bud chip planted spring sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in tarai region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Rawat, Anupama; Malik, Naresh
A field experiment entitled “Optimization of planting method and row spacing for bud chip planted spring sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Tarai region” was conducted for consecutive 2 years at the Norman E Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U.S Nagar) through January 2019 to March 2021. Surface soil (0-15 cm) of the experiment field was silty clay loam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.73%), low in available N (218.6 kg/ha), medium in available P (29.6 kg/ha) and K (141.0 kg/ha) with neutral soil reaction (pH 7.6). The experiment consisted of two planting methods and four rows spacing for planting of bud chip raised sugarcane settlings along with one control (conventional planting). The field experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with one additional treatment. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments with 3 replications and constituted total 27 plots. For the experiment variety Co Pant 3220 was used. The bud chip settlings were raised in ploy bags. The spacing between two settlings was 40 cm. For growth parameters, 2 plants in case of bud chip method and one meter row length in case of conventional planting was used. The results suggest that the plant height was higher under furrow planting than flat planting. Initially shoot population was recorded higher for flat planting than furrow planting however the difference remained non-significant at later stages of crop growth. Furrow planting recorded higher dry matter/plant as well as per m2 at 150 and 180 DAP compared to flat planting. Varying row spacing significantly affected growth parameters of sugarcane during both the years. The maximum shoot height, shoot population/plant and dry matter/plant were recorded for 120 cm row spacing. However, shoot population/m2 and dry matter/m2 was obtained maximum for 75 cm row spacing. All the growth parameters viz. shoot height, shoot population and dry matter production was recorded higher for bud chip planted treatments compared to conventional planting during both the years. Influence of planting methods and row spacing on yield attributes was found to be significant except number of millable canes due to planting. Among row spacing, planting bud chip raised settlings at 75 cm produced the highest number of millable canes, which was found at par with 90 cm row spacing. Higher cane yield (100.7 and 101.6 t/ha in 2019 and 2020, respectively) and biological yield (125.9 and 129.3 t/ha, respectively in 2019 and 2020) was recorded under furrow planting than flat planting. Row spacing of 90 cm produced the highest cane yield of 102.8 and 105.5 t/ha, respectively in 2019-20 and 2020-21. As compared to 90 cm, the reduction in yield was more at wider spacing (105 and 120 cm) than closer spacing (75 cm). Biological yield of 128.8 and 134.3 t/ha was recorded for 90 cm row spacing and reduction under different row spacing followed the similar trend that of cane yield. All the quality parameters viz. brix, juice extraction, sucrose, available sugar, commercial cane sugar and purity coefficient of bud chip planted sugarcane were improved under furrow planting and wider row spacing. Higher net return and B: C ratio was recorded for furrow planted sugarcane and for 90 cm row spacing. Similarly N, P and K uptake by cane, green top and trash were also recorded higher for bud chip raised settlings planted in furrows and at a row spacing of 90 cm. The bud chip tested treatments exhibited superiority over conventional planting in terms of sugarcane growth, productivity, quality and economic returns. Hence, planting of bud chip raised settlings in furrows and following row spacing of 90 cm can be advocated for obtaining higher yield and quality of sugarcane.
Open Access
Management of combine harvested rice residue through wheat establishment methods in direct seeded rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Chaudhary, Sanyogita; Singh, Virendra P.
Field experiments were conducted in D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment aimed to study the effect of wheat establishment methods under different rice residue levels on the growth and productivity, weed species and biomass, soil properties, energy consumption and economics of wheat after direct seeded rice. Field experiment was laid in a split plot design having three wheat establishment methods viz., conventionally sown wheat, happy seeder sown wheat and super seeder sown wheat in main plots and three rice residue levels viz., complete residue removal, only loose straw removal and no residue removal in sub plots with three replications. Rice variety (Narendra Dhan -359) and wheat variety (PBW - 502) were used during study and grown with standard package of practices. Wheat establishment method and rice residue levels significantly influenced the emergence count of wheat during both the years and Super seeder sown wheat and complete residue removal recorded highest emergence count. The number of shoots/m2, dry matter production, number of spikes/m2, biological yield, grain yield and straw yield were also the maximum under these treatments. During the years, plant height (30 DAS), SPAD and green seeker values (60 DAS), and number of grains/spike were found higher with happy seeder sown wheat than conventionally and super seeder. Among rice residues levels, these parameters were recorded higher with loose straw removal recorded than complete removal and no residue removals. In all the wheat establishment methods, the density of Coronopus didymus was found the maximum during both the years except the super seeder sown wheat during first year wherein the density of Phalaris minor was more. During both years, the total weeds dry matter accumulation was the lowest with happy seeder sown wheat (1.58 and 1.40 g/m2) and with no residue removal treatment (1.79 and 1.56 g/m2). During both the years, happy seeder sown wheat recorded higher soil moisture content (0-15 cm) than remaining establishment methods. At the end of the study i.e. completion of two crop cycles, the soil organic carbon content and stock and dehydrogenase activity were higher under happy seeder sown wheat than other two establishment methods. However, the bulk density was the lowest with conventional sown wheat. No residue removal recorded 41.5 and 51.3 % higher soil moisture content, respectively during 2019-20 and 2020-21 and 4.5 % higher SOC at end of study than CRR. Rice residue levels did not influence the BD significantly. Use of happy seeder sown wheat under CRR treatment recorded the lowest fuel consumption and CO2 emission. Super seeder sown wheat recorded the lowest cost of cultivation, being 5.6 and 5.3 % lower as compared to conventionally sown wheat during first and second year, respectively. During both the years, super seeder sown wheat among establishment methods and LSR among residue levels, recorded the highest B: C ratio. The maximum input energy was noted for conventionally sown wheat. The energy output and energy use efficiency was found maximum with super seeder sown wheat. The CRR recorded the lowest input energy.
Open Access
Response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] to foliar application of Thio-urea
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Meena, Deepak Kumar; Sharma, R.K.
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2020 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of two varieties (PS 1347 and SL 958) of soybean and the foliar spray (control, water spray, thiourea application at 250, 500 and 750 ppm) on growth, yield attributes, yield, quality (protein and oil), nutrient uptake (N, P, K and S) and economics of production. The test crop was sown on 25th June 2020 and harvested on 7th November 2020. The soil of the experimental field was Silty clay loam having organic matter (0.96 %), available nitrogen (233 kg/ha), available phosphorus (22.5 kg/ha), available potassium (140 kg/ha) and available Sulphur (20.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with four replications to evaluate two factors with ten treatments formed by the combination. The result obtained during the course of experimentation revealed that although varieties were statistically invariable in terms of plant height, PS 1347 recorded higher dry weight per plant at 45, 60, 75 DAS and at harvest. In terms of crop growth rate between different intervals PS 1347 recorded higher CGR (13.23 g/m2/day) than that of SL 958 (11.75 g/m2/day). Variety PS 1347 had a greater number of branches, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield, haulm yield, total biological yield, nutrient uptake and thus recorded higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio than SL 958. Application of thiourea improved the growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and profitability of the soybean crop. Among all the foliar sprays, lowest values were recorded in control and water sprays. Application of thiourea improved the crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake and profitability (gross return, net return and B:C) of the crop. But it could not influence plant height and dry weight at 30 DAS, RGR and CGR at all the growth intervals except between 30-45 DAS, protein content, oil content, nutrient (N, P and K) content and available nutrient in soil. Maximum improvements were recorded under the influence of thiourea spray at the concentration of 750 ppm, which was statistically at par with the values of parameters recorded at 500 ppm and these two were superior over control, water spray and thiourea concentration @ 250 ppm. Thus, it was concluded that the PS 1347 performed better than SL 958 and foliar spray of thiourea at the concentration of 500 and 750 ppm performed equally better. The interaction effect between the two factors were non-significant.
Open Access
Performance of traditional scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under organic mode of cultivation
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Supriya; Singh, D.K.
A field experiment was conducted entitled “Performance of traditional scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under organic mode of cultivation” at NEBCRC, GBPUAT at Pantnagar during Kharif 2020 to evaluate the performance of ten traditional scented rice varieties namely Kubri Mamhani, Kudrat-5, Chinar-20, Kesho Pohu, DRK, Kudrat-5, Pusa1121, Type-3, Taraori and Tilak Chandan under organic mode of cultivation in the Organic Farming Block. The soil of Experimental site with silty clay loam in texture, 0.571% organic carbon, 7.33 pH, 157.8 kg/ha in available N, 15.6 kg/ha in available P and 221.1 kg/ha in available K. The transplanting was done at 25cm × 12.5 cm spacing, using two seedlings per hill. Rice crop was fertilized with green manuring (Sesbania) and 2.5 t vermicompost ha/ha as top dressing. Variety Taraori was the tallest (151.7 cm) and Kudrat-1 the shortest (99.0 cm). The culm height ranged from 66.0 cm (Chinar-20) to 139.3 cm (Type-3). Variety Kudrat-1 possessed the maximum thickness of lower, middle and upper portion of the culm. The earliest days to 50% flowering was observed for variety Chinar-20 (77) and longest days for Kubri Mamhani and DRK. The maximum tillers/m2 (273), grain weight/panicle (1.89 g) with a test weight of 15.5 g. Variety Kudrat-1 had the maximum number of grains/panicle (281) followed by Kudrat-5 (202). The grain, straw and harvest index were found the highest with variety Kudrat-5 followed by Kudrat-1. The economic returns were also with these two varieties. The N, P and K contents and their uptake in grains and straw exhibited a variable trend among different scented rice varieties. DUS characteristics were determined for all the varieties. The head rice recovery was the highest in case of variety Kudrat-1 (78.8%) followed by Kudrat-5 (76.4%). Therefore, under organic mode of cultivation, variety Kudrat-5 has been found suitable for tarai region.
Open Access
Response of spring maize (Zea mays L.) to mulching and varying foliar application rates of potassium
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Chaudhary, Abhishek; Singh, Dinesh Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District-Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, during spring season 2021. Investigation was laid out in factorial randomized block design with eight treatment and three replications to study the “Response of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) to Mulching and Varying Foliar Application Rates of Potassium”. Observations were recorded on various attributes of vegetative growth, yield, water use efficiency and economics. The plant height, dry matter accumulation per plant, cob length, cob girth, grain weight per cob, number of grains per row, number of grains per cob, 100-grain weight, cob yield with husk, cob yield without husk, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, irrigation water use efficiency and production efficiency significantly increased due to rice straw mulch application over no mulch. Single foliar application of 2 % and 3 % KNO3 significantly increased the plant height, dry matter accumulation per plant, cob length, cob girth, grain weight per cob, number of grains per row, number of grains per cob,100-grain weight, cob yield with husk, cob yield without husk, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, irrigation water use efficiency and production efficiency. Application of rice straw mulch registered significantly higher gross return (Rs 178135), net return (Rs 130242) over no mulch condition whereas, 2 % and 3 % foliar application of KNO3 recorded significantly higher gross return (Rs 179703 and Rs 179531, respectively) net return (Rs 132675 and Rs 129833, respectively) over water spray and 1 % foliar application of KNO3 application. On the basis of present findings it may be concluded that to increase the yield and profit of spring maize, foliar application of KNO3 (2 %) at knee height stage along with rice straw mulch @ 6 t/ha at 45 days after sowing should be done to maximise the farmer’s net return.
Open Access
Response of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to seed treatment and foliar application of herbal kunapajala under different dose of nutrients
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Okram, Ricky Devi; Verma, Omvati
A laboratory as well as field experiment was conducted on wheat variety UP-2526 during Rabi season 2020-2021 to find out the response of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to seed treatment and foliar application of KJ under different dose of nutrients at the N. E._Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Laboratory experiment consisted of five treatments viz; no priming, hydropriming, 10%, 25% and 50% KJ priming for 16 hours and laid out in completely randomized design with six replications. The field experiment consisted of three seed invigoration treatments viz; 10%, 25% and 50% KJ priming+ 10% kunapajala foliar application and four nutrient doses viz; 100%, 75% and 50% RDN and no nutrient along with two control treatments viz; no priming+100% RDN and hydropriming+100% RDN. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design in three replications where foliar application of KJ was at done at 25, 45, 65, 85 and 105 DAS in all treatments except control and hydropriming treatments. In the laboratory, significantly higher germination per cent was observed with 25% KJ and hydro primed seeds jointly which was at par with 10% KJ primed seeds. 10% and 25% KJ primed seeds showed significantly higher seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index-II which was at par with each other. Whereas seedling growth measured in terms of root length, seedling length and seedling vigour index-I was significantly higher with 10% KJ primed seeds than rest of the treatments. Seed reserve mobilization efficiency and alpha amylase activity was found significantly higher with 10% and 25% KJ primed seed as compared to other treatments and at par with hydropriming. In field experiment, 10% and 25% KJ primed seeds + 10% KJ foliar application at 25, 45, 65, 85 and 105 DAS showed significantly higher emergence per cent, plant stand, number of tillers at 30, 50 and 70 DAS and dry matter accumulation at 50, 70 and 90 DAS which was at par with each other. Yield attributing characters viz; grain weight per spike, thousand grain weight and biological yield, grain yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio was also significantly higher with 10% and 25% KJ priming followed by foliar application of 10% KJ. Application of 100% RDN resulted higher plant stand, plant height at 70 and 90 DAS and number of tillers at 50 DAS which was significantly superior to rest of the nutrient doses. 100% RDN recorded longest spike, maximum number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, grain yield and biological yield which was significantly superior to rest of the treatments. Gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio was also significantly higher with 100% RDN.

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